高中英语人教版 (2019)必修 第三册Unit 4 Space Exploration教案

Unit 4 Space Exploration

Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures

动词不定式做定语和状语（导学案）

This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “the infinitive” used as the adverbial and attributive. To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about this grammar by analyzing the sentence patterns in the text and some simple sentences. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar。

This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises.

1. Guide students to review the basic usages of “the infinitive” used as the adverbial and attributive.

2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning the P“the infinitive” used as the adverbial and attributive.

3. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.

4. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.

1. Help students to appreciate the function of “the infinitive” used as the adverbial and attributive.

2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper “the infinitive” used as the adverbial and attributive.

观察下列句子特点，总结共同点。

指出下列句子中画线部分所作的句子成分

1．Can you find a proper person to finish this job in time？       

2．Do you have anything to be taken there?         

3．I hurried to his house, only to find him out.       

4．He's old enough to make a trip alone.       

5．Do you have anything to do tonight?        

6．In his third year, he left Harvard to work for a company called  Microsoft.        

答案：1.定语　2.定语　3.状语　4.状语　5.定语　6.状语

一、不定式作定语

1．不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系、主谓关系、动状关系或同位关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。

I have a lot of work to do.

我有许多工作要做。(动宾关系)

He is the first person to think of the idea.

他是第一个想到这个主意的人。(主谓关系)

I have no time to go there.

我没有时间去那儿。(动状关系)

He has got a chance to go abroad.

他有一个出国的机会。(同位关系)

(1)不定式与其所修饰的词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而该不定式为不及物动词时，其后须加上适当的介词。

I am looking for a room to live in.

我正在找一间屋子住。

(2)当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动形式，也可用被动形式，但其含义有所不同。

Have you anything to send?

你有什么东西要寄吗？(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)

Have you anything to be sent?

你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗？(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)

2．不定式作定语的几种情况：

(1)不定式作定语可以表示将来的动作。

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

我借了一些我假期要读的书。

(2)序数词，形容词最高级， the last, the only等词后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，且与中心词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，常用不定式作定语。

He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.

他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。

(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：plan, ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。

And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.

增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。

 (2)单句写作

①突然她想到了一个好主意，但是她找不到写的纸。

Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn't find any paper ______________.

②她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。

She was the first woman ____________  the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

【答案】：①to write on　②to win

二、不定式作状语

1．结果状语

不定式作结果状语常表示出乎意料的结果。常用于下列结构中：only to do; enough to do (足够做……); too ... to ... (太……而不能……); so/such ... as to ... (如此……以至于……)。

He hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had left.

他匆忙赶到火车站，结果发现火车已经开走了。

He was so tired as to be unable to walk.

＝He was too tired to walk.

他累得走不动了．

【点津】　现在分词短语作结果状语常常表示“自然而然、意料之中或顺理成章”的结果。

It hasn't rained for a month, making the crops hard to grow.

一个月没下雨了导致庄稼很难生长。

2．目的状语

不定式作目的状语主要表示某一动作或状态的目的。常用于下列结构中：only to (仅仅为了); in order to; so ... as to; so (such) ... as to ... (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good­bye to you.

我来仅仅是向你告别。

【点津】　1.不定式的复合结构作目的状语 ,当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for ＋名词或宾格代词作状语。

He opened the door for the children to come in.

他开门让孩子们进来。

目的状语从句与不定式的转换

英语中的目的状语从句，还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语，从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况：

1当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时，可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。

We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time.

→We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.

2当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时，要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。

I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.

→I came early in order for you to read my report before the meeting.