北京中考阅读理解专项训练

阅读理解

Many people take running as a way to keep fit. They like to run in hot weather and enjoy the feeling of being wet through with sweat ( 汗 ) while running. Cold weather during winter months, with low temperatures and freezing cold winds, may keep many people from running in the open air.

However, a new study shows that the drop in temperature is a good reason to run. In fact, running in cold weather helps improve one’s performance. Many runners might find it easier to run in winter than in hot weather. The body needs less water on a cold day than in warm weather. In addition, lower temperatures reduce stress on the body. When you run in cold weather, your heart rate is lower.

John Brewer is a professor of applied sports science at St. Mary’s University in London. For this study, he and other researchers put a group of people into a room where summer and winter weather conditions are recreated. The test subjects were asked to run 10,000 meters under both conditions and their biological measurements were recorded and studied.

From the study, every movement runners make produces heat. The heat can be really damaging unless the body can lose it. One way in which people lose heat is by sweating. The body loses heat through sweat. The body also loses it by transporting the blood to the surface of the skin and it puts more stress on the heart, especially in hot conditions because it’s much harder to lose heat when the outside environment is warm. As the result shows, running in hot temperatures results in 6 percent higher heart rates.

When running in cold conditions, the body does not have to work hard to move blood to the skin surface. Therefore, it requires less energy. The most important thing for people who run in cold conditions is to wear the right clothing. Keep as dry as possible when exercising in low temperatures. Wear warm and light clothing to keep sweat away from your skin. So don’t let winter weather keep you indoors. Simply get ready for the low temperatures and start running.

1．Why did John Brewer make a group of people run in a room?

A．Because the weather conditions could be recreated for four seasons. B．Because the researchers could teach the people there to study science.

C．Because the professor could study science with the group of people. D．Because the test subjects’ biological measurements could be recorded.

2．What can we learn from the passage?

A．Running in cold weather doesn’t need a lot of energy. B．Running in cold weather needs heavy clothing to keep warm.

C．Running in hot weather causes hearts beat slower than in cold. D．Running in hot weather produces more heat than other movements.

3．What is the main purpose in writing this passage?

A．To study why the drop in temperature is good to run. B．To compare benefits of running in winter and summer.

C．To encourage people to keep running outdoors in winter. D．To show us how to keep healthy while running in winter.

It’s certainly good to be nice. Whether it’s helping a friend with homework, watching their favorite shows even if they’re not your thing or giving up a little time and energy to do something for a friend is a praiseworthy decision. Or, one might be the bigger person and agree to take the short end of the stick in an argument, all to satisfy others and avoid further problems. Still, we need to control our niceness: niceness is valuable, but it’s definitely not without downsides.

To be clear. I’m not advocating（倡导）for selfishness. In fact, I’d encourage everyone to do small favors for the people they care about. Helping others makes us happy. It also gives us a greater sense of purpose and belonging, as we feel more connected to those we do favors for. The same goes for sacrificing （牺牲）a little on our part to end a disagreement, which might feel uncomfortable in the short term, but is in the end for the greater good.

Yet, we need to be careful about where our niceness comes from. When our desire（渴望）to help others comes from a need to be seen as a good or friendly person, our motivations （动机）become increasingly dangerous. For example, we might want others to relate to us, so we say that we like their favorite songs when we don’t. Being agreeable all the time makes us become a product of the people around us instead of having our own special personality.

Additionally, avoiding unreasonable agreeability is even more important. We can’t help offering to do too many favors because our desire to be seen as selfless and kind outweighs our worries for our own well-being. If you always support others emotionally, or help them with their studies, that habit might become part of how you view yourself. In other words, you see yourself as someone willing to lend a hand to others when they are in need.

Agreeability crosses the experiences of all kinds of people, and it can be especially true within communities where selflessness is important. From my experience at Harvey Mudd College, students are known for caring for others-offering to help their classmates with their studies. This common view of people’s willingness to help can put stress on Mudders to sacrifice their energy, even if they don’t have the skills to do so. Instead, they should remind themselves of their responsibilities, and then decide if they have the ability to lend a hand.

Finally, making kindness a habit is an honorable goal. But as with all things, moderation（适度）is key, and sometimes, sacrificing a little too much can cause more harm than good.

4．What does the underlined part “take the short end of the stick” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?

A．Say sorry first. B．Hit the other person. C．Suffer bad results. D．Make up for mistakes.

5．Unreasonable agreeability may stop us from ________.

A．viewing ourselves properly B．having a sense of belonging

C．developing social relationships D．caring about our own happiness

6．Why is “Harvey Mudd College” mentioned in the passage?

A．To spread the spirit of selflessness within communities.

B．To show an effect of widespread niceness in communities.

C．To criticize the students who sacrifice too much for others.

D．To explain responsibilities people should take within communities.

7．The writer probably agrees that ________.

A．being nice can make people easily understood by others

B．being selfless helps people improve their social skills

C．people should think twice before saying “yes”

D．people who help others are more popular

Fourteen-year-old Akram used to spend a boring hour waiting at a bus stop after school each day. Teachers were preparing for the next day in the classrooms, but students weren’t allowed in. Akram thought it was such a waste of time although he could play on his phone, so he decided to change things. He wanted to stay at school and do his favorite hobby—art.

One day, he asked the head teacher if students could do something in the school after classes. “If you find out what is needed, I will help you,” the head teacher set him a challenge.

Over the next week, Akram talked to all the students who waited after school and other students, too. He asked them what they would like to do in that hour. Many students said they wanted after-school clubs for things like chess, basketball, art and reading.

When Akram arrived at the head teacher’s office, there was another student, Holly, waiting there. The head teacher told them that they both had the same idea, so she wanted them to work together. She gave them some problems to solve.

“You need to find the people who will be responsible for the clubs and who will pay for any equipment（设备）,” said the head teacher. “Also, you need to talk to the cleaning team to make sure that they can clean up after you leave.”

Akram and Holly talked about their idea and problems at the next Parents’ Association meeting. They also did the same thing to their teachers and the cleaning team.

Several days later, a teacher told them that he could organize trainee（实习生）teachers to be responsible for the clubs. The Parents’ Association decided to raise money to pay for equipment like chess boards and baskets. The cleaners agreed that they could clean the classrooms after the hour was finished.

Now the school has some exciting after-school clubs. Akram and Holly enjoyed the experience very much.

8．What did Akram want to do after school?

A．Play on his phone. B．Go home and do his homework.

C．Do his hobby at school. D．Help his teachers do something.

9．Who are responsible for the clubs?

A．Some students. B．Some parents.

C．Some trainee teachers. D．Some cleaners.

10．Akram and Holly enjoyed the experience because ________.

A．their parents and teachers praised them

B．the other students were thankful to them

C．they could talk to the head teacher directly

D．they solved some problems through their efforts

Background knowledge is the knowledge a person has about the world when he or she starts to read a text. It is agreed that background knowledge plays an important role in reading. Put simply, the more you know about a topic, the easier it is for you to read a text, understand it, and remember the information.

To understand this, here are two points. First, background knowledge enables readers to choose between different meanings of words. For example, if you read the word “operation” in a sports article, you might think about a sportsperson with a serious injury（伤）. But if you read the word in a math text, you’d think about a mathematical process. Second, understanding a text requires readers to fill missing information and make inferences. To do this, readers need to have some basic knowledge about the topic.

Students get background knowledge both through personal experiences and by learning in the classroom. Then how can teachers help students build background knowledge? Here are some suggestions.

Begin by teaching words in categories（类别）. For example, teachers can try something as simple as this: “Apples, bananas, strawberries, mangoes. They are a type of...（fruit）. Categories of objects and the use of generic nouns（统称）can help students increase vocabulary and develop concepts（概念）.

________. Reading builds knowledge, but wide reading has usually been taken as reading about a lot of different topics. Teachers can try a different way: encourage children to find an interest and read as many books as they can on one topic. This will help them develop a deeper knowledge on a topic.

Use multimedia（多媒体）. Direct experiences are the most effective ways to build knowledge. There is nothing more exciting for students than learning through direct experiences, such as field trips and other activities. Although multimedia cannot replace real-life experiences, it can often provide a lot of information that we could only wish to experience firsthand. It can also introduce children to important words and concepts.

Background knowledge is important in a student’s ability to fully understand a text. Teachers’ efforts can help students become stronger thinkers and life-long readers and learners.

11．The writer talks about the word “operation” in Paragraph 2 to explain________.

A．what background knowledge is

B．why background knowledge is important

C．when people need background knowledge

D．how people develop background knowledge

12．Which of the following would be the best topic sentence for Paragraph 5?

A．Make wide reading interesting.

B．Introduce different topics to students.

C．Encourage topic-centered wide reading.

D．Help students find their favourite books.

13．What can we learn from the passage?

A．Vocabulary is the greatest difficulty in understanding a text.

B．Making inferences has little connection with background knowledge.

C．Multimedia is more useful than direct experiences in building knowledge.

D．Developing vocabulary and concepts can help build background knowledge.

In America, an increasing number of middle and high schools now require students to serve a certain number of community service hours before they can graduate. And some parents ask their children to do volunteer work year round even if it’s not mandatory（强制性的）at school. Volunteering has important benefits, such as learning new skills and developing responsibility. However, some people question whether community service is worthwhile if students are forced to take part.

Some people say that many teenagers’ schedules（日常安排）are filled with homework and after-school programs, and forcing them to do other activities will make them stressed out. “Adding community service to teenagers’ already crowded schedules makes it feel like an unpleasant and boring task,” says Ellison O’Grady, 15, a student from Bay Head, New Jersey. Other people say that mandatory service will lead students to believe that they should only help others when they receive an immediate benefit in return, and finally discourage them from volunteering later in life.

Teenagers who volunteer are more likely to do better in school and are less likely to get involved in risky behaviors, studies show. They also get social skills and work experience that can pay off later in life. However, if many busy teenagers are given a choice, they would simply skip voluntary service. That’s why requiring community service is important, supporters say. In addition, there is little proof to support that mandatory community service weakens young people’ s motivation（动机）to join in future service. In fact, studies show that mandatory service is connected with strong wish to take part in future volunteering.

As a high school student in New York, Bellamy Richardson, now 18, had to do 75 hours of community service before graduation. At first, she was worried how she could find that much time. But to her surprise, she not only met the service requirement sooner than she’d expected, but also learned a lot, and found that she loved volunteering. Bellamy is now glad that her service wasn’t by choice. “Requiring community service would give other people the chance I had,” she said.

So ask yourself: Would you volunteer if it weren’t mandatory? Could the benefits of volunteering make it worthwhile no matter how teenagers get involved? I suppose community service is something that should be encouraged even if it is just a duty at the beginning.

14．Some people are against mandatory community service because________.

A．it has bad effect on students study

B．it makes students worried and bored

C．students fall short in their abilities to do it

D．students get little immediate benefit from it

15．The word “skip” in Paragraph 3 probably means “________”.

A．give up performing B．get interested in

C．have difficulty in doing D．enjoy benefits from

16．What can we learn from the example of Bellamy Richardson?

A．Students take part in community service because of strong love.

B．Some students don’t have the chances to offer community service.

C．Mandatory service makes students lose wish to volunteer in the future.

D．It’s possible and beneficial for students to meet schools service requirement.

17．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage?

A．To express support for mandatory community service.

B．To stress the importance of balancing volunteer work and study.

C．To discuss the influence of volunteer work on students future life.

D．To remind people of the disadvantages of mandatory community service.

Some high school students think it useless to receive higher education. Therefore, they choose not to go to college. If you’re one of them, think again. Here are some reasons why you should go to college and receive a good education there.

Schools and universities are the first places to get knowledge. We take that knowledge later on to build our careers after graduation. More knowledge will be gained (获得) after you start working, but without education, that job will not be within easy reach. Knowledge leads to knowledge.

While limited within the walls of the educational places, we openly explore other cultures of the world! We come to know that ours is not the only culture. Other cultures have valuable things to share, enriching our own. Education also makes us want to travel and exchange with various cultures, getting more experience.

When there’s a recession in the economy (经济), those who attended college will be more likely to find a new job than those who only finished high school and have a limited skills set. The more education you have, the more chances you will get to improve the quality of your life as you have a better job and earn a higher salary.

When you’re skillful and knowledgeable, you gain access (通道) to people of similar backgrounds and tastes. It means a good education leads to excellent networking. Good networking can benefit you a lot in your later life.

A good education makes you a more interesting person. You can talk about ideas and events instead of just other people and what’s on sale in stores. An educated person doesn’t gossip (说闲话), having a preference to discuss ideas and listen to what other people have to say.

18．What can we learn about college education from Paragraph 2?

A．It offers you a chance to study abroad.

B．It can allow you to gain more knowledge.

C．It can improve the quality of your daily life.

D．It encourages you to travel around the world.

19．What does the underlined word “recession” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A．change. B．drop. C．growth. D．support.

20．How can one benefit from a good education?

A．You can gossip about others’ affairs. B．You are likely to study well at school.

C．You can work well with your coworkers. D．You can get to know excellent people.

21．What is the main idea of the passage?

A．The benefits of attending college. B．The exchange with other cultures.

C．The access to good networking. D．The ways of college education.

参考答案：

1．D

2．A

3．C

【解析】

【导语】

本文通过John Brewer的研究，介绍了冬季户外跑步的益处，鼓励人们在冬天多做户外活动。

1．

细节理解题。根据“The test subjects were asked to run 10,000 meters under both conditions and their biological measurements were recorded and studied.”可知，John Brewer让一群人在房间里跑步，这样记录他们的生物测量数据就容易多了。故选D。

2．

推理判断题。根据“The body needs less water on a cold day than in warm weather. In addition, lower temperatures reduce stress on the body. When you run in cold weather, your heart rate is lower.”可知，身体在寒冷的日子里比在温暖的天气里需要更少的水，此外低温还能减轻身体的压力，当你在寒冷的天气里跑步时，你的心率会更低。所以选项A“在寒冷的天气里跑步不需要太多的能量”表述正确，故选A。

3．

主旨大意题。根据“So don’t let winter weather keep you indoors. Simply get ready for the low temperatures and start running.”可知，作者鼓励人们在冬天做户外运动，故选C。

4．A

5．A

6．B

7．C

【解析】

【导语】

本文阐述了让善良成为一种习惯是一个光荣的目标，但是要学会量力而行，适度是关键，有时，牺牲太多可能弊大于利。

4．

词义猜测题。根据“one might be the bigger person and agree to take the short end of the stick in an argument”可知，成为一个大度的人，同意在争吵中接受批评，也就是先认错，所以短语“take the short end of the stick”指的是“先说对不起”，故选A。

5．

细节理解题。根据“...If you always support others emotionally, or help them with their studies, that habit might become part of how you view yourself. In other words, you see yourself as someone willing to lend a hand to others when they are in need.”可知，不合理的宜人性可能会阻止我们正确地看待自己，故选A。

6．

推理判断题。根据“and it can be especially true within communities where selflessness is important. From my experience at Harvey Mudd College...even if they don’t have the skills to do so.”可知，文章提到“Harvey Mudd College”是为了展示社区中普遍存在的善的影响，故选B。

7．

观点态度题。根据“Finally, making kindness a habit is an honorable goal. But as with all things, moderation（适度）is key, and sometimes, sacrificing a little too much can cause more harm than good.”可知，作者认为要学会量力而行，适度是关键，有时，牺牲太多可能弊大于利，故选C。

8．C

9．C

10．D

【解析】

【导语】

本文主要讲述了Akram和Holly为了在学校做自己的爱好，他们克服了很多问题，终于在学校开设了自己喜欢的俱乐部。

8．

细节理解题。根据“He wanted to stay at school and do his favorite hobby”可知他想留在学校做他最喜欢的爱好。故选C。

9．

细节理解题。根据“he could organize trainee（实习生）teachers to be responsible for the clubs”可知实习教师对俱乐部负责。故选C。

10．

推理判断题。根据“Now the school has some exciting after-school clubs. Akram and Holly enjoyed the experience very much”以及上文内容可知学校里有很多俱乐部，他们非常喜欢这个经历，因为他们通过自己的努力解决了一些创建俱乐部遇到的问题。故选D。

11．B

12．C

13．D

【解析】

【导语】

本文主要讲述了背景知识在阅读中起着重要的作用，并针对“教师如何帮助学生建立背景知识”这一问题提出了几点建议。

11．

推理判断题。根据“It is agreed that background knowledge plays an important role in reading.”及第二段“To understand this, here are two points. ”可知，第二段主要是在解释为什么背景知识很重要，所以作者举这个例子是为了说明这一点。故选B。

12．

推理判断题。根据“but wide reading has usually been taken as reading about a lot of different topics..... encourage children to find an interest and read as many books as they can on one topic. This will help them develop a deeper knowledge on a topic.”可知，本段主要是介绍鼓励孩子尽可能多地阅读自己感兴趣的同一主题的书籍，C项“鼓励以主题为中心的广泛阅读”最适合作为主题句。故选C。

13．

细节理解题。根据“Begin by teaching words in categories”和“Categories of objects and the use of generic nouns（统称）can help students increase vocabulary and develop concepts（概念）.”可知，增加词汇量，发展概念可以帮助建立背景知识。故选D。

14．B

15．A

16．D

17．A

【解析】

【导语】

本文主要讲述了在美国，越来越多的初中和高中现在要求学生在毕业前服务一定时间的社区服务；社区服务带来的益处以及作者的观点。

14．

细节理解题。根据“Some people say that many teenagers’ schedules（日常安排）are filled with homework and after-school programs, and forcing them to do other activities will make them stressed out. “Adding community service to teenagers’ already crowded schedules makes it feel like an unpleasant and boring task”可知，在青少年已经很拥挤的时间表上增加社区服务会让人觉得不愉快和无聊，而且让他们压力大；故选B。

15．

词句猜测题。根据“However, if many busy teenagers are given a choice, they would simply skip voluntary service.”可知，让许多忙碌的青少年选择，青少年会跳过志愿服务；因此“skip”意为“give up performing”；故选A。

16．

推理判断题。根据“But to her surprise, she not only met the service requirement sooner than she’d expected, but also learned a lot, and found that she loved volunteering.”可知，Bellamy Richardson比预期更快地达到了服务要求，而且学到了很多东西；由此可见对学生来说，满足学校的服务需求是可能的，也是有益的；故选D。

17．

推理判断题。根据“I suppose community service is something that should be encouraged even if it is just a duty at the beginning.”可知，作者认为社区服务应该被鼓励，即使它只是一种责任；因此作者写这篇文章的目的是为了对强制性社区服务表示支持；故选A。

18．B

19．B

20．D

21．A

【解析】

【导语】

本文是篇说明文。文章主要说明上大学接受高等教育的好处和优势。

18．

段落大意题。根据文章第二段“Schools and universities are the first places to get knowledge...Knowledge leads to knowledge.”可知，本段主要写学校和大学是获取知识的首要地方，上大学可以获得更多知识，让知识引领知识。选项B“它可以让你获得更多的知识”符合原文。故选B。

19．

词义猜测题。根据文中第四段“When there’s a recession in the economy (经济), those who attended college will be more likely to find a new job than those who only finished high school and have a limited skills set. ”可知，那些上过大学的要比那些只上到高中和有有限技能的人找到新工作的可能性更大。由此可推断应是经济下滑，难就业时，上过大学的人有就业优势。选项B drop“下降”与之相符。故选B。

20．

细节理解题。根据文章第五段“It means a good education leads to excellent networking. Good networking can benefit you a lot in your later life.”可知，良好的教育会引领你进入良好的人际关系网，良好的人际关系会让你在今后的生活中受益很多。选项D“你能认识出色的人”正确。故选D。

21．

主旨大意题。根据第一段“Here are some reasons why you should go to college and receive a good education there.”以及文章后面介绍的内容可知，文章主要写上大学接受良好教育的原因，同时也说明了上了大学的优势。选项A“上大学的好处”符合主旨。故选A。