2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷2 (word版含答案)

这是一份2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷2 (word版含答案)，共58页。试卷主要包含了5分）等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022年北京中考英语模拟试卷2
一．选择题（共12小题，满分6分，每小题0.5分）
1．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区二模）Sally likes skiing very much.She __________ it for two years.（　　）
A．practises B．was practising
C．has practised D．will practise
2．（.5分）（2020•怀柔区开学）Please be quiet． I have important to tell you．（　　）
A．anything B．something C．everything D．nothing
3．（.5分）（2021•北京）Space Day of China falls________ April 24th every year.（　　）
A．on B．by C．at D．in
4．（.5分）（2021•海淀区一模）The film Hi，Mom makes us understand our parents _________than before.（　　）
A．well B．better C．best D．the best
5．（.5分）（2021春•西城区校级期中）﹣ Excuse me， sir． is it from here to No.6 Middle School？
﹣ It's about 10 minutes' walk．（　　）
A．How soon B．How far C．How much D．How often
6．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区一模）As a famous Beijing Opera artist， Wang Peiyu ________ on TV and Internet shows since 2017.
A．appears B．appeared
C．has appeared D．will appear
7．（.5分）（2021•朝阳区一模）﹣﹣﹣ Did you notice ______ in his office？
﹣﹣﹣Yes.He was correcting our papers.（　　）
A．what Mr. Brown was doing
B．what was Mr. Brown doing
C．what Mr. Brown does
D．what does Mr.Brown do
8．（.5分）（2021•北京模拟）If it _____， I will go to the Palace Museum with you tomorrow.（　　）
A．doesn't rain B．isn't raining
C．didn't rain D．won't rain
9．（.5分）（2021•石景山区一模）The invitation to the party to my family last week.（　　）
A．sends B．was sent C．is sent D．sent
10．（.5分）（2020•密云区开学）Our teacher often asks us ______ questions in groups．（　　）
A．discuss B．discussing C．to discuss D．discussed
11．（.5分）（2014•安顺）About of the students like keeping diaries in English in our class．（　　）
A．two fifth B．two fifths
C．second five D．two five
12．（.5分）（2018春•西城区校级月考）﹣Could you help me repair my bike， dad？
﹣Yes， _______I'm busy now． Wait a moment， please．（　　）
A．Until B．and C．or D．but
二．完形填空（共1小题，满分8分，每小题8分）
13．（8分）（2020•朝阳区模拟）
No One's Words but My Own
The classroom was full of those of us who wanted to work on the school newspaper．I didn't write a lot，but working on the paper sounded like fun．I liked the idea of being a reporter，interviewing my friends，and covering middle school events．
To be chosen，we had to turn in an example of our（1）　 　．I wrote an article about the joys of summer，and showed it to my father，a talented poet．He read it and frowned（皱眉）．
"It's okay，" my father said，taking out a pencil．"But how about changing this sentence to …" And as a result，he rewrote the whole piece─without me，for I never said anything to（2）　 　him．
No surprise─his version （版本） was wonderful．He had a gift for language．It was so much better than my piece that I turned in his version instead of mine．
"Welcome to the Dundee School News，" my teacher said to me．But before I could be（3）　 　about the news，he added， "based on that excellent article you wrote about summer，I expect you to write a personal opinion article every week for the second page of the paper．"
I was so surprised．I was unable to write at that level，but I couldn't tell the（4）　 　 to the teacher，and I couldn't ask my father for help，either．
That term working on the paper was really painful．And my teacher expressed（5）　 　， "Can't you write something more like that first piece you wrote？" he said，each time I turned in my article．
I couldn't，because at that age，I didn't have my father's ability and experience as a writer．Week after week，I tried hard，but my writing never（6）　 　the level of the first article．
At last，to my total shame，another student took my place．I（7）　 　that my father rewrote my first article himself，instead of trying to help me to improve it．But in my heart I knew it was my fault （错误） because I allowed him to do it．
Later，I did become a successful writer on my own．Looking back，I realized that the pain and shame of that school experience had a（8）　 　side．It taught me to depend on myself and be myself．So every day，I try to use my own words，find my own style and be my own best self．It feels great．

（1）A．report
B．newspaper
C．writing
D．homework
（2）A．help
B．stop
C．allow
D．praise
（3）A．excited
B．worried
C．nervous
D．confident
（4）A．truth
B．excuse
C．feeling
D．answer
（5）A．honestly
B．patiently
C．hopefully
D．disappointedly
（6）A．set
B．reached
C．raised
D．changed
（7）A．agreed
B．realized
C．remembered
D．complained
（8）A．magic
B．serious
C．bright
D．strange
三．阅读理解（共4小题，满分26分）
14．（6分）（2022•顺义区校级模拟）Hearst Castle is a park on the central California coast.Although it's far from any urban center，it attracts about one million visitors per year.
Guided Tours
*Tour 1 is recommended for first﹣time visitors.It now includes the movie，Hearst Castle Building the Dream.
*Tour 2 looks at the Castle's North Wing，guest rooms and guest house Casa del Monte.
*Tour 3 includes the impressive gardens and grounds，the largest guest house，the wine basement.
*Tour 4 gives visitors a closer look at the main house's upper floors，the libraries，and the kitchen.
The evening tour allows visitors to experience the Castle at night as one of the Hearst's own visitors might have.
Ticket Price
Tours
Adult
Aged 6﹣17
Children under 6
Tour1﹣4
＄20
＄10
Free
Evening Tour
＄25
＄15
Reservation（预订）Information
Tickets may be bought at the Visitor Center.They can also be booked online now or by calling 1﹣800﹣444﹣4445.See below for times.
Reservation Call Centre Hours
Months
Monday﹣Sunday
March﹣September
8 am to 5 pm
October﹣February
9 am to 4 pm
（1）You can choose Tour 1 to 　 　.
A.take a look at the kitchen
B.experience the Castle at night
C.visit the largest guest house
D.see a movie
（2）If a father takes Tour 2 with his 3﹣year﹣old son，how much will they pay？ 　 　
A.＄20.
B.＄25.
C.＄30.
D.＄40.
（3）What time can we book tickets by calling？ 　 　
A.At 8 am on Monday in March.
B.At 9 pm on Tuesday in March.
C.At 7 am on Friday in September.
D.At 6 pm on Saturday in October
15．（6分）（2021•昌平区二模）Our class teacher was on leave.He taught us Maths.I being the monitor of the class went to see the headmaster asking for some teacher to our class.The headmaster told me that many teachers were on leave on that day so it was not possible for him to send any teacher to our class.He asked me instead to keep the class busy and do some teaching.It was the order of the headmaster and I had to take the "job".
Our class is considered to be the best class in the school.Many a time we have won the flags of cleanliness，discipline （秩序），studies and sports.The students are very much well﹣behaved.It was these advantages of the class that gave me some confidence to face my classmates as a teacher though I was one of them.I decided to do with the homework assigned by the teacher the day before.I asked the students to show me their homework.They readily showed me their notebooks.I marked one sign on them for checking.
After checking all of the homework I found that many students had not done the complete homework.They had found some questions difficult and had been unable to solve them.I took up those difficult questions one by one.I had done all the questions and knew them well.I solved them on the blackboard for those who had not been able to do them.The class was very much cooperative and they were very happy.They asked me to give them more questions to solve for the next day.I gave them five more sums of the same exercise as homework.The period came to an end.I was happy that I had successfully managed the class without my teacher.
I guess that day was the best day of my life...
（1）Why did the headmaster ask the writer to manage the class？　 　
A.Because many teachers left the school.
B.Because many teachers were on leave.
C.Because the writer wanted to teach others.
D.Because the writer was asked to do that.
（2）What does the writer think of his "job"？　 　
A.Busy.
B.Noisy.
C.Successful.
D.Difficult.
（3）What does the passage mainly talk about？　 　
A.The writer's opinions of being a class monitor.
B.The writer's opinions of being a class teacher.
C.The writer's experiences of being a class monitor.
D.The writer's experiences of being a class teacher.
16．（6分）（2021•平谷区二模）I will never forget the year I was about twelve years old. My mother told us that we would not receive Christmas gifts because there was not enough money. I felt sad and thought， "What would I say when the other kids asked what I'd got？" Just when I started to accept that there would not be a Christmas that year， three women turned up at our house with gifts for all of us. For me they brought a doll. I felt so relaxed that I would no longer have to be embarrassed when I returned to school. I wasn't forgotten. Somebody had thought enough of me to bring me a gift.
Years later， when I stood in the kitchen of my new house， thinking how I wanted to make my first Christmas there special and memorable， I suddenly remembered the women's visit. I decided that I wanted to create that same feeling of importance for as many children as I could possibly reach.
So I came up with a plan and gathered forty people from my company to help. We gathered about 125 orphans（孤儿） at the Christmas party. For every child， we wrapped colorful packages filled with toys， clothes， and school supplies， each with a child's name. We wanted all of them to know they were special. Before I called out their names and handed them their gifts， I reminded them that they couldn't open their presents until every child had come forward.
Finally the moment they were expecting came as I called out， " One， two， three. Open your presents!" As the children opened their packages， their faces beamed（ 笑容满面） and their bright smiles lit up the room. The joy in the room was obvious， and it wasn't just about toys. It was a feeling—the feeling I knew from that Christmas so long ago when the women came to visit. I wasn't forgotten. Somebody thought of me. I matter.

（1）When the writer was twelve years old， the Christmas gift was from　 　.
A. the writer's mother
B. other kids
C. three women
D. an orphan
（2）How did the writer make the first Christmas in the new house special and memorable？　 　
A. By having a Christmas party with some orphans.
B. By decorating the new house with Christmas trees and gifts.
C. By celebrating Christmas with the neighbours.
D. By setting up a company to raise money for the orphans.
（3）Why were the orphans so happy？　 　
A. Because they felt they were not forgotten.
B. Because they saw their names on the packages.
C. Because the three women's visit warmed them.
D. Because they were invited into the writer's new house.
17．（8分）（2022•海淀区校级开学）Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison.Driven by heaven﹣knows﹣what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was Cervantes （塞万提斯），and the book was Don Quixote （《堂吉诃德》）.And the story brings an interesting question：why do some people find new energy and creativity to the end of their days，but others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark.I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We can't all get there.I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have taken in the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it.Nothing surprises us.We lose our sense of wonder.But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity （成熟） seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can't change.We learn to avoid self﹣pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us﹣an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos （自我） ，whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us regard "commitment" with such "caring" jobs as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck or running a store make the world better just by being the kind of people they are.They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
（1）The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that 　 　.
A.age isn't a block to achieving one's goal
B.loss of freedom brings out one's creativity
C.misfortune inspires a man to fight against his fate
D.disability cannot stop a man fighting for success
（2）What does the underlined part "run out of steam" in Paragraph 3 probably mean？ 　 　
A.end one's struggle for freedom
B.lose the interest in continuing learning
C.waste one's energy taking risks
D.miss the opportunity to succeed
（3）What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 5？ 　 　
A.A strong﹣willed man can bear suffering.
B.A wise man can live without self﹣pity.
C.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
D.A man should try to satisfy people around him.
（4）What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？ 　 　
A.To suggest a way of going after excellence in our lifelong career.
B.To state the importance of having desire for learning.
C.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
D.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
四．阅读表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
18．（10分）（2021•门头沟区二模）
Passing on Beauty of Words
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said， "Poetry is what gets lost in translation." A well﹣known Chinese translator，Xu Yuanchong，has tried his best to pass on the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry all his life.
Xu has just turned 100 years old.On April 1，China Translation and Publishing House published a series of books about his life and career to pay respects to him.
Since 1978，Xu has published more than 100 translated novels，anthologies （选集）and plays in Chinese，English and French.Especially，he translated Chinese poems into English and French.He is also the first Asian winner of the "Aurora Borealis Prize" for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very strict in his work.He has given his mind to "translating beautifully".For him，English is a "scientific" language that requires correctness，while Chinese is an "artistic" language that includes a wider range of content.Following this，Xu keeps his translations correct and beautiful.
Through Xu's translations，historic Chinese wisdom has made an influence on Western societies and the world at large.
For example，when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a reform （改革），some officers were against at first.But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow （《江雪》）translated by Xu，one officer was so impressed with the fisherman's independent，non﹣conformist （不墨守成规的）thinking that he chose to support Obama，noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements，the 100﹣year﹣old is still hard﹣working.He lives alone in an old house near Peking University.Every day he translates about 1，000 words，working till 3 to 4 am，sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.

（1）Who is Xu Yuanchong？ 　 　
（2）How old is Xu Yuanchong？ 　 　
（3）How many translated novels，anthologies and plays has Xu published since 1978？ 　 　
（4）Which poem translated by Xu impressed the American officer？ 　 　
（5）What does Xu Yuanchong's translation mean to China？ 　 　

五．书面表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
19．（10分）（2021•通州区一模）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50词的文段写作。文中已给出内容不计入总词数。所给提示词语仅供选用。请不要写出你的校名和姓名。
题目①
假如你是李华，你们学校正在为交换生举办"走进北京"的主题活动。请用英语写一封电子邮件向你们班交换生Peter推荐参观的地点，告诉他推荐的理由和参观建议。
提示词语：the Great Wall，history，hiking，shoe
提示问题：
●Where do you advise him to visit？
●Why do you advise him to go there？
●What are your suggestions for the visit？
Dear Peter，
How is it going？Welcome to Beijing.
If there is anything that I can help you，please let me know.
Yours，
Li Hua
题目②
"凡事预则立，不预则废"。事先做好准备，是做事成功的前提和条件。某英文网站正在开展以"事预则立"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英文写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你曾经为某事做过什么准备，过程和结果怎么样，以及有什么收获。
提示词语：run for，poster，speech，important
提示问题：
●What did you prepare for？
●How did you prepare for it and what was the result？
●What do you learn from it？
When we do something without preparation，we can hardly achieve anything.

2022年菁优北京中考英语模拟试卷2
参考答案与试题解析
一．选择题（共12小题，满分6分，每小题0.5分）
1．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区二模）Sally likes skiing very much.She __________ it for two years.（　　）
A．practises B．was practising
C．has practised D．will practise
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】Sally非常喜欢滑雪。她已经练习了两年了。
【解答】结合句意，Sally非常喜欢滑雪。她__两年了。结合语境以及后面的for two years提示，可知需要用现在完成时，前面主语是She,所以用has practised.
故选：C。
【点评】结合语境，对比选项，找出题眼，作出正确选择。
2．（.5分）（2020•怀柔区开学）Please be quiet． I have important to tell you．（　　）
A．anything B．something C．everything D．nothing
【考点】不定代词．
【分析】请安静．我有一些重要的事情要告诉你．
【解答】anything任何事情，something一些事情，everything一切事情，nothing没有什么，根据语境"我有一些重要的事情要告诉你"，在肯定句中使用something．
故选：B．
【点评】考查不定代词，应对句子成分进行分析，根据句子语境判断正确答案．
3．（.5分）（2021•北京）Space Day of China falls________ April 24th every year.（　　）
A．on B．by C．at D．in
【考点】时间介词．
【分析】每年的4月24日是中国的太空日。
【解答】on后接具体到某一天的时间或具体某一天的早晨、下午和晚上；at后接钟点或中午、夜间；in后加没有具体到某一天的时间（世纪、年、季节、月）或者早晨、下午和晚上；by由。根据空后April 24th 可知，表示具体某一天的早晨，用on。
故选：A。
【点评】掌握时间介词的用法是解题关键。
4．（.5分）（2021•海淀区一模）The film Hi，Mom makes us understand our parents _________than before.（　　）
A．well B．better C．best D．the best
【考点】形容词的比较级和最高级．
【分析】电影《你好，李焕英》让我们比以前更好地了解父母。
【解答】well好；better更好；best最好，the best最好，表示特指。根据than before"比以前"可知，两者比较，用比较级better。
故选：B。
【点评】考查比较级，要熟练掌握比较级的用法，根据具体的语境仔细分析选择恰当的比较级形式。
5．（.5分）（2021春•西城区校级期中）﹣ Excuse me， sir． is it from here to No.6 Middle School？
﹣ It's about 10 minutes' walk．（　　）
A．How soon B．How far C．How much D．How often
【考点】距离（how far）．
【分析】打扰一下，先生．从这里到第六中学有多远？﹣步行大约10分钟．
【解答】A．How soon多久，提问时间；B．How far多远，提问距离；C．How much多少，提问不可数名词；D．How often多久一次，提问频度．根据It's about 10 minutes' walk．可知问的是距离．
故选：B．
【点评】仔细分析句子的结构，根据It's about 10 minutes' walk．结合选项作答．
6．（.5分）（2021•门头沟区一模）As a famous Beijing Opera artist， Wang Peiyu ________ on TV and Internet shows since 2017.
A．appears B．appeared
C．has appeared D．will appear
【考点】现在完成时．
【分析】作为著名京剧艺术家，王佩瑜自2017年开始出现在电视和网络节目中。
【解答】题干关键信息是since 2017（自从2017年以来），故设空处谓语动作（appear）发生在从过去以来，因此应用现在完成时态，即has appeared符合题意。
故选：C。
【点评】解答此题的关键，根据语境及关键信息来判断选用合适的时态。此题中since是现在完成时态的标志词。
7．（.5分）（2021•朝阳区一模）﹣﹣﹣ Did you notice ______ in his office？
﹣﹣﹣Yes.He was correcting our papers.（　　）
A．what Mr. Brown was doing
B．what was Mr. Brown doing
C．what Mr. Brown does
D．what does Mr.Brown do
【考点】宾语从句．
【分析】﹣﹣你注意到布朗先生在他的办公室里做什么了吗？
﹣﹣﹣是的。他正在纠正我们的论文。
【解答】根据题干 " Did you notice _________？"和选项可知，此题考查宾语从句，且主句为一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态的某种形式。排除C。宾语从句要用陈述句语序，选项BD为疑问句语序，排除。结合答语"Yes.He was correcting our papers""是的。他正在纠正我们的论文"可知，从句意思是"他的办公室里做什么了"。
故选：A。
【点评】考查宾语从句，做题时一般先观察是否使用陈述语序，此题选项都是陈述语序；结合语境可确定句子的时态；最后根据答句来确定最终答案。
8．（.5分）（2021•北京模拟）If it _____， I will go to the Palace Museum with you tomorrow.（　　）
A．doesn't rain B．isn't raining
C．didn't rain D．won't rain
【考点】主从复合句．
【分析】如果不下雨，我明天和你一起去故宫。
【解答】根据语境，题干是if引导的条件状语从句；当其主句谓语时态是将来时态时，其从句谓语常用现在表将来，即"主将从现"原则。题干关键信息词是tomorrow、will，因此if从句中谓语应用doesn't rain，符合句法结构。
故选：A。
【点评】解答此题的关键，掌握if引导的条件状语从句中的"主将从现"原则。
9．（.5分）（2021•石景山区一模）The invitation to the party to my family last week.（　　）
A．sends B．was sent C．is sent D．sent
【考点】一般过去时的被动语态．
【分析】上周我家人聚会的邀请。
【解答】根据句中last week可知，时态为一般过去时，所以排除A、C两项；the invitation与send之间构成被动语态，因此排除D。
故选：B。
【点评】解答此类试题时，务必根据题目要求，在准确理解句子意思的前提下，结合时态准确作答。
10．（.5分）（2020•密云区开学）Our teacher often asks us ______ questions in groups．（　　）
A．discuss B．discussing C．to discuss D．discussed
【考点】动词短语．
【分析】我们老师经常让我们分组讨论问题．
【解答】考查动词短语．A讨论，动词原形．B动名词．C不定式．D过去式．句意"我们老师经常让我们分组讨论问题"．ask sb to do sth要求某人做某事．固定搭配．
故选：C．
【点评】考查动词短语，在日常学习中要积累一些动词短语的固定用法，结合语境，选择合适的搭配．完成试题．
11．（.5分）（2014•安顺）About of the students like keeping diaries in English in our class．（　　）
A．two fifth B．two fifths
C．second five D．two five
【考点】数词的用法．
【分析】我们班大约有五分之二的学生喜欢用英语写日记．
【解答】答案：B 英语中分数的构成是：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子多于一的时候，分母要用复数形式．故五分之二应该是two fifths，故选B．
【点评】考查数词中的分数的表达，英语中分数的构成是：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子多于一的时候，分母要用复数形式．
12．（.5分）（2018春•西城区校级月考）﹣Could you help me repair my bike， dad？
﹣Yes， _______I'm busy now． Wait a moment， please．（　　）
A．Until B．and C．or D．but
【考点】连词辨析．
【分析】略
【解答】D
【点评】略
二．完形填空（共1小题，满分8分，每小题8分）
13．（8分）（2020•朝阳区模拟）
No One's Words but My Own
The classroom was full of those of us who wanted to work on the school newspaper．I didn't write a lot，but working on the paper sounded like fun．I liked the idea of being a reporter，interviewing my friends，and covering middle school events．
To be chosen，we had to turn in an example of our（1）　C　．I wrote an article about the joys of summer，and showed it to my father，a talented poet．He read it and frowned（皱眉）．
"It's okay，" my father said，taking out a pencil．"But how about changing this sentence to …" And as a result，he rewrote the whole piece─without me，for I never said anything to（2）　B　him．
No surprise─his version （版本） was wonderful．He had a gift for language．It was so much better than my piece that I turned in his version instead of mine．
"Welcome to the Dundee School News，" my teacher said to me．But before I could be（3）　A　about the news，he added， "based on that excellent article you wrote about summer，I expect you to write a personal opinion article every week for the second page of the paper．"
I was so surprised．I was unable to write at that level，but I couldn't tell the（4）　A　 to the teacher，and I couldn't ask my father for help，either．
That term working on the paper was really painful．And my teacher expressed（5）　D　， "Can't you write something more like that first piece you wrote？" he said，each time I turned in my article．
I couldn't，because at that age，I didn't have my father's ability and experience as a writer．Week after week，I tried hard，but my writing never（6）　B　the level of the first article．
At last，to my total shame，another student took my place．I（7）　D　that my father rewrote my first article himself，instead of trying to help me to improve it．But in my heart I knew it was my fault （错误） because I allowed him to do it．
Later，I did become a successful writer on my own．Looking back，I realized that the pain and shame of that school experience had a（8）　C　side．It taught me to depend on myself and be myself．So every day，I try to use my own words，find my own style and be my own best self．It feels great．

（1）A．report
B．newspaper
C．writing
D．homework
（2）A．help
B．stop
C．allow
D．praise
（3）A．excited
B．worried
C．nervous
D．confident
（4）A．truth
B．excuse
C．feeling
D．answer
（5）A．honestly
B．patiently
C．hopefully
D．disappointedly
（6）A．set
B．reached
C．raised
D．changed
（7）A．agreed
B．realized
C．remembered
D．complained
（8）A．magic
B．serious
C．bright
D．strange
【考点】记叙文．
【分析】文章讲述了作者在校时想进入学校新闻部当记者，需要交一份自己写的文章来选拔，作者交上去的却是他天才作家爸爸写的文章，虽然作者通过了选拔，却在以后的工作中显露出他的真实水平，最终老师失望，让别人替代他的故事．但这件事让作者明白了想要成功，要靠自己，所以他最后通过自己的努力成为了一名成功的作家．
【解答】（1）C 考查动词．A．report报道 B．newspaper 报纸 C．writing写作 D．homework家庭作业I wrote an article about the joys of summer可知要上交一篇自己的写作材料，根据，故选C．
（2）B 考查动词．A．help帮助 B．stop停止 C．allow允许 D．praise表扬，根据下文 It was so much better than my piece that I turned in his version instead of mine．可知爸爸为我写的文章，我并没有阻止爸爸，故选B．
（3）A 考查形容词．A．excited激动的 B．worried担心的 C．nervous紧张的 D．confident自信的，根据 "Welcome to the Dundee School News，" my teacher said to me．可知我听到这是激动的，故选A．
（4）A 考查名词．A．truth事实 B．excuse借口 C．feeling感觉 D．answer回答，根据I couldn't ask my father for help，either，可知我一直没有告诉老师真相，故选A．
（5）D 考查副词．A．honestly真诚地 B．patiently耐心地 C．hopefully有希望地 D．disappointedly失望地，根据Can't you write something more like the first piece you wrote可知老师是表达他的失望之情，故选D．
（6）B 考查动词．A．set建立 B．reached到达 C．raised提高 D．changed改变，根据语境可知，第一篇文章是爸爸写的，那时的作者无论如何努力都达不到爸爸的写作水平，故选B．
（7）D 考查动词．A．agreed同意 B．realized意识到 C．remembered记得 D．complained抱怨，根据语境，结合But in my heart I knew it was my fault （错误）because I allowed him to do it，可知作者是想抱怨父亲为他写了那篇文章，故选D．
（8）C 考查形容词．A．magic有魔力的 B．serious严肃的 C．bright明亮的 D．strange奇怪的，根据It taught me to depend on myself and be myself可知那次经验也有好的一面，即光明的一面，故选C．
【点评】解答完形填空题需要快速阅读全文，了解文章大意，再带着选项去读，边读边做，注意联系上下文．
三．阅读理解（共4小题，满分26分）
14．（6分）（2022•顺义区校级模拟）Hearst Castle is a park on the central California coast.Although it's far from any urban center，it attracts about one million visitors per year.
Guided Tours
*Tour 1 is recommended for first﹣time visitors.It now includes the movie，Hearst Castle Building the Dream.
*Tour 2 looks at the Castle's North Wing，guest rooms and guest house Casa del Monte.
*Tour 3 includes the impressive gardens and grounds，the largest guest house，the wine basement.
*Tour 4 gives visitors a closer look at the main house's upper floors，the libraries，and the kitchen.
The evening tour allows visitors to experience the Castle at night as one of the Hearst's own visitors might have.
Ticket Price
Tours
Adult
Aged 6﹣17
Children under 6
Tour1﹣4
＄20
＄10
Free
Evening Tour
＄25
＄15
Reservation（预订）Information
Tickets may be bought at the Visitor Center.They can also be booked online now or by calling 1﹣800﹣444﹣4445.See below for times.
Reservation Call Centre Hours
Months
Monday﹣Sunday
March﹣September
8 am to 5 pm
October﹣February
9 am to 4 pm
（1）You can choose Tour 1 to 　D　.
A.take a look at the kitchen
B.experience the Castle at night
C.visit the largest guest house
D.see a movie
（2）If a father takes Tour 2 with his 3﹣year﹣old son，how much will they pay？ 　A　
A.＄20.
B.＄25.
C.＄30.
D.＄40.
（3）What time can we book tickets by calling？ 　A　
A.At 8 am on Monday in March.
B.At 9 pm on Tuesday in March.
C.At 7 am on Friday in September.
D.At 6 pm on Saturday in October
【考点】广告布告类阅读．
【分析】本文介绍了不同组别参观公园的票价不同，不同年龄段的人价格也不一样。门票也可以提前预定。
【解答】（1）细节理解题。根据Tour 1的介绍：It now includes the movie，Hearst Castle Building the Dream.（现在包括电影《赫斯特城堡筑梦》）可知，参加第一小组可以去看电影，故答案为D。
（2）数字计算题。根据Tour 2的介绍：Adult ＄20（成人＄20）、Children under 6（六岁以下儿童免费），可知如果一位父亲和他3岁的儿子一起参加第二小组，他们会付20美元。故答案为A。
（3）细节理解题。根据March﹣September 8 am to 5 pm（三月至九月上午八时至下午五时）可知三月的周一上午8点可以打电话订票，故答案为A。
【点评】在通读全文的基础上，根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，瞻前顾后，认真观察选项，仔细推敲，确定最佳答案。
15．（6分）（2021•昌平区二模）Our class teacher was on leave.He taught us Maths.I being the monitor of the class went to see the headmaster asking for some teacher to our class.The headmaster told me that many teachers were on leave on that day so it was not possible for him to send any teacher to our class.He asked me instead to keep the class busy and do some teaching.It was the order of the headmaster and I had to take the "job".
Our class is considered to be the best class in the school.Many a time we have won the flags of cleanliness，discipline （秩序），studies and sports.The students are very much well﹣behaved.It was these advantages of the class that gave me some confidence to face my classmates as a teacher though I was one of them.I decided to do with the homework assigned by the teacher the day before.I asked the students to show me their homework.They readily showed me their notebooks.I marked one sign on them for checking.
After checking all of the homework I found that many students had not done the complete homework.They had found some questions difficult and had been unable to solve them.I took up those difficult questions one by one.I had done all the questions and knew them well.I solved them on the blackboard for those who had not been able to do them.The class was very much cooperative and they were very happy.They asked me to give them more questions to solve for the next day.I gave them five more sums of the same exercise as homework.The period came to an end.I was happy that I had successfully managed the class without my teacher.
I guess that day was the best day of my life...
（1）Why did the headmaster ask the writer to manage the class？　B.　
A.Because many teachers left the school.
B.Because many teachers were on leave.
C.Because the writer wanted to teach others.
D.Because the writer was asked to do that.
（2）What does the writer think of his "job"？　C.　
A.Busy.
B.Noisy.
C.Successful.
D.Difficult.
（3）What does the passage mainly talk about？　D.　
A.The writer's opinions of being a class monitor.
B.The writer's opinions of being a class teacher.
C.The writer's experiences of being a class monitor.
D.The writer's experiences of being a class teacher.
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】文章主要讲作者当班主任的经历。作者在没有老师的情况下，为同学们检查作业，难题答疑的"工作"经历。
【解答】（1）B.细节理解题。根据The headmaster told me that many teachers were on leave on that day so it was not possible for him to send any teacher to our class.He asked me instead to keep the class busy and do some teaching.可知，校长告诉我，那天有很多老师休假，所以他不可能派任何老师来我们班。他让我让班上忙些，做些教学工作。所以校长让作者来管理这个班，因为很多老师都在休假。故选B.
（2）C.细节理解题。根据I was happy that I had successfully managed the class without my teacher.可知，我很高兴我在没有老师的情况下成功地管理了这个班。所以作者认为他的"工作"很成功。故选C
（3）D.主旨大意题。根据He asked me instead to keep the class busy and do some teaching.It was the order of the headmaster and I had to take the "job".The period came to an end.I was happy that I had successfully managed the class without my teacher.及全文的描述，可知，本文主要讲述了作者在没有老师的情况下，为同学们检查作业，难题答疑的"工作"经历，所以这篇文章主要讲作者当班主任的经历。故选D。
【点评】阅读理解题要求理解文章大意，浏览题干后带着问题到文中寻找相关内容从而得出答案。
16．（6分）（2021•平谷区二模）I will never forget the year I was about twelve years old. My mother told us that we would not receive Christmas gifts because there was not enough money. I felt sad and thought， "What would I say when the other kids asked what I'd got？" Just when I started to accept that there would not be a Christmas that year， three women turned up at our house with gifts for all of us. For me they brought a doll. I felt so relaxed that I would no longer have to be embarrassed when I returned to school. I wasn't forgotten. Somebody had thought enough of me to bring me a gift.
Years later， when I stood in the kitchen of my new house， thinking how I wanted to make my first Christmas there special and memorable， I suddenly remembered the women's visit. I decided that I wanted to create that same feeling of importance for as many children as I could possibly reach.
So I came up with a plan and gathered forty people from my company to help. We gathered about 125 orphans（孤儿） at the Christmas party. For every child， we wrapped colorful packages filled with toys， clothes， and school supplies， each with a child's name. We wanted all of them to know they were special. Before I called out their names and handed them their gifts， I reminded them that they couldn't open their presents until every child had come forward.
Finally the moment they were expecting came as I called out， " One， two， three. Open your presents!" As the children opened their packages， their faces beamed（ 笑容满面） and their bright smiles lit up the room. The joy in the room was obvious， and it wasn't just about toys. It was a feeling—the feeling I knew from that Christmas so long ago when the women came to visit. I wasn't forgotten. Somebody thought of me. I matter.

（1）When the writer was twelve years old， the Christmas gift was from　C　.
A. the writer's mother
B. other kids
C. three women
D. an orphan
（2）How did the writer make the first Christmas in the new house special and memorable？　A.　
A. By having a Christmas party with some orphans.
B. By decorating the new house with Christmas trees and gifts.
C. By celebrating Christmas with the neighbours.
D. By setting up a company to raise money for the orphans.
（3）Why were the orphans so happy？　A.　
A. Because they felt they were not forgotten.
B. Because they saw their names on the packages.
C. Because the three women's visit warmed them.
D. Because they were invited into the writer's new house.
【考点】人物故事类阅读．
【分析】文章记述作者十二岁那年家里因为没钱而不能准备圣诞礼物，而出现的三个女士送了他圣诞礼物，让他感受到无比的欢乐和温暖，所以长大后他也延续在圣诞节这一天给需要帮助的孩子送去同样的礼物和感受。
【解答】（1）C.细节理解题。根据文中I will never forget the year I was about twelve years old. My mother told us that we would not receive Christmas gifts because there was not enough money. I felt sad and thought， "What would I say when the other kids asked what I'd got？" Just when I started to accept that there would not be a Christmas that year， three women turned up at our house with gifts for all of us. . 可知，我永远不会忘记我十二岁那年的情景。我妈妈告诉我们，因为钱不够，我们不会收到圣诞礼物。我感到很难过，心想："当其他孩子问我得到了什么时，我该怎么说呢？"正当我开始接受那年不会有圣诞节的事实时，三个女人出现在我们家里，给我们所有人送去了礼物。所以当作者十二岁的时候，圣诞礼物是来自于三个女人。故选C。
（2）A.细节理解题。根据 So I came up with a plan and gathered forty people from my company to help. We gathered about 125 orphans at the Christmas party. 可知，所以我想出了一个计划，从我的公司召集了40个人来帮忙。我们在圣诞晚会上召集了大约125名孤儿。所以作者是如何让新房子里的第一个圣诞节变得特别而难忘的，和一些孤儿开圣诞晚会。故选A。
（3）A.推理判断题。根据文中Finally the moment they were expecting came as I called out， " One， two， three. Open your presents!" As the children opened their packages， their faces beamed（ 笑容满面） and their bright smiles lit up the room. The joy in the room was obvious， and it wasn't just about toys. It was a feeling—the feeling I knew from that Christmas so long ago when the women came to visit. I wasn't forgotten. Somebody thought of me. I matter.可知，最后，他们期待的那一刻到来了，我喊道："一，二，三。打开你的礼物！"孩子们打开包裹，脸上洋溢着笑容，灿烂的笑容照亮了整个房间。房间里的快乐是显而易见的，不仅仅是玩具。这是一种感觉，这种感觉我从很久以前女人们来拜访的那个圣诞节就知道了。我没有被遗忘。有人想到了我。我很在乎。所以孤儿们这么高兴因为他们觉得自己没有被遗忘。故选A。
【点评】阅读理解题要求理解文章大意，浏览题干后带着问题到文中寻找相关内容从而得出答案。
17．（8分）（2022•海淀区校级开学）Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison.Driven by heaven﹣knows﹣what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was Cervantes （塞万提斯），and the book was Don Quixote （《堂吉诃德》）.And the story brings an interesting question：why do some people find new energy and creativity to the end of their days，but others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark.I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We can't all get there.I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have taken in the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it.Nothing surprises us.We lose our sense of wonder.But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity （成熟） seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can't change.We learn to avoid self﹣pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us﹣an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos （自我） ，whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us regard "commitment" with such "caring" jobs as teaching and nursing.But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck or running a store make the world better just by being the kind of people they are.They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
（1）The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that 　A　.
A.age isn't a block to achieving one's goal
B.loss of freedom brings out one's creativity
C.misfortune inspires a man to fight against his fate
D.disability cannot stop a man fighting for success
（2）What does the underlined part "run out of steam" in Paragraph 3 probably mean？ 　B　
A.end one's struggle for freedom
B.lose the interest in continuing learning
C.waste one's energy taking risks
D.miss the opportunity to succeed
（3）What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 5？ 　C　
A.A strong﹣willed man can bear suffering.
B.A wise man can live without self﹣pity.
C.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
D.A man should try to satisfy people around him.
（4）What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？ 　D　
A.To suggest a way of going after excellence in our lifelong career.
B.To state the importance of having desire for learning.
C.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
D.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
【考点】文学作品类阅读．
【分析】文章先以"53岁的塞万提斯获得了成功"一事作为引语，给我们揭示了一个道理：年龄不是实现目标的障碍，以及告诉我们怎么样过一个有意义的人生。
【解答】（1）A .细节理解题。根据第二段And the story poses an interesting question：why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？这个故事提出了一个有趣的问题：为什么有些人会在生命的尽头发现新的活力和创造力，而其他人却在很久以前就开始播种？可知这个故事表明塞万提斯年龄这么大了，却还有这样的成就，说明年龄不是实现目标的障碍。故选A。
（2）B.词义猜测题。根据We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark.我们都知道有些人在到达人生的半途之前就失去了动力；I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.我是在说那些因为采取了多年来经常出现的固定态度和观点而停止学习成长的人。可知划线词所说的这些人是"采取了多年来经常出现的固定态度和观点而停止学习成长的人。"可知，划线部分指的是停止学习的人，和B项"Lose the interest to continue learning失去继续学习的兴趣"一致，故选B。
（3）C.推理判断题。根据第五段The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can't change.We learn to avoid self﹣pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us﹣an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.我们在成熟中学习的东西很少涉及信息和技能。我们学会忍受那些我们无法改变的东西。我们学会避免自怜，我们学会了无论我们多么努力取悦，有些人永远不会爱我们﹣﹣﹣一个起初麻烦但最终放松的想法，所以作者是要告诉我们要学习适合自己的生活方式，故选C。
（4）D.目的意图题。根据第一段"塞万提斯获得成功时已经53岁了。"再根据倒数第二段" With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos （自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.以高度的动力和热情，我们可以继续学习，然后我们会知道在我们的生活中有意义是多么重要。然而，我们只有在我们承诺了一个比我们自己的小我更大的东西，无论是对所爱的人、同胞、工作，或对一些道德观念，我们才能实现意义。可知作者写这篇文章的目的是想告诉我们要过一种有意义的生活，故选D。
【点评】在通读全文的基础上，根据全文大意，展开逻辑思维，瞻前顾后，认真观察选项，仔细推敲，确定最佳答案。
四．阅读表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
18．（10分）（2021•门头沟区二模）
Passing on Beauty of Words
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said， "Poetry is what gets lost in translation." A well﹣known Chinese translator，Xu Yuanchong，has tried his best to pass on the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry all his life.
Xu has just turned 100 years old.On April 1，China Translation and Publishing House published a series of books about his life and career to pay respects to him.
Since 1978，Xu has published more than 100 translated novels，anthologies （选集）and plays in Chinese，English and French.Especially，he translated Chinese poems into English and French.He is also the first Asian winner of the "Aurora Borealis Prize" for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very strict in his work.He has given his mind to "translating beautifully".For him，English is a "scientific" language that requires correctness，while Chinese is an "artistic" language that includes a wider range of content.Following this，Xu keeps his translations correct and beautiful.
Through Xu's translations，historic Chinese wisdom has made an influence on Western societies and the world at large.
For example，when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a reform （改革），some officers were against at first.But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow （《江雪》）translated by Xu，one officer was so impressed with the fisherman's independent，non﹣conformist （不墨守成规的）thinking that he chose to support Obama，noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements，the 100﹣year﹣old is still hard﹣working.He lives alone in an old house near Peking University.Every day he translates about 1，000 words，working till 3 to 4 am，sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.

（1）Who is Xu Yuanchong？ 　He is a well﹣known Chinese translator.　
（2）How old is Xu Yuanchong？ 　He is 100 years old.　
（3）How many translated novels，anthologies and plays has Xu published since 1978？ 　More than 100.　
（4）Which poem translated by Xu impressed the American officer？ 　Fishing in Snow.　
（5）What does Xu Yuanchong's translation mean to China？ 　Xu Yuanchong is the person who passes on the beauty of words and makes the world learn about the Chinese culture better.　

【考点】阅读表达．
【分析】文章讲了中国著名翻译家许渊冲﹣生都在努力传承中国古代诗歌的美。通过徐的翻译，中国历史智慧对西方社会乃至世界产生了影响。一位官员在读了徐克翻译的《雪中捕鱼》 (Fishingin Snow)这首
诗后，对这位渔民独立、不墨守成规的思想印象深刻，选择了支持奥巴马。
【解答】(1) He is a well﹣known Chinese translator.细节理解题。根据A well﹣ known Chinese translator，Xu
Yuanchong，has tried his best to pass on the beauty of ancient Chinese poetryall his life.可知，中国著名翻译家许渊冲一生都在努力传承中国古代诗歌的美。所以许渊冲是是一位著名的中文翻译家。故答案为He is a well﹣known Chinese translator.
(2) He is 100 years old.细节理解题。根据 Having made such great achievements，the 100﹣year﹣old is still hard﹣working.可知，取得了如此巨大的成就，这位百岁老人仍然很努力。所以许渊冲100岁了。故答案为He is100 years old.
(3) More than 100.细节理解题。根据Since 1978,Xu has published more than 100 translated novels,
anthologies and plays in Chinese,Englishand French.可知，1978年以来，他先后出版了100多部中、英、法翻译的小说、选集和戏剧。故答案为More than 100.
(4) Fishing in Snow.细节理解题。根据But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow translated by Xu,one officer was so impressed with the fisherman's independent，non﹣ conformist thinking that he chose to support Obama，noted NewsChina.可知，但有一位官员在读了徐克翻译的《雪中捕鱼》(Fishingin Snow)这首诗后，对这位渔民独立、不墨守成规的思想印象深刻，选择了支持奥巴马。所以徐翻译的《雪中钓鱼》给这位美国军官留下了深刻的印象。故答案为Fishing in Snow.
(5) Xu Yuanchong is the person who has tried his best to pass on the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry all his life and makes the world learn about the Chinese culture better.主旨大意题。根据Famous American poet Robert Frost once said，"Poetry is what gets lost in translation." A well﹣ known Chinese translator,Xu Yuanchong，has tried his best to pass on the beauty ofancient Chinese poetry all his life.Through Xu's translations，historic Chinese wisdom has made an influence on Western societies and the world at large.可知美国著名诗人罗伯特·弗罗斯特曾说过:"诗是在翻译中迷失的东西"，中国著名翻译家许渊冲一生都在努力传承中国古代诗歌的美。通过徐的翻译，中国历史智慧对西方社会乃至世界产生了影响。所以许渊冲是一个毕生努力传承中国古代诗歌之美，让世界更好地了解中国文化的人。故答案为Xu Yuanchong is the person who has tried his best to pass on the beauty of ancient Chinese poetryall his life and makes the world learn about the Chinese culture better.
【点评】阅读表达题往往从不同的角度命题，既考查学生的阅读理解能力，也考查他们的英语表达能力和概括能力，另外，对回答的拼写、语法的正确性的也有较高的要求。
五．书面表达（共1小题，满分10分，每小题10分）
19．（10分）（2021•通州区一模）从下面两个题目中任选一题，根据中文和英文提示，完成一篇不少于50词的文段写作。文中已给出内容不计入总词数。所给提示词语仅供选用。请不要写出你的校名和姓名。
题目①
假如你是李华，你们学校正在为交换生举办"走进北京"的主题活动。请用英语写一封电子邮件向你们班交换生Peter推荐参观的地点，告诉他推荐的理由和参观建议。
提示词语：the Great Wall，history，hiking，shoe
提示问题：
●Where do you advise him to visit？
●Why do you advise him to go there？
●What are your suggestions for the visit？
Dear Peter，
How is it going？Welcome to Beijing.
If there is anything that I can help you，please let me know.
Yours，
Li Hua
题目②
"凡事预则立，不预则废"。事先做好准备，是做事成功的前提和条件。某英文网站正在开展以"事预则立"为主题的征文活动，假如你是李华，请用英文写一篇短文投稿，谈谈你曾经为某事做过什么准备，过程和结果怎么样，以及有什么收获。
提示词语：run for，poster，speech，important
提示问题：
●What did you prepare for？
●How did you prepare for it and what was the result？
●What do you learn from it？
When we do something without preparation，we can hardly achieve anything.
【考点】提纲作文．
【分析】【高分句型一】
You can visit the Mutianyu Wall because there won't be as many tourists as at the Badaling Wall.你可以参观慕田峪长城，因为那里没有八达岭长城那么多的游客。
because引导原因状语从句。
【高分句型二】
If there is anything that I can help you，please let me know.如果有什么我能帮上忙的，请告诉我。
if引导条件状语从句。
【解答】Dear Peter，
How is it going？Welcome to Beijing.You can visit many places in Beijing.But at first，I advise you to visit the Great Wall. （建议他去哪里参观）As one of projects，it is famous all over the world.It is like a dragon，winding up and down across mountains and deserts. （原因）You can visit the Mutianyu Wall because there won't be as many tourists as at the Badaling Wall. 【高分句型一】It is great for hiking so you must wear comfortable shoes.（建议）
If there is anything that I can help you，please let me know.【高分句型二】
Yours，
Li Hua
【点评】能够根据提示进行书面表达，能够围绕主题准确使用一定的语法、词汇、短语和句型等，清楚连贯地表达自己的思想，进而完成写作任务。

考点卡片
1．不定代词
【概念】
不定代词：
没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词．常用的不定代词如下：all，any，another，both，each，every，either，every，few，little，many，much，no，none，neither，one，other，some以及由 some，any，no，every 和body，one，thing 构成的复合词．
【用法】
（1）some 与 any 的用法：
some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句．修饰单数名词时，意为"某个"．any 用于否定句和疑问句时，表示"一些"．用于肯定句时，只和单数名词或不可数名词连用，表示"任何"．
例：I can see ____ photos on the desk，but I can't see ____ notebooks．（　　）
A．some； some B．any； some C．some； any D．any； any
分析：我可以看到在桌子上有一些照片，但是我没看到任何笔记本．
解答：some意思是"一些"经常用于肯定句；any意思是"任何"一般用于否定句或疑问句．根据"I can see ____ photos on the desk"这是一个肯定句，所以要用some来填空，又根据"I can't see ____ notebooks"这是一个否定句，所以要用any来填空，因此可知这句话的意思是"我可以看到在桌子上有一些照片，但是我没看到任何笔记本．"故选C．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
（2）each 与 every 的用法：
each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的"每一个"，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语．every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的"每一个"，只能作定语，不能说 every of them ，要说 every one of them．
例：There are many tress on ____ side of the river．（　　）
A．both B．all C．each D．every
分析：河的两边有很多树．
解答：根据side of the river，结合选项，推测意思是河的两边有很多树．这里side是单数，故排除A两者都，B三者或三者以上所有的．each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的"每个"；every是指许多人或事物的"全体"，而河有两边，即侧重两个中的每个，故选C
点评：解答这类试题时，务必充分理解上下文的语境和前后文的逻辑关系，找到解题的依据，同时正确区分选项的细微差别，准确作答．
（3）no one 与 none 的用法：
no one 意为"没有人"，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句．none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为"一点也不，一个也不"；谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；常与 of 连用，通常指"三者以上的人或物中没有一个"，回答how much 和 how many 引导的问句．
例：How many birds can you see in the tree？_____．（　　）
A．No one B．Nobody C．None
分析：树上你可以看见多少只鸟？﹣一个也没有．
解答：no one与nobody都表示无人、没有人，none表示三者及以上的全部否定，没有，即可指人也可指物．根据题干可知说话人问树上有多少只鸟，故选择C．
点评：本题考查不定代词辨析，基础题，熟悉每个选项的用法及含义，根据题干即可作出选择．
（4）other， another， others， any other， the other 的用法：
other 表示泛指，意为"另外的、其它的"．常与复数名词或不可数名词连用．如果其前有 the，this， some， any， each， every， no， one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词．another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的"另外一个"，泛指单数．可单独使用，也可后接名词．如果其后接复数名词，则表示"又、再、还"． others ：它是 other 的复数形式，表示泛指，意为"别的人或物"，但不指全部．特指时在其前加定冠词；前面可加任何限定词以及数量词．any other 表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个．the other ：表示两者中的另外一个．可单独使用，也可接单数名词．
例：There are fifty students in Class One．Twenty of them are boys；____are girls．（　　）
A．the other B．the others C．others D．another
分析：在一班有50个学生．其中20人是男生，其他的是女生．
解答：根据题意"在一班有50个学生．其中20人是男生，其他的是女生"，可知此处是指特定范围内的另一部分，要用the表特指，空格后缺少名词，故用others，others＝other+名词，故选B．
点评：熟悉不定代词的基本用法，结合题意，给出答案．
（5）all 与 both 的用法：
均表示"都"，但 all 表示三者以上的人或物，both 则表示两个人或物．二者都表示肯定意义，如果与 not 连用时，则表示部分否定．
例：I have two sisters．_____ of them are high school students．（　　）
A．All B．Both C．Every D．Each
分析：我有两个姐姐，她们两个都是高中生．
解答：由题意可知，我有两个姐姐，她们两个都是高中生，空格处应填写两者都，为both一词．A，三者及三者以上，C，every每个，后加单数，不符合后面的of them，D，每一个，后加单数，也不符合题意．
点评：注意区分几个易混淆单词的不同用法．
（6）neither 与 either 的用法：
都可用于表示两个人或物． neither 表否定意义，意为"（两者中的每一个）都不"；而 either 表肯定意义，意为"（两者中的每一个）都"．都可单独使用，也可同介词 of 连用．
例：Can I come today or tomorrow？____is OK．I'm busy today and tomorrow．（　　）
A．Either B．Neither C．Each D．None
分析：﹣﹣我能今天或明天来吗？﹣﹣都不行．我今天和明天都很忙．
解答：either两者中任一个，neither两者都不，each每一个，none没有一个；根据 I'm busy today and tomorrow可知今天明天哪一天都不行，故选B．
点评：本题考查不定代词，做题时应注意根据句子中的关键信息以及句型的结构进行判断．
（7）it， one 和 that：
it 可指代可数名词和不可数名词．常常指代上文中" the+名词"或"物主代词 + 名词"中的名词，表示同一件事物，但 it 代替的事物属于特指．它的复数形式是 they 或 them． one 所表示的名词（可指人或物）和前面所提到的名词只是同一类中的任何一个，不是指其中某一个．不能代替不可数名词．复数形式是 ones． That 指代的也是同一类事物而不是同一个事物，但that 代替的是有定冠词的名词，表特指，它还可以代替不可数名词．用 that 来代替前面已出现的可数名词（ that 相当于 the one ）或不可数名词时，后面一定要跟修饰语，且 that 只能指物．
例：I can see ____ photos on the desk，but I can't see ____ notebooks．（　　）
A．some； some B．any； some C．some； any D．any； any
分析：我可以看到在桌子上有一些照片，但是我没看到任何笔记本．
解答：some意思是"一些"经常用于肯定句；any意思是"任何"一般用于否定句或疑问句．根据"I can see ____ photos on the desk"这是一个肯定句，所以要用some来填空，又根据"I can't see ____ notebooks"这是一个否定句，所以要用any来填空，因此可知这句话的意思是"我可以看到在桌子上有一些照片，但是我没看到任何笔记本．"故选C．
点评：首先要掌握这个句子的意思，然后结合具体的题目，就可以确定正确答案．
（8）不定代词 few， a few 与 little， a little的用法：
不定代词 few 和 a few 后接可数名词的复数形式．few 表示数量很少或几乎没有，强调"少"，含有否定意义；a few 表示数量虽然少但毕竟还有，强调"有"，含有肯定意义． little 和 a little 之后接不可数名词，其区别跟 few 和 a few 之间的区别相似．
例：Can you speak English？
﹣Yes，but only____（　　）
A．much B．a lot C．a few D．a little
分析：你能说英语吗？﹣﹣是的，但是只会一点．
解答：考查情境对话．句意：你能说英语吗？﹣﹣是的，但是只会一点．much许多，a lot许多，都修饰不可数名词；a few几个，修饰可数名词；a little一点，修饰不可数名词．根据题干Can you speak English？可知but only，but表示转折，应说但是只会一点．English这里是不可数．故选D．
点评：理解各个选项的含义，根据上下文的语境进行作答．
【解题方法点拨】
①要注意指代的范围．
②要注意是表示肯定还是否定．
③要注意词性（它们还可用作形容词）．
④掌握不定代词在句子中所做的成分，从而判断考点．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查不定代词的用法和在句子中做的成分，不定代词之间的用法区别是考查的重点．
2．时间介词
【概念】
1．介词：
介词是一种虚词，是英语中最活跃的词类之一，也是中考中经常涉及的考点，其用法变化多样．英语里大部分用语都是由介词和其他词构成的，因此掌握好介词是学好英语的关键之一．
2．介词的功能：
介词不能单独使用，必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、宾语补足语等成分．中考对介词的考查主要是介词的基本用法和习惯搭配．
（1）作表语
Our English teacher is from Australia．我们的英语老师来自澳大利亚．
（2）作定语
The girl in red is my sister．穿红色衣服的那个女孩是我的妹妹．
（3）作状语
The girl will be back in two hours．这位姑娘过两个小时回来．
（4）作宾语补足语
Help yourself to some fish．请吃些鱼．
【时间介词的辨析】
（1）表时间的介词
①at，in on
at 表示时间点或固定用法．
例如：at six o'clock，at noon，at midnight．
in 表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上．
例如：in the nineteenth century，in 2002，in May，in winter，in the morning等．
on 表示特定的日子，具体的某一天，星期，节日，某一天的上午，下午，晚上等．
例如：on Monday，on July 1st，on Sunday morning等．
②since，after，for
由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用．而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用．for引导一段时间，可于多种时态连用，但必须是延续性动词．
例如：
I haven't heard from him since last summer．自从去年夏天，我再也没有收到他的信．
After five days the boy came back．五天后，这男孩回来了．
We have an art lesson for two hours in the afternoon．我们下午有节美术课要上两个小时．
I have had this bike for three years．我买这辆自行车三年了．
③in，after
In与将来时态连用时，表示"过多长时间以后"的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语．After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语．After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语．
例如：
He will be back in two months．他在两个月后回来．
He will arrive after four o'clock．四点钟后，他到达．
He returned after a month．一个月后，他回来了．
3．形容词的比较级和最高级
【概念】
形容词的比较级和最高级：
比较级就是将二者进行比较产生的词形，是由形容词原级转化而来的，一般是在原级后面加er，也有一些不规则的转化，比如good﹣better，bad﹣worse等等．相对二者的比较，还有三者及以上的比较，这时就产生了最高级．在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词前加more或加后缀﹣er．典型的是指形容词所表示的质、量或关系的增加．英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做"比较句型"．其中，像"A比B更…"的表达方式称为比较级．组成句子的方式是将形容词变化成比较级的形态．
【结构】
形容词比较级和最高级规则变化原则．
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加﹣er或﹣est
fast
long
smart
faster
longer
smarter
fastest
longest
smartest
以字母e结尾的形容词，加﹣r或﹣st
nice
late
nicer
later
nicest
latest
重读闭音节，词尾只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加﹣er或﹣est
big
hot
thin
fat
bigger
hotter
thinner
fatter
biggest
hottest
thinnest
fattest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，先改"y"为"i"，再加﹣er或﹣est
easy
happy
healthy
easier
happier
healthier
easiest
happiest
healthiest
部分双音节词和多音节词在前面加more或most
tired
careful
beautiful
important
more tired
more careful
more beautiful
more important
most tired
most careful
most beautiful
most important


不规则变化

many/much
little
Good
bad/ill
far
old
more
less
better
worse
farther/further
older/elder
most
least
best
worst
farthest/furthest
oldest/eldest
．
【用法】
一、形容词比较级的用法：
1．表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级，最明显的提示词是than，其结构为"A…+比较级+than+B"．
例：
Li Lei's room is bigger than mine．李雷的房间比我的大．
This mooncake is nicer than that one．这块月饼比那块好吃．
注意：为了避免重复，在从句中常用the one，that，those等词来替代前面出现过的名词．其中the one替代可数名词单数形式，the ones或those替代可数名词复数形式，that替代不可数名词．
例：
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter．北京的天气比广州的天气冷．
2．表示"两者之间最…一个（of the two）"时，常用"the+比较级"结构．
例：
Mary is the taller of the twins．
Mary是双胞胎中的高个子．
3．表示"越来越…"，用比较级重叠结构，即"比较级+and+比较级"，多音节词和部分双音节词时用"more and more+形容词原级"．
例：
It's getting warmer and warmer in spring．
春天天气变得越来越暖和．
Our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful．
我们的家乡越来越漂亮了．
4．表示"越…就越…"时，用"the+比较级，the+比较级"结构．
例：
The more we get together，the happier we'll be．
我们越是在一起，就越开心．
二、形容词最高级的用法：
表示三者或三者以上（人或物）的比较，其中有一个超过其他几个．形容词最高级前要加the，后面通常带of（in）短语来说明比较的范围（of 后的名词或代词表示与主语属同一类；in 表示时间或空间范围）．
①在我们班上他最高． Miho is the youngest student because she was born later than anyone else in her class．
②玛丽是这三个学生中最小的．
Mary is the tallest among the three students．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查形容词，形容词等级是考查的重点．对形容词等级的考查主要出现在单项选择题中．
4．数词的用法
【常用方法】
一、整点法：如果时间是整点，就用"钟点数+o'clock"来表示．o'clock可省略．如：8：00可读作eight o'clock或eight
二、 顺读法：顺读法，也叫直接读法，此方法用于既有钟点数，又有分钟数的时间，通常先读"钟点数"，再读分钟数．如：7：20读作seven﹣twenty
三、 倒读法：此方法是"先读分钟数"，再读"钟点数"，使用此方法要注意两点：
1． 如果分钟数在30以内，就用"分钟数+past+钟点数"表示，介词past意为"过"．如：6：10读作ten past six．
2． 当分钟数正好是"三十分钟"时，可用"顺读法"中的"钟点数+thirty"，也可用"half+past+钟点数"．如：7：30可读作seven thirty 或 half past seven．
3． 如果分钟数超过30，则用"（60﹣分钟数）+ to +（钟点数 + 1）"来表示，介词to 为"差"的意思．如：6：35读作twenty﹣five to seven （差二十五分钟到七点）
在"倒读法"中，当分钟数涉及到"15分钟"时，一般不用fifteen，而用a quarter（一刻钟）来表示．如：10：15读作a quarter past ten （一般不读 fifteen past ten）
5．连词辨析
【概念】
不同连词在意义或用法上的不同进行辨别分析叫连词辨析．
例：（　　）﹣﹣Would you like to go to the party with me？
﹣﹣I'd love to， I'm afraid I have no time．
A． so B． or C． but
考点：连词辨析．
分析：﹣﹣你愿意和我一起去参加晚会吗？
﹣﹣我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．
解答：C；根据语境以及上下文，本题考查的是连词的用法．根据语境推测句意是"我愿意．但是恐怕我没有时间．"，可知前后句之间是转折关系，所以用连词but；故选C．
点评：本题主要考查连词的用法，连词在句子中主要起联系上下文的作用，他们之间的区别就是表示逻辑关系的不同，所以在解题时先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词．连词的用法都比较多，语义之间还有交叉，熟记其基本应用规则，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【易混淆点】
1． such…that…与so…that…都可以用来引导结果状语从句，意为"如此…以致…"．
（1）such是形容词，它所修饰的名词可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带．如果其后是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an．
She is such a good teacher that all of us love and respect her．
（2）so是副词，与形容词或副词连用，其结构是：so+adj．（adv．）+that从句．如：
He ran so fast that I couldn't catch up with him．
注意：当名词前面有many，much，few，little等表示数量多少的限定词时，应该用so，而不能用such．如：
There were so many people in the street that firefighters could not get close to the building．
2．and 和or表示"和，与"的区别
and用于肯定句和问句中，例如：I have a sister and a brother．
or用于否定句中，例如：
There isn't any air or water on the moon．月球上既没有空气也没有水．
3．because， for， since， as 表示"原因"的区别
because语气强， 表示客观必然原因，例如：
He is absent， because he is ill． 因为生病，所以他没来．
for 语气轻，表示非客观必然的原因，是主观可改变结果的原因，甚至是猜测可能的原因，不能放句首，它是并列连词．例如：
He must be ill， for he is absent． "缺席"不一定是"生病"，只是交流猜测．
since， as 都是不讲自明的原因， 是已知的原因．
Since I am a boy， let me carry the case．
4．when和while表示"当…的时候"的区别：
when意为"在……时刻或时期"，它可兼指"时间点"与"时间段"，所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词，也可是持续性动词；while只指"时间段"，不指"时间点"，从句的动词只限于持续性动词．
（1）when从句与主句动作先后发生时，不能与while互换．如：
When he has finished his work， he takes a short rest．每当他做完工作后，总要稍稍休息一下．（when ＝ after）
When I got to the cinema， the film had already begun．当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了．（when＝before）
（2）when从句动词为终止性动词时，不能由while替换．如：
When he came yesterday， we were playing basketball．昨天他来时，我们正在打篮球．
（3）当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时，when， while才有可能互相替代．如：
While / When we were still laughing， the teacher came in．正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时，老师进来了．
【解题方法点拨】
在解题时，根据逻辑关系的不同，先要理解上下文含义，然后根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词，了解其区别，注意固定搭配对象，是做好此类题型的关键．
【中考命题方向】
在中考中，特殊疑问句常出现在单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、任务型阅读 完成句子等中，几乎每种题型都从不同角度来考查，因而大家一定要熟练掌握．
6．动词短语
【概念】
动词短语：
动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语（以动词为中心），表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配．在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体．
【用法】
（1）动词+副词：
在"动词+副词"的词组中宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词，则可置于副词后面，亦可置于动词和副词之间．而如果宾语是代词，只能置于动词后面，即动词和副词之间．
例：First put some salt into the water and then．（　　）
A．mix them up B．mix up them C．mix it up D．mix up it
分析：首先放一些盐在水里，然后搅拌它们．
解答：分析句子，结合选项，推测意思是首先放一些盐在水里，然后搅拌它们．这里salt是不可数名词，用it指代，放在中间，故选C．
（2）动词+副词+介词：
在这类动词短语中，动词、副词、介词紧密结合，是动副词组和动介词组的合成体，词义上相当于一个及物动词．它兼有以上两类短语动词的特点，但宾语总是位于介词之后．
例：She is planning her project．Let's help her ____some good ideas．（　　）
A．come out B．come up C．come up with D．catch up with
分析：她正在计划她的项目，让我们帮助她想出一些好主意．
解答：come out出来，出现，出版，come up发生，上来，come up with想出，catch up with追上，赶上；结合句意"她正在计划她的项目，让我们帮助她想出一些好主意．"可知，要用是一般现在时，help后面跟动词原形，故答案为C．其它三个选项语意不通．
（3）动词+名词：
这类动词短语中的常见动词是have，take，give，make等，后面的名词通常是从动词转化而来的动作名词，并表达了短语动词的真正意义．
例：The old man _____，and he wants to see a doctor now．（　　）
A．has fever B．have a fever C．has a fever D．has fevers
分析：这位老人发烧了，他现在想去看医生．
解答：考查动词短语．have a fever是固定短语，意思是"发烧"；结合句意"这位老人发烧，他现在想去看医生．"可知，要用是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故答案为C．
（4）be+形容词+介词：
be+形容词（包括过去分词作形容词）+介词相当于及物动词，宾语位于介词后面，形容词是短语动词的真正词义．
例：This pair of shoes_____hand．（　　）
A．is made with B．are made from C．are made of D．is made by
分析：这双鞋是手工做的．
解答：考查动词短语．A用．什么东西制造．B．由…制造（看不出原材料）．C．由…制造（看出原材料）．D．由…制造（由某人）．结合语境"这双鞋是手工做的．"．可知，由双手制造，用is made by．选D．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查动词短语的用法，意义相近的动词短语、但容易混淆的短语、常用动词短语．这些是考查的重点．
7．现在完成时
【概念】
（1）现在完成时：
①过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果．到现在为止已经发生或完成的动作．
②表示过去发生的、持续到现在的动作或状态．
（2）概念点拨：
①影响性：指过去的某个动作对现在造成的影响或结果．
②持续性：指从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，还有可能继续延续下去．
【结构】
现在完成时的结构：have / has + 过去分词．
例：
①He has seen the film several times． 这部电影他已看了好几次．
②I have known her for a long time． 我认识她很长时间了．
句中的 has seen 和 have known 均为现在完成时，第一句属影响性用法，其影响是"他对电影内容非常熟悉了"；第二句属持续性用法，指"认识她"已持续了很长一段时间．
【用法】
（1）影响性用法实例分析：
①． I have lost my pen． 我把钢笔丢了．
根据句意可知，"丢钢笔"这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响→我现在无钢笔用，或我得去买支新的．
②． We have finished the work． 我们已把工作干完了．
显然"完成工作"这个动作发生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个在过去发生和完成的动作对现在有影响→我们可以休息了，或可以回家了，或可以做别的事了．
（2）持续性用法实例分析：
①． I've waited a week for your answer． 等你的答复我已等了一个星期．
根据句意可知，"等"这个动作发生在过去，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了一个星期．
②． We have lived here quite a number of years． 我们在这里住了很多年了．
根据句意可知，"住在这儿"是从过去开始的，但它在过去并没有完成，而是一直等到现在，已持续了好几年．
【易混淆点】
（1）现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
它们的动作都是发生在过去，不同之处在于，说话者是否强调这个影响：①如果强调对现在的影响，就用现在完成时；②如果不强调对现在的影响，而是强调动作发生的过去时间，就用一般过去时．体会下面的句子：
①． I've washed the car． 我已经洗过车了．（车现在是干净的）
②． I washed the car yesterday． 我洗了车子．（强调车子昨天洗的）
第一句用的是现在完成时，它强调的是洗车对现在的影响→车现在是干净的；第二句用的是一般过去时，它不强调洗车对现在的影响，只表明车昨天洗过，至于它现在是否干净说话人并不关心．
（2）have been to和have gone to的区别：
①have been to表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那儿．
②have gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这儿．
例：
Have you ever been to Greece？ 你去过希腊吗？
The Smiths have gone to Canada for a holiday． 史密斯全家都到加拿大度假去了．
③与表示次数的once， twice， three times等连用时，只能用have been to，不能用have gone to．
例：She has been to Europe twice． 她到欧洲去过两次．
④have been to除可后接地点表示去过某地外，有时还可以接表示活动的名词，表示去参加过某种活动，或接动词原形（尤其是动词see），表示去做过某事．如：
She's just been to a party． 她刚参加一个晚会回来．
He has never been to see me since I have been ill． 我生病以来他从未来看过我．
【解题方法点拨】
①根据标志词判断现在完成时．如since，so far，in the last/past five years，over the years，It's the first [second， third…] time that…等．
②根据语境判断现在完成时．看句子表达的意思是否强调现在．
【中考命题方向】
中考英语试题常考查动词的辨析用法和常用时态，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时五种时态是考查的重点．对于现在完成时的考查，多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力．因此，学生练题时一定要注意时态细节．
8．一般过去时的被动语态
【概念】
（1）一般过去时的被动语态：
表示过去某一时间的被动动作或过去经常性、习惯性的被动动作．
（2）被动语态：
被动语态：（passive voice）是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系．英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态．主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者．被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态．汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等被动词来表示被动意义．被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成．
（3）及物动词：
在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可以把动词分成两种：及物动词与不及物动词．字典里词后标有vt．的就是及物动词，字典里词后标有vi．的就是不及物动词．不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语），若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to，of，at后方可跟上宾语．及物动词可直接跟宾语．
【结构】
一般过去时的被动语态结构形式：主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词．
①助动词was/were+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语），其中by意为"被…；由…‘'表动作的执行者．
如：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．
格林先生去年写了两本书．
②其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时一样．
例：Two books were written by Mr．Green last year．（肯定式）
Two books were not written by Mr．Green last year． （否定式）
Were two books were written by Mr．Green last year？（疑问式） Yes，they were．/No，they weren't．
【用法】
①一般过去时，在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态．
如：I was invited to Anna's birthday party last month．
上个月我被邀请去参加安娜的生日聚会了．
②一般过去时，要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态．
例：I cleaned my teeth twice before I got to bed last night．（变被动语态）
My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
分析：昨晚上床睡觉前我刷了两次牙．
昨晚上床睡觉前，我的牙齿刷了两次．
解答：My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．my teeth是动词clean的承受者，够成被动关系，结合时态一般过去时用一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词，主语my teeth复数，故were，clean的过去分词cleaned，故答案是My teeth were cleaned twice before I got to bed last night．
点评：一般过去时的被动语态was/were+过去分词的呈现，课下要理解记忆各种被动语态的构成．
【易混淆点】
一般过去时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态的区别：
一般过去时的被动语态表示一个被动的动作发生在过去的某个时候，其结果对现在没有影响；而现在完成时的被动语态的动作或状态尽管发生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现在造成的影响和结果．
A new school was built by them last year．（发生在去年的被动动作）
A new school has been built by them for two years．（表示结果已经被建成）
【解题方法点拨】
①当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，如果题干有时间状语yesterday（昨天），the day before yesterday（前天），last …（上一个…），just now（刚刚）a moment ago（刚刚），at the age of（当…岁时），long ago（早已），once upon a time（很久以前），（如：two days）+ago（…之前），准确时间（如：June25th 2010等），when（当…的时候） when I was five（当我五岁时）等．可以根据这些时间状语来确定为一般过去时态的被动语态．
②如果没有时间状语，则根据语境判断句子时态和语态．
③掌握复合句中谓语动词时态语态的用法，特别是含有宾语从句的复合句中．
【中考命题方向】
一般过去时态的被动语态是中考考查的重点，经常在词汇填空，单选题，英汉互译，动词应用题，完形填空等中考查，题型灵活多样．
9．主从复合句
【概念】
主从复合句：
主从复合句是指含有两个或更多主谓结构的句子，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当整个句子的某一（些）成分．主句与从句之间用关联词连接起来．关联词除了在主句与从句之间起连接作用外，绝大多数不但本身有意义，而且还要在从句中充当句子成分．但是，引导名词性从句的whether或if虽有"是否"之意，但不在从句中充当句子成分，引导名词性从句的that没有任何意义，也不在从句中充当句子成分．
【分类】
主从复合句的分类：
（1）主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成．主句为句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个次要成分，不能独立存在．
（2）主从复合句按从句充当的句子成分可分为：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句．
（3）其中名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句．
（4）定语从句是形容词性从句，包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句．
（5）状语从句根据其作用一般可分为九种，分别是时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句．
10．宾语从句
【概念】
（1）宾语从句：宾语从句是名词性从句的一种．宾语从句在主从复合句中充当宾语，位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句．宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句．但是在初中阶段，主要要求学生掌握动词的宾语从句．
例如：
John said that he was good at swimming．
约翰说他擅长游泳．
My teacher asked me why I was late for school．
我的老师问我为什么上学迟到了．
（2）连接词
引导宾语从句的连接词分为：从属连词，连接代词、连接副词．
①从属连词：that，whether，if．
②连接代词：who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whomever，whosever，whatever．
③连接副词：when，where，why，how，whenever，however．
【用法】
（1）宾语从句的引导词
①由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句．用在如say，think，wish，hope，see，believe，agree，expect，hear，feel等动词后．连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略．例如：
The radio says （that） it will be cloudy tomorrow．
无线电报道明天将要阴天．
Tom's mother told him （that） Mary was a good girl．
汤姆的妈妈告诉他玛丽是个好姑娘．
②由连词if、whether 引导的宾语从句．if、whether主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序．whether，if 意思是"是否"，在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换．例如：
I don't know if/whether the sports meeting will be put off．
我不知道是否运动会将会推迟．
The teacher asked if/whether they could hand in their homework on time．
老师问是否他们能准时交上作业．
③以连接代词which，what，who等或连接副词how，where，why 等引导的宾语从句，从句要用陈述语序．例如：
I want to know what he has told you．
我想知道他告诉了你什么．
She always thinks of how she can work well．
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好．
（2）宾语从句的时态
①当主句为一般现在时态、现在进行时态、或一般将来时态时，从句可用所需要的任何时态．例如：
I want to know what time he got up this morning．
我想知道他今天早上什么时候起床的．
I know she has studied English since 2010．
我知道她自从2010年以来已经学英语了．
②当主句为一般过去时态时，从句要用于过去有关的时态．例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
老师告诉我们汤姆已经离开我们去美国了．
He asked what Jim was doing now．
他问吉姆现在在做什么．
③当从句表述的是客观真理或自然现象时，宾语从句要使用一般现在时．例如：
My brother asked whether light travels faster than sound．
我弟弟问光是否比声音传播得快．
Mary said no news is a good news．
玛丽说没有消息就是好消息．
【易混淆点】
★注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外．
①当从句做介词的宾语时，只用whether不用if．
We are talking about whether we'll go shopping．
我们正在谈论我们是否将去购物．
②引导词与动词不定式或 not连用时，只用whether．
Please let me know what we can do next．
请让我知道我们下一步能做什么．
Could you tell me whether you have a beautiful dog or not？
你能告诉我你是否你又一条漂亮的狗吗？
③if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether．
We can go by bus if it rains heavily tomorrow．
如果明天下大雨，我们可以乘公交车去．
【解题方法点拨】
1、牢记所有的宾语从句要陈述语序，这也是考试的重点和难点．例如：
①The teacher asked the students ________．
A．if they were interested in dinosaurs B．when was Albert Einstein born
C．what they will do with the computers D．how many trees they have planted
答案：A 解析：宾语从句中从句应保持陈述语序，答案B首先删去，主句一般过去式，从句要用于过去有关的时态，删去答案C和D，答案A中的if 意为如果．
②It makes no difference __________．
A．whether will you come tomorrow．
B．Whether or not will be pass the exam
C．If he will come to the meeting or not
D．Whether he will come to the meeting or not
答案：D 解析：答案A和B从句不是陈述语序先删掉，if不能与not连用．因此此题选D．
2、根据主句的时态，正确使用宾语从句的时态．例如：
①We didn't know which room ________．
A．he lived B．he lived in C．did he live D．he lives in
答案：B 解析：主句是一般过去时态，从句要用相应的过去时态，排除D；宾语从句要用陈述语序，排除C；live是不及物动词，不能省略介词in，排除A．故选 B．
②Our teacher told us that the moon _________ round the earth．
A．went B．turned C．go D．turns
答案：D 解析：从句是一个客观真理，因此从句的时态不受主句影响．故选 D．
3、准确把握宾语从句的引导词．例如：
①He asked me _______ I could sing the song"My Heart will Go On．"
A．if B．weather C．what D．that
答案：A 解析：此句应选含有疑问意思的关系代词，故删去D；weather 意为天气，根据句意应选A．
②I am sure _______ you said is true．
A．what B．that C．which D．who
答案：A 解析：根据句意应用what，做said 的内容，意思是"你所说的话"．故选A．
【中考命题方向】
宾语从句在中考是考查的重点，主要考查引导宾语从句的连词和代词的选择，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句的时态三个方面．考查方式灵活多样，经常以单项选择、完形填空、动词填空、完成句子的形式考查，甚至书面表达也可以考查宾语从句．
11．距离（how far）
【话题介绍】
how far是中考常见的一种句型，通常包括询问和回答距离远近．
【常用句型】
﹣How far is it from your home to school？
﹣About ten minutes'walk．
12．记叙文
【概念及特点】
完形填空题就是在一篇短文中空出某些词（或短语），每个空白处提供四个选项，要求从中选出一个最佳答案，使短文意思完整、结构合理、无语法错误的题型．
完形填空是在单项填空的基础上发展起来的介于单项填空和阅读理解之间的一种题型．它题材广泛，体裁多样．文章内容新颖、有趣、可读性强，具有鲜明的时代感，包括社会生活、风土人情、人文环境、人物传记等．而夹叙夹议型文章成为近几年完形填空变化的一个特点．篇章大多有10或15个小题，难度符合《新课程标准》的要求．
完形填空题的特点：
1、完形填空题能够较为全面地考查学生综合运用语言知识的能力．这一题型的主要考查内容为：
（1）语言知识型．考查语言基础知识，如固定短语、基本句型、基础语法、单词在一定语境下的具体应用、习惯用法、常用搭配等．
（2）推理判断型．考查对篇章的整体理解和推理判断能力．
（3）综合型．综合考查知识和能力．
2．完形填空题所选文章有以下两大特点：
（1）所选文章是一个有机的整体尽管看起来形式上有残缺（若干个空），但它的内容、句与句之间的衔接点、句子与段落之间的联系、段落与段落之间的逻辑顺序仍存在于篇章之中．
（2）文章选材广泛
近几年在试题设计上选择了学生感兴趣的热门话题，降低了对单词本身词义及语法的考查，注重上下文联系，突出综合运用英语的能力，全面测试考生的阅读理解能力、逻辑思维能力、逻辑分析能力和推理判断能力．因此，考生做完形填空题时，要快速通读全文，理解文章大意与各段落的中心意思，把握文章脉络和作者的写作意图．
【命题趋势】
完形填空题的两空之间一般相隔7﹣10个词，短文第一个句子作为提示句，一般不设空，并且短文被删去的词多是实词（动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词）为主，而虚词（介词、连词、冠词）相对较少，甚至不设空．其特点如下：
1．以考查实词为主
信息词汇（或通常所说的"实词"）比重极大，且有逐年增加的趋势．
2．降低了对单词本身词义的考查要求
突出该题型的主要测试目的：理解全文，通篇考虑，掌握大意，注意关联．
3．增加了考查连词的题
考查考生对于行文逻辑的掌握及对文句之间关联性的理解．
4．注重结合语境考查对词语用法的掌握
主要涉及两个方面：词义辨析与习惯搭配．同义词与近义词的比较分辨应当放到一定的语境之中才有意义．如果只是一一对应地记单词的中文意思，不注意具体语境中单词的确切含义，是难以分辨一些词的细微差异的．
【解题步骤】
1．通读全文，了解大意
做题之前，必须先浏览全文，了解短文的大意，这是非常重要的一个步骤．通过短文所提供的信息，借助语感及相关知识的推断，可以从整体上把握短文的轮廓．
完形填空题不同于单项填空题，单项填空题所给的是一个或两个句子，根据设空句或前后语境就可以选出答案．而完形填空题所给的是一篇意思完整的短文，答案的选择要联系整段或整篇文章．切勿为了省时而边看边填；否则，只会欲速则不达．许多地方看不下去，选择时或不解其意，或似懂非懂，从而举棋不定，这样不仅错误率高，而且费时费力．
每篇短文总有一定的主题思想，段落之间必须能承上启下，前后呼应，句与句之间也一定紧密相连，形成一个有机的整体．因此通读全文时要一气呵成，不要中断思路，只要能理解短文的大意即可．某些细节不理解可以跳过，如果不影响答题，可以置之不理；如果与答题有关，可等到第二步填空时再解决．另外，在阅读时要特别注意一篇文章的开头和结尾，因为它们往往能够提供主要的信息，有助于我们把握全文所描述的事件或文章的中心思想．
2．瞻前顾后，初选答案
在通读全文，了解大意的基础上，便可着手答题．根据习惯用法、固定搭配，并从上下文中找关键性暗示，注意前后对照，凭借语感先选出比较容易的答案．有些题目设计得很巧妙，由下文暗示上文，很有可能开头的空格填入四个选项在语法上都成立，但正确选项要到文章末尾才能知道．反之亦然，文章末尾的空格有可能在上文找到提示性的内容．
3．每空细读，分析斟酌
逐句精读，逐题分析选项，有少数空格需多方面地推敲分析，如词义分析、语法结构分析、上下文推理分析等，下面是从所给四个选项角度考虑的解题思路：
（1）若考查冠词，则须依据短文空白后单词的第一个音素来确定是用a还是an，根据空格后名词是表示特指还是泛指来确定是用不定冠词a/an还是用定冠词the，或根据冠词的习惯用法来确定．
（2）若是考查介词或副词（如up，out，of，away等）可先从固定搭配入手；若不属于固定搭配，则根据句子结构及介词和副词的意义及用法仔细进行推敲从而作出选择．
（3）若四个选项是名词，则须注意名词的单复数形式、所有格形式等．
（4）如考查形容词或副词，则须根据其所在句中的作用以及它前面的修饰语等来确定是什么词性，是应用比较级还是最高级．
（5）如果考查动词，要么考查在特定语境中动词词义的辨析，要么考查某些固定搭配或时态、语态以及非谓语动词形式等．
（6）若选项是连接词、关系词或连词，则应根据句子结构和上下文的意思决定是选择连接（关系）代词还是连接（关系）副词．也可从连词的一些惯用法或固定搭配等入手，如not．…until、as．…as、not so…as或用because不用so、用but不用though等．
4．复核全文，清除疏漏
所有的答案选出之后，应再次通读全文，对所选的答案进行核实调整，经过第三步的逐句推敲之后，对短文内容的理解更为深刻，最初选择时有些难解或误解的问题这时就很容易判断，从而也就能得到更好的解决．这一步费时不多却很有必要．
【注意事项】
1．重视首尾句
完形填空所选的短文一般无标题，但首句通常不设空格，它很可能是文章开篇的重要交代，为预测短文体裁及全文大意提供重要信息．尾句往往是段落的灵魂．首尾句往往是文章的主题句，在主题句中，一般可能出现文章的背景知识，故事性文章的时间、地点、人物、事件等，抓住并理解主题句对统观全文有很大的帮助．
2．先易后难
首先做那些只要根据上下文就能确定答案的直接的、明显的题目，即考查固定词组、常见句型或明显的语法结构等的题目．对于生疏的人名、地名以及次要的修饰词可暂时搁置一旁，这些东西往往纷杂、累赘，甚至令人厌烦，可尽量绕开它们．假如某个空格太难而一时拿不准选哪一个，可先把它放在一边进行"冷却"，把容易做的全部做好，这样就增强了信心，同时也降低了试题的难度，原来的难题也就不攻自破了．
3．巧断生词
如果句子中有个别生词，要通过上下文或构词法知识来推断它的词义．"熟词新义"的情况有时也会碰到，要注意灵活处理．有时，生词对解题根本没什么影响，所以碰到生词大可不必紧张．
4．以长补短，灵活作答
有的同学英语背景知识丰富，有的语感好，有的语法知识比较扎实，有的逻辑推理能力较强．总之要充分发挥自己的特长，以长补短，灵活作答，综合判断．
5．充满信心，集中精力
答题时头脑中切忌出现自己"解不出""做不完""看不懂"等坏信号．集中精力可使答题一气呵成，既有利于答题效率的提高，又能保证答题的准确性．
【解题方法】
1、利用语境及逻辑关系解题
完形填空的文章结构严谨，层次分明，句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间、上文与下文之间的逻辑关系很强．有些选项，不仅要符合语法的要求，更要符合语境及逻辑关系．如：
（2018盐城）I have had a long career as a nurse． I have met many patients． 28 _， I have never met another girl like Katy．
28． A． Instead B． Besides C．Therefore D． However
Instead代替；而不是，替代关系；Besides除此之外，递进关系；Therefore因此，因果关系However然而，转折关系．根据上文 "I have many patients．"以及下文 "I have never met another girl like Katy" 根据前后的逻辑关系，此处为转折关系，表示虽然见过很多病人，但是从没见过像Katy这样的女孩．这样就选出答案D项．
2、利用固定搭配解题
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面．习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，不能随意改动．所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法．对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势．要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量、掌握词语搭配知识并具有词语辨析的能力，特别：是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力．如：
（2018扬州）For a couple of days afterward， Max 25 a new title for me．
25． A． worked out B． turned out C． carried out D． tried out
work out意为 "得出"；turn out意为"结果是"；carry out意为 "执行"；try out意为 "尝试"，符合句意 "后来的几天，马克斯试图用新头衔称呼我．"所以此题只要对这些短语加以辨析就能找到答案B．
3、利用上下文或复现信息解题
语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现、释义复现、代词复现等．因此，利用上下文寻找复现信息能帮助考生尽快确定答案．
（2017南通） Just as he had thrown down his wood， he heard his mother's weak voice from her bedroom． "I am 29 ， and longing for some tea．"
29． A． thirsty B． hungry C． sleepy D． busy
四个备选选项都能作表语，语法上没有错误，但如果读到后一句的longing for some tea，就能通过这种释义复现的方式看出妈妈要喝水，口渴的，这样就能选出答案A．
4、利用背景及常识解题
完形填空试题正朝着语言交际化、情景生活化、词汇运用灵活化的方向发展，语言运用与情景交际融为一体．因此解题时，考生的英语语言知识和其他方面的知识都发挥着重要的作用．
考生可充分对自己已掌握的文化背景、社会经验及生活常识巧妙地加以运用，这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去．如：
（2018泰州） Last autumn， my 80﹣year﹣old grandmother was having problems with her heart． My family sent her to the 16 ．
After a careful examination， a famous doctor told my grandmother， "You have such a 17_____ heart condition that you should have an operation．"
16． A． park B． hotel C． restaurant D． hospital
17． A． wonderful B． serious C． difficult D． proper
这两个小题都可以利用生活常识来解题．一般来说，人们身体出现问题，都送去医院，hospital符合题意；而奶奶需要一台手术，证明心脏病情是严重的，serious符合题意．因此，只要对备选选项的词义有基本的了解，答案就很容易选出．
总之，考生要在"读﹣填﹣读"的过程中遵循以下方针：抓住首句，跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意；理解词义，瞻前顾后，先易后难，逐个突破；重读全文，个个审核，验证答案，战胜自我．
13．人物故事类阅读
【考查类型】
（1）阅读理解考查类型：
1．主旨大意
2．文中细节
3．词义猜测
4．推理判断．
（2）文中细节的考查类型：
1．直接信息题
2．间接信息题
3．综合信息题．
【解题方法】
1．直接信息题：
直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目．
2．间接信息题：
间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换．
3．综合信息题：
综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章起义．
【常见的提问方式】
1．According to the passage，who/what/where/which/when/why/how，etc．？
2．Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned？
3．Which of the following is the correct according to the passage？
14．广告布告类阅读
【考查类型】
（1）阅读理解考查类型：
1．主旨大意
2．文中细节
3．词义猜测
4．推理判断．
（2）文中细节的考查类型：
1．直接信息题
2．间接信息题
3．综合信息题．
【解题方法】
1．直接信息题：
直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目．
2．间接信息题：
间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换．
3．综合信息题：
综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章起义．
【常见的提问方式】
1．According to the passage，who/what/where/which/when/why/how，etc．？
2．Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned？
3．Which of the following is the correct according to the passage？
15．文学作品类阅读
【考查类型】
（1）阅读理解考查类型：
1．主旨大意
2．文中细节
3．词义猜测
4．推理判断．
（2）文中细节的考查类型：
1．直接信息题
2．间接信息题
3．综合信息题．
【解题方法】
1．直接信息题：
直接信息题是指能够直接从原文中找到信息，选项在语言表达上与原文基本一致的题目．
2．间接信息题：
间接信息题是能够从原文中找到信息，但在语言表达上与原文有差异，做题时需要对原文信息进行转换．
3．综合信息题：
综合信息题是指这类题目所涉及的信息不是原文的某一句话，可能是原文的几句话，或者是散落在文章不同的地方，要求学生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能断章起义．
【常见的提问方式】
1．According to the passage，who/what/where/which/when/why/how，etc．？
2．Which of the following is True/Not True/false/mentioned？
3．Which of the following is the correct according to the passage？
16．阅读表达
【考查能力介绍】
①阅读表达即根据短文内容回答问题，是阅读理解的一个重要题型．此题为5个问题，一般比较简单，多数为细节理解题，答案能在原文中找到出处；也有开放性题目，往往需要概括文章主旨大意．
②阅读表达题往往从不同的角度命题，既考查学生的阅读理解能力，也考查他们的英语表达能力和概括能力，另外，对回答的拼写、语法的正确性的也有较高的要求．
【解题方法点拨】
①通读全文，弄清楚段落大意及文章的中心意思以及作者的基本观点、态度．
②根据问题去寻找答案，避免答非所问．
③简练作答，不要画蛇添足．组织答案时，注意避免语言错误，如：时态、主谓一致、句子结构和拼写等．
④认真核查，逐一检查所填的词是否符合原文主旨和细节，是否答非所问，是否仍存在语法、词汇拼写等错误，如果对字数有要求，是否符合要求．
⑤答案形式要符合提问方式，如原文中提问方式为"why"，那么就要用"because"引导的从句来回答．
解题步骤（以题目为例）
One day，Peter had a fight with one of his classmates．Then he went to his grandfather and told him his story angrily．"He is really bad，"the boy said，"and I hate him．"
The grandfather said，"Let me tell you a story．When I was a boy，I also sometimes hated others for what they did．"
As Peter listened carefully，the grandfather went on．"There are always two tigers inside my heart．One is good and kind．He gets on well with everything around him．But the other is bad and unfriendly．Even the smallest thing will make him angry．He fights with everyone all the time，and for no reason．He can't think carefully because he always hates others．It is difficult to live with these two tigers inside my heart．They both try to control （控制） me．"
Peter looked into his grandfather's eyes and asked，"Which tiger always controls you，grandfather？"
The old man said slowly and seriously，"The one that I feed．I always feed the good and kind tiger，so I never hate others and seldom （很少） get angry now．"
阅读表达．阅读短文，根据短文内容回答下列问题．
（1）What's wrong with Peter？
（2）Who did Peter tell his problems to？
（3）How many tigers are there in the grandfather's heart？
（4）Is it easy to live with these two tigers？
（5）Why does the old man never hate others and seldom get angry？
题目（1）问彼得怎么了，细读原文可得出答案"He had a fight with one of his classmates．"，因问句中有提到彼得，答句中不能用原文直接回答，需变主语为代词避免重复．
题目（2）问彼得把他的问题告诉谁了，抓住中心词who，回答时只需答出这个人即可，根据原文可知应答"His grandfather．"．
题目（3）问祖父的心中有多少只老虎，对how many的回答需要用数字，根据细节"There are always two tigers inside my heart．"可知要答"Two．"．
题目（4）是个一般疑问句，回答时用Yes， it it．或No， it isn't．，根据文中细节"It is difficult to …"可知应该用否定回答．
题目（5）问为什么老人从不怨恨别人也很少生气，用why提问，回答时要用because．根据末段老人的话可以知道答案"Because he always feed the good and kind tiger．"．
从问题中找出关键词在文章很容易寻出细节理解题的最佳答案．对于例题中没有涉及的归纳概括题，解题时要关注语篇结构（总﹣分、分﹣总、总﹣分﹣总），尽可能用原文中的关键词语回答问题，但不能照抄原句，要对原文进行总结归纳．
【解题技巧】
答题时，要了解不同问题的回答方式．
①一般疑问句用Yes/No回答．
②选择疑问句回答时不用Yes/No，需选择其中正确的一部分来作答．
③回答特殊疑问句较为复杂，要注意问题与回答在形式上的对应：问目的，就用 for短语、不定式短语等来回答；问原因，就用 because of 短语或because 从句来回答；问方式，就用 By doing来回答；问时间、地点时，答语中不要忘记介词；提问词是what 只能用完整句子、名词或名词性短语、名词性从句（多为宾语从句）来回答．
【中考命题方向】
阅读表达题是一些地方中考命题的重点题型，阅读内容贴近中学生学习生活．随着英语语言的普及，命题难度也在逐年增加，由简单的细节型提问更多地转变为对归纳概括能力的考查．一般疑问句的回答会逐渐减少，会更多地倾向于对特殊疑问句的问答．
17．提纲作文
【概念】
提纲作文是近几年中考英语书面表达的热点题型．命题者通常把提纲作文与其他常用文体形式（如书信、报道、通知、日记等）有机结合在一起进行考查，使该类书面表达试题综合性越来越强．
1．提纲作文的特点
提纲作文就是把文章的情景和内容要求分成块，以条目的形式列出，请考生据此进行写作．这实际上是对考生思路和文章写作范围所作的明确限定．因此，提纲中所列举的要点要全部涉及到，一个也不能遗漏．
2．思维空间灵活、开放
为了提高文章档次，考生应在保证内容要点齐全的同时进行合理而又紧扣主题的发挥．因此，该类型的书面表达具有一定的灵活性，能较好地体现考生的英语思维能力．
3．提纲作文的写作步骤一般分为：审题，明确文体形式；构思，根据提纲全面构思文章内容，根据内容构思词语和句型结构；写作完稿，根据构思的词语和句型结构，按照合理的顺序和语言要求，连句成文．注意句子间的正确联系，注意词语的丰富和句型的多样．
【写作举例】
假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈．
要点：1、简单介绍妈妈．
2、感激妈妈的理由．
3、如何感激．
注意：1、词数100左右．
2、可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯．
3、开头已为你写好，但不计入总词数．
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his
deep heart．I owe my great gratitude to my mother． ．
案例分析
第一步：审题
本篇书面表达属于提纲类作文，根据提示信息假定你们学校英语报社征集以"我最感激的人﹣﹣妈妈"为主题的英语作文，请你根据要求写一篇英语短文，谈谈你的妈妈， 写作时注意以下几点：一、仔细阅读有关提示，弄清试题提供的所有信息，要点包括：1、简单介绍妈妈． 2、感激妈妈的理由． 3、如何感激． 二、提纲是文章的总体框架，要在提纲的范围内进行分析、构思和想象．要依据提示情景或词语，按照一定逻辑关系来写．本文写作时可以按照要点所给的顺序写．三、根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态．四．注意使用高级词汇和句式，以增加文章的亮点．
第二步：构思
文章应该按照"总述﹣﹣分述"的结构分为四段段．
第一段：点题，说明要感激的人．
第二段：简单介绍妈妈．
第三段：感激妈妈的理由．
第四段：如何感激．
第三步：完稿
根据要点，按照逻辑顺序重新组织材料，力求拼写正确，行文连贯，连接自然，语言规范，词语丰富，句型多样，语法结构准确无误，表达简明扼要，慎用长难句．
高分范文
Everyone has a person he wants to say thank﹣you to in his deep heart．I am very grateful to my mother．
My mother is a primary school teacher who graduated from a normal university．（高分句型一）She is a devoted mother as well as a kind and patient teacher．（简单介绍妈妈）She takes good care of me every day，especially this year when I am in Junior Three．She often cooks delicious food for me and helps me clean up my room．
What's more，she even accompanies me deep into the night every time I am doing my homework．（高分句型二）Most important of all，whenever I get upset or lose heart，she will encourage me until I have been cheered up．She always says， "Heaven will always leave a door open．As long as you work hard，you will definitely succeed．"（感激妈妈的理由）
Now I try my best to study and spend almost all my time on my lessons in order to get into a good high school next year．This is the best way for me to thank my mother．（如何感激）