第五题 阅读表达-2022年高三毕业班英语第X题满分练（北京专用）

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第五题  阅读表达2021年的北京高考英语的书面表达取消图画作文，增加阅读表达。阅读表达既考查了对篇章意义的理解能力，也考查了表达能力。年份体裁话题命题分析及考点考察2021说明文主要说明了“论辩”作为情绪管理的方式对于健康的益处。突显学科育人功能，引导学生养成自我管理的习惯，最终实现学生的全面发展。2. 注重对考生思维品质的考查，强调试题的开放性和创新性，关注考生多视角思辨能力和跨文化交际能力。 例题  （2021年北京卷）阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Recent research suggests that if an argument gets resolved, the emotional response tied to it is significantly reduced or almost completely erased. Thus, it may be worth bringing up issues with your friends, family members, or classmates rather than holding them back.There is a difference between arguing and fighting. Arguing is that you and your opponent present your concerns and discuss the feelings and issues related to those concerns. You can engage in an argument respectfully without stirring up（激起） anger. Fighting, however, usually involves personal attacks, raising of voices, and storming out. Discussing your issues and resolving them instead of stuffing them down can improve your emotional health. In a study, 2.000 people were asked to record their feelings and experiences for eight days in a row. When people had an argument that they considered resolved, they had half the reactivity （情绪反应） of those who avoided an argument. Reactivity is an increase in negative emotions or a decrease in positive emotions. In other words，resolving an argument cuts your negative feelings by half. One day later, people who had a resolved argument reported no increase of negative emotions compared with those who avoided an argument. This means that resolving an argument can feel like you have reached a state of resolution——and you are less likely to be annoyed.Moreover, the older you are, the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument. This may be because more life experience usually leads to more defined priorities. You are more likely to distinguish between what matters and what does not.It is easier to avoid a discussion, but risking talking about it may eventually lead to a better outcome.According to this passage, what is arguing?_____________________________________________________________________________41. Why is it that“the older you are,  the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument”?_____________________________________________________________________________42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Resolving arguments can improve your emotional health, because it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry._____________________________________________________________________________43. In addition to improving emotional health, what do you think are some other benefits of resolving an argument?（In about 40 words）_____________________________________________________________________________【答案】40. Arguing is discussing your worries，related feelings and problems with the other party．    41. It is because more life experience may help people better identify priorities in life．    42. Resolving arguments can improve your emotional health，because it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry．Resolving arguments helps to decrease your reactivity．    43. Resolving arguments can also improve people's logical thinking and resilience, and improve their relationship with each other.（参考答案）【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近的研究表明，如果争吵得到解决，与之相关的情绪反应会显著减少或几乎完全消除。因此，向你的朋友、家人或同学提出问题可能是值得的，而不是阻止他们。考查细节理解。根据第二段“Arguing is that you and your opponent present your concerns and discuss the feelings and issues related to those concerns．”（争论是你和你的对手提出你的担忧，并讨论与这些担忧相关的感受和问题。）可知，争论是提出你的担忧，并讨论与这些担忧相关的感受和问题。故答案为Arguing is discussing your worries，related feelings and problems with the other party．考查细节理解。根据第三段“Moreover，the older you are，the more likely you will come to a resolution after an argument．This may be because more life experience usually leads to more defined priorities．You are more likely to distinguish between what matters and what does not．”（而且，年纪越大，越有可能在争吵后找到解决办法。这可能是因为更多的生活经历通常会导致更明确的优先事项。你更有可能区分什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。）可知，更多的生活经验可以帮助人们更好地确定生活中的优先事项。故答案填It is because more life experience may help people better identify priorities in life．考查细节理解。根据第一段“Recent research suggests that if an argument gets resolved，the emotional response tied to it is significantly reduced or almost completely erased．”（如果争吵得到解决，与之相关的情绪反应会显著减少或几乎）可知，解决争吵可以改善你的情绪健康，因为它增加你的反应，减少你生气的机会。解决争论有助于降低你的反应性，而不是增加你的反应力。故答案为Resolving arguments can improve your emotional health，because it increases your reactivity and reduces the chance of you getting angry．Resolving arguments helps to decrease your reactivity．考查开放思维。解决争吵也可以提高人们的逻辑思维能力和应变能力，使得相互之间的关系得到升华。故可能答案版本一为Resolving arguments can also improve people's logical thinking and resilience, and improve their relationship with each other.一、阅读表达01阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。LEGO Works to Make Bricks from Recycled PlasticThe LEGO Group has been working on a way to make LEGO bricks out of recycled plastic. The bricks aren’t ready yet, but the company says it’s making progress. Making bricks from recycled materials could cut pollution from the company’s bricks by 70%.Many people are familiar with LEGOs. Developed in Denmark, the plastic building toys have been around since the 1950s. The toys click together firmly, allowing users to build things that don’t fall apart easily. The company calls this ability to hold tightly “clutch power”.Since roughly 1960, LEGO bricks have been made from a kind of plastic called ABS. ABS plastic makes LEGO bricks very tough, and gives them great clutch power, over and over again.Sadly, ABS plastic can’t really be recycled, and it takes a very long time to break down. That’s a big problem. The world is struggling with a huge plastic waste problem. And LEGO makes about 110 billion bricks every year.But since 2015, LEGO has been making an effort to make their products more earth-friendly. Three years ago, the company began making some LEGO parts, like trees, out of a plastic made from sugar cane. Recently, LEGO started using paper bags instead of plastic to reduce packaging.But making bricks out of recycled plastic is a big challenge. The goal is to make bricks out of PET plastic, which is softer than ABS plastic and can be found in things like bottles and clothing. A recycled one-liter plastic bottle could make about 102×4 LEGO bricks.Over the past three years, the company has tested over 250 different ways of creating LEGO bricks from recycled plastic. A team of more than 150 people are working on the problem. Tim Brooks, who focuses on environmental responsibility at LEGO, says that experimenting and failing is “an important part of learning”.Now, the company says they’ve found a way to make a good 2×4 brick from PET. One important step was finding a way of adding things to PET plastic to make it tougher and give it better clutch power like ABS.“We know kids care about the environment,” said Mr. Brooks. “Even though it will be a while before they will be able to play with bricks made from recycled plastic, we want to let kids know we’re working on it.”1．What is the benefit of making LEGO bricks from recycled materials for LEGO Company?_____________________________________________________________________________2．What is “clutch power”?_____________________________________________________________________________3．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.LEGO wants to make bricks out of PET plastic, because PET plastic is earth friendly and it gives LEGO bricks better clutch power than ABS._____________________________________________________________________________4．As a student, how can we contribute to a green environment? (In about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________二、阅读表达02阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。“Choose your friends wisely” may not only be good parental advice but also a way to do better in college, a research study finds. Researchers prove that students who befriend studious peers spend more hours studying themselves and post higher grades during their freshman year.It’s important to clarify that having smart friends isn’t as important as having studious friends in this study. The researchers didn’t find that friends’ grades mattered. What influenced a student’s college grades were his or her friends’ high school study habits. To be sure, students with higher grades tend to have better study habits.They also found that, for every additional 10 hours a week that a student’s friends had spent studying in high school, on average, the student’s own study time in college would likely increase by almost 25 minutes a day, and the student’s own GPA (Grade Point Average) would likely rise by almost a tenth of a point during freshman year. Almost identical results are among freshman roommates randomly assigned by the college, which confirms that peers are actually influencing study habits and echoing the friendship analysis. The researchers controlled for gender, race and prior academic achievement and found that the positive influence of studious peers was similar for both high achieving and low achieving students.The difference between a B and B+ average is 0.3 points, so studious friends are only nudging grades up a bit. That means peers are just one of many factors influencing how well students do in college. So should we encourage parents to pick their kids, friends in college? “This is one outcome-GPA．There are other things in life, said Mehta who admits to selecting studious friends when he was in college.5．What do researchers suggest students do in college in this study?_____________________________________________________________________________6．How can studious friends help a student do better in college?_____________________________________________________________________________7．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. ▶The study showed that the positive influence of studious peers was only for high achieving students._____________________________________________________________________________8．Besides peer pressure, what do you think is the most important factor that helps improve your grades? (In about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________三、阅读表达03阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Every year more of us try and reduce our impact on the planet. A refill shop, or zero waste shop, gives you a choice to go green. Refill shops tend to be small, independent stores that sell non-packaged goods. Most of the time they will be dry ones like rice and nuts produced directly in the local sites, which means less carbon footprint from farm to plate. They can also be many other sustainable (可持续的) products, like refill cleaning products and soaps. Shoppers only need to bring containers they already own and refill them from larger containers in the store.Refill and zero-waste shops are usually located in communities. Buying from within walking distance, clearly, is more sustainable and kinder to the planet, and your community. If you’re walking down the street to your local refill shop, then you’re doing great but if you’re driving hours away to find your closest shop, then the transport may cancel out any benefits of what you buy. Remember, it’s the whole process not just the end product.Perhaps the most significant aspect of shopping at local refill shops is that they encourage us to think about our consumer habits. They make us pause and think about how we can make positive changes for the environment.If you can shop local and from independent refill shops, then you should. It doesn’t have to be all the time but minimising waste and choosing refills where you can will make a positive difference.9．What are refill shops?_____________________________________________________________________________10．According to the passage, what is the most important value of refill shopping?_____________________________________________________________________________11．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Refill shops are built in communities within walking distance because driving to these shops can cost money._____________________________________________________________________________12．In reality, refill shops have not won much popularity yet. What do you think might be the possible reason(s)?(In about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________四、阅读表达04阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even if it’s the latter, we often follow a certain path anyway because we are used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. Psychologists call this phenomenon functional fixedness. This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works—and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap:People are given a box of tacks (大头钉)and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly. Typically, the subjects try tacking the candle to the wall or lighting it to fix it with melted wax (石蜡). The tacks are too short, and the candle doesn’t fasten to the wall. So how can you accomplish the task? The successful technique is to use the tack box as a candle holder. You empty it, tack it to the wall, and stand the candle inside it. To think of that, you have to look beyond the box's usual role as a container just for tacks and reimagine it serving an entirely new purpose. That is difficult because we all suffer—to one degree or another—from functional fixedness. The inability to think in new ways affects people in every corner of society. The political theorist Hannah Arend coined the phrase frozen thoughts to describe deeply held ideas that we no longer question but should. In Arendt’s eyes, the complacent reliance on such accepted “truths” also made people blind to ideas that didn’t fit their worldview, even when there was ample evidence for them. Frozen thinking has nothing to do with intelligence, she said, “It can be found in highly intelligent people.”Another context in which frozen thinking can turn truly dangerous is medicine. If you land in the hospital, it’s natural to want to be treated by the most experienced physicians on staff. But according to a 2014 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association(JAMA), you’d be better off being treated by the relative novices.13．What does “functional fixedness” mean?_____________________________________________________________________________14．How is the candle attached to the wall?_____________________________________________________________________________15．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. Frozen thinking is common among ordinary people as well as those with high although frozen thinking has much to do with intelligence._____________________________________________________________________________16．How can you avoid frozen thoughts in your daily life?（In about 40 words）_____________________________________________________________________________五、阅读表达05阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。What makes some people incapable of apologizing even when they’re clearly in the wrong?People who cannot apologize often have deep feelings of low self-worth. When their delicate ego(自我) cannot absorb the blow of admitting they were wrong, their defense mechanisms kick in—they may place blame and even argue about basic facts to prevent the threat of having to lower themselves by offering an apology.Unfortunately, many of us mistakenly interpret these people’s defensiveness as a sign of psychological strength. That’s because outwardly they appear to be tough individuals who refuse to back down. But this doesn’t show that they’re strong—it shows that they’re weak.Admitting that we’re wrong is emotionally uncomfortable and painful to our sense of self. In order to take responsibility and apologize, our self-worth needs to be strong enough to absorb that discomfort. Indeed, if our self-worth is higher and more stable, we can tolerate the temporary discomfort that such an admission involves—without the walls around our ego falling down.But if our self-worth is seemingly high but actually breakable, that discomfort can go through our defensive walls and score a direct hit to our ego. Indeed, the more fixed one’s defense mechanisms are, the more delicate the ego they’re protecting.The mistake we often make when faced with someone who’s habitually incapable of apologizing is to become angry and try to win our argument with them. But the sad reality is that we can never win. In these situations, the best we can do is make our points as calmly and as convincingly as we can and then disengage from the argument when it becomes unproductive—like when they disagree with the facts, come up with silly excuses or turn to mean remarks.17．Why can’t some people apologize?_____________________________________________________________________________18．What do many people mistakenly think of a non-apologizer’s defensiveness?_____________________________________________________________________________19．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.►When you are trying to win an argument with a non-apologizer, the best way is to express your anger and make your point as calmly and convincingly as possible._____________________________________________________________________________20．In addition to what is mentioned in the passage, what else can you do if your friend refuses to apologize to you? (In about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________六、阅读表达06阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Until quarantine (隔离期) ends, we are left picturing what physical effort we might make: working out at the gym, playing on a competitive sports team, swimming, biking, or rock climbing. However, we don’t often think of martial arts as a possible activity; instead, we rule it out because we think it’s dangerous, uncommon, and even, impossible. Martial arts isn’t considered a sport, right?Well, here’s some good news: you're wrong! Martial arts is much more common than people think, and you can start learning at any age. Practicing martial arts is a great way to keep in shape (both physically and mentally). And it’s much less scary and much less difficult than it’s usually portrayed as in movies, so worry not, you don’t need to be the karate kid to have a blast! Let’s look at what you can usually expect from martial arts of any style.Good martial arts generally requires you to focus on the position and movement of every one of your limbs, sometimes even your breathing too. Think about it: when you leave the gym, your mental state has improved and you are much calmer. This is because you’ve only paid attention to one activity. It is a great way to clear your head, and practice can help you learn to stay more focused in general (say, when you start your schoolwork afterwards).Long series of choreographed (编排好的) moves (including when to breath in and out) called forms are often described as “moving meditation (冥想)” ; they’re meditative in the same way doing repeated moves is, but much more so. Martial arts practice can be as slow or as intense as you want, but it’s always extremely engaging.Martial arts also improves your coordination, and greatly improves your posture. I have personally seen students go from slouching and knocking things over to walking tall with their shoulders back in just a couple of months.There are many styles and countless subtypes and mix-ups of martial arts. Whichever one appeals to you, know that all of them are good choices, competitive or not.21．Why isn’t martial arts considered a sport by some people?_____________________________________________________________________________22．What should people focus their attention on when doing martial arts?_____________________________________________________________________________23．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Martial arts practice is beneficial because it can not only make us more facially attractive but also help improve our mental state._____________________________________________________________________________24．a) Which type of sport do you prefer, slow sports like yoga, or competitive sports like basketball? Explain why. (about 40 words)b)Give an example of another Chinese traditional sport and introduce its advantages. (about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________七、阅读表达07阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Two-drink limit at Wetherspoon’s for parents of rowdy childrenThe pub chain JD Wetherspoon has insisted families are welcome but on the premises despite advising staff to make them agree a limit of two alcoholic drinks per person for parents with children in town.The two-drink limit came to light after a member of staff at a Wetherspoon’s pub in Gravesend, Kent, put up a poster detailing its policy.“As part of our licensing it is our responsibility to ensure that we are protecting children from harm,” read the poster at The Robert Pocock pub.“Therefore adults in charge of children will be allowed to have one alcoholic drink and a further alcoholic drink with a sit-down meal.”It is a crime for anybody in charge of a child under the age of seven to be drunk in a public place under the 1902 Licensing Act. A person convicted of this offence can be subject to a fine or up to one month in prison.“It’s been around eight or 10 years.... It’s a guideline, not a policy,” said Eddie Gershon.But while the poster stressed the need to “protect children from harm”，Mr Gershon suggested the rule had been adopted to “prevent unruly behavior” among young guests. Asked whether children were welcome in Wetherspoon’s pubs, Mr Gershon replied，“Yes, we’d be a fool to say otherwise. We have a kids’ menu, coloured pencils for kids—children in pubs is a massive part of what Wetherspoon’s does.”However, he warned that parents believed to be “using the pub as a nursery might be asked to leave. Mr Gershon added that “it is just good manners” for parents to stop their children from misbehaving and being unruly in public places.On its website the pub operator states: “Families are welcome to dine in the majority of our pubs; however, permitted hours for customers aged under 18 years may vary from pub to pub.”It adds: “Some of our pubs may request that all members of a party with an under-18 present order a main meal, if alcoholic is ordered.”25．Who does the Two-drink policy apply to?_____________________________________________________________________________26．What is the result of disobeying the 1902 Licensing Act?_____________________________________________________________________________27．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why？To protect children and those under 18 years, the pub chain JD limits the drinks but is open to those customers at any time._____________________________________________________________________________28．In daily life, how do your parents keep you away from alcohol and why? (about 40 words)_____________________________________________________________________________八、阅读表达08阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。Embracing the SingularityEver since computers took shape, they have been designed by human minds. Over the years, plenty of people have asked: What would happen if computers designed themselves?Someday soon, an intelligent computer might create a machine far more powerful than itself. That new computer would likely make another, even more powerful, and so on. Machine intelligence would ride an exponential (指数的) upward curve, attaining heights of cognition unthinkable to humans. This, broadly speaking, is the singularity.The term dates back over 50 years. Super intelligent computers might leap forward from nanotechnology to virtual reality to space travel. Instead of being left behind with our cell-based brains, humans might merge themselves with AI, enlarging our brains with circuits, or even digitally uploading our minds to outlive our bodies. The result would be a supercharged humanity, capable of thinking at the speed of light and free of biological concerns.Philosopher Nick Bostrom thinks this happy world could bring a new age entirely. "It might be that, in this world, we would all be more like children in a giant Disneyland-maintained not by humans, but by these machines that we have created," he said.Depending on where you stand, this might sound like a fantasy, or a nightmare. Bostrom is well aware of this. He's been thinking about the emergence of super intelligent AI for decades, and he's intimately familiar with the risks such creations involve. There's the classic sci-fi nightmare of a robot revolution, of course, where machines decide they'd rather be in control of the Earth. But perhaps more likely is the possibility that the moral code of a super-intelligent AI simply doesn't line up with our own. An AI responsible for groups of self-driving cars or the distribution of medical supplies could cause damage if it fails to value human life the same way we do.The problem has taken on new urgency in recent years. If we cannot control a super-intelligent AI, then our fate could rely on whether future machine intelligences think like us. Fortunately, there are ways we might teach human morality to a new superintelligence. Machine learning algorithms could be taught to recognize human value systems, much like they are trained on databases of images and texts today. Or, different AIs could debate each other, overseen by a specialist, to build better models of human preferences.29．Broadly speaking, what is the singularity?_____________________________________________________________________________30．What are the ways we might teach human morality to a new superintelligence?_____________________________________________________________________________31．Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.Bostrom thinks that one of the risks with super intelligent AI is a revolution, where machines decide they'd be in control of the Earth._____________________________________________________________________________32．As a student, what will you do to embrace the Singularity? （about 40 words）_____________________________________________________________________________