2022年人教版中考英语语法复习学案

这是一份2022年人教版中考英语语法复习学案，共32页。学案主要包含了代词，介词和介词短语，形容词副词比较级&最高级，动词的时态，被动语态等内容，欢迎下载使用。
专题一　名词

考点1：名词辨析
1. Mom, I’m very hungry now. Can you give me some ____？
A. meats B. foods C. fruit D. juices
2. Hi! Could you please give me some ___ doctor?
—Of course. I’ll give you five ___ short along.
A. suggestion; advice B. suggestion; advices
C. suggestions; advices D. suggestions; advice
3. Going to a new company for 4 years was an enjoyable ___ for me.
A. experience B. missing C. consideration D. question
4. The man who is the best member in our company. So our boss gives him extra ___.
A. moneys B. tools C. bonus D. pays
5. I’m hungry now. Let’s go to the restaurant we went last month.
I think there’re some special __ there.
A. praises B. appreciations C. bonus D. values
6. Could you please tell me what you like the ___?
Yes. I like play badminton after school.
A. hobby B. reason C. price D. mystery
7. This summer holiday is coming. We will decide to go to The Great Wall to see ___.
That is an exciting plan! I can’t wait to go there.
A. animals B. places C. scenes D. tourist spots
8. Today is New Years. Cindy, we will go to the church to celebrate our ___.
-----Ok. What can we do? Eating or playing?
A. birthday B. festival C. dream D. expectation
9. The best way to keep our body health is eating lots of beneficial ____.
A. vegetables B. candies C. fruit D. A or C
10. The ___ bought by mom is bad. That’s terrible information.
Now, I can’t make my ice-cream.
A. food B. blood C. ice D. butter

考点2：名词的数

1．名词的分类

类别
意义
例词
专有名词
表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词。
Alice，Canada，the Great Wall
普通名词


可数名词
个体名词
表示个体的人或事物的词。
book，desk，table，bike，plane
集体名词
表示一群人或一些事物的词。
family，class，police，team，group
不可数名词
物质名词
表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词。
glass，water，air，paper，wood
抽象名词
表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词。
danger，health，love，success，interest
2.可数名词单复数变化规律

情况
构成方法
例词
一般情况
加­s
cap→caps；dog→dogs；bike→bikes；driver→drivers
以字母s，sh，ch，x等结尾
加­es
bus→buses；wish→wishes；watch→watches；box→boxes
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y为i，再加­es
lady→ladies；century→centuries；family→families；story→stories
以f或fe结尾
一般变f，fe为v，再加­es
leaf→leaves；life→lives；half→halves；knife→knives
以o结尾
o前为辅音音素时加­es，o前为元音音素时加­s
tomato→tomatoes；hero→heroes；potato→potatoes；radio→radios；zoo→zoos；例外，photo→photos；piano→pianos
复合名词


将后一个词变为复数
tooth­brush→tooth­brushes；film­goer→film­goers

两部分都变复数
man doctor→men doctors；woman teacher→women teachers

特殊名词


改变内部元音字母
foot→feet；tooth→teeth；man→men；mouse→mice

词尾加­ren
child→children

单复数同形
Chinese→Chinese；sheep→sheep；deer→deer

　　注意：(1)由man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是把­man改成­men。但German不是合成词，故其复数形式为直接加­s。
(2)man和woman作定语时，其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。如：
a man teacher→men teachers(男老师)
a woman cook→women cooks(女厨师)
3．常见不可数名词归纳及用法
(1)常见的不可数名词

物质

名词

食物
bread面包　meat肉　cheese奶酪
液体
milk牛奶　water水　wine酒　oil油
自然物体
soil土壤　sand沙子　wood木头
抽象

名词

情感
joy高兴　friendship友情　peace和平
学科
math数学　geography地理
physics物理　chemistry化学

概念
population人口　knowledge知识
　　(2)不可数名词量化的表示
不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示：
a block of一块　　　　a bottle of一瓶
a group of一群 a pair of一组，一双，一对
a piece of一片(张；块) a pile of一堆
短语a pair(piece)of＋复数名词作主语时，中心词是pair(piece)，故谓语动词用单数；若短语是two pairs(pieces)of＋复数名词作主语，则中心词是two pairs(pieces)，谓语动词用复数。
(3)可数与不可数易混归纳
exercise(锻炼)→some exercises(练习；训练)
work(工作)→works(著作)
glass(玻璃)→a glass(玻璃杯)
paper(纸)→a paper(报纸；证件；试卷)
wood(木头；木材)→a wood(小树林)
room(空间)→a room(房间)
life(生活)→seven lives(七条生命)
同步练习
( )1.We have some ________ and ________ for dinner.
A． chickens；hamburger B．chickens；hamburgers
C．chicken；hamburger D．chicken；hamburgers
( )2.—What would you like to drink，girls?
—________，please.
A．Two cup of tea　　　B．Two cup of teas
C．Two cups of tea D．Two cups of teas
( )3.—What about food？Would you like some ________？
—Yes，please.
A．egg B．tea C．noodles D．banana
( )4.I bought five ________ on the Internet.They have bad quality.
A．shirt B．shirts C．shoe D．pen
( )5.Hurry up，we just get a few ________ to prepare for the presentation.
A．minute　　　B．minutes　　C．chance
( )6.I gave a bunch(束) of ________ to my mom on Mother's Day.
A．flowers B．flower C．flour
( )7.(2016青海中考模拟)—Mom，I've heard that we can't eat ________ these days.Is it true?
—Take it easy.It is safe to eat cooked meat.
A．mutton B．muttons C．a mutton
( )8.—Are there any ________ in your school?
—Yes，there are.
A．Germen B．Germans C．German D．Germany
( )9.—Do you have any ________？
—Yes，I like chess and drama best.
A．jobs　B．job　C．hobbies

专题二 代词
考点
1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法；
2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法；
3. 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法；
4. 指示代词的用法；
5. 疑问代词的基本用法；
6. 不定代词的一般用法；
7. 复合不定代词的用法。

考点讲解
一、人称代词：人称代词是指人的代词，有性、数、格的区别。表示“我” “你” “他”
“我们” “你们” “他们”。请看下表：
数
格

人 称
单 数
复 数
主 格
宾 格
主 格
宾 格
第一人称

me
we

第二人称

you

you

you
第三人称

him
they

she


it
1. 主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.
2. 宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don’t want me to go there alone.
Don’t worry. I can look after her.
【注意】1. it作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如：
It is about 10 kilometres from here.
2. it 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语。例如：
It is not easy to learn English well.
I found it difficult to sleep.
3. It可用于其他句型：
(1) It is time to do sth (2) It’s sb’s turn to do sth
(3) It seems that +句子 (4) It is +adj. that+句子
4. 人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如：
We love our country, we hope she’ll be stronger and stronger.
5. it指代上文出现过的同一个人或事物；指代婴儿或身份不明的人。例如：I like the mobile phone, could you buy it for me?
Someone is knocking on the door. Who might it be?
6. 英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排序和汉语不同：
单数形式（二、三、一）you, he, I
复数形式（一、二、三）we, you, they
但是，当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I 在最前，you在最后
例如：You, he and I are all the winners.
I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
二、物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代
词和形容词性物主代词。
词 义

类 型
我的
你的
他的
她的
它的
我们的
你们的
他/她/它们的
形容词性物主代词
my

his
her

our
your

名 词性物主代词

yours


its

yours
theirs
1. 形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语， 后面跟名 词。例如：To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
2. 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征， 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：
May I use _______ bike? ____ is at school. (you)
Whose glasses are these? _______ are hers. (them)
My dictionary is lost. Can I use _______? (your)
3. 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用，作定语。
例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.
4. 形容词性物主代词+名词 = 名词性物主代词
---Where is my pen? ---Oh, sorry. I have taken yours by mistake.
5. 形容词性物主代词与own 连用，如：on my own 我自己

三、反身代词：用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示：
义
数
我(们)自己
你(们)自己
他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己
单 数
myself
yourself

herself
itself
复 数



1. 反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如：
Her sister is too young to dress herself.
He himself is always making such mistakes.
You’d better ask your wife herself.
2. 反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配，例如：
make oneself at home teach oneself learn by oneself
help oneself to enjoy oneself look after oneself
dress oneself hurt oneself leave sb by oneself
3. oneself变为复数时，把f改为v+es

四、指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
这，这个
那，那个
这些
那些
this
that
these
those
指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：
Those are my parents. (作主语) Throw it like that. (作表语)
The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
【注意】1. 指前面提到过的东西， 常用that, those 表示。 例如：
I’m sorry to hear that.
2. 指下文将要提到的事情，可用this, these 表示。例如：
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, and then tie the tree to it.
3. 在打电话用语中，this代替自己，而that代替对方
---This is Tom speaking. ---Who is that ?

五、疑问代词：略
(六) 不定代词：不定代词没有确定的对象。
1. 初中阶段常用普通不定代词表格如下：
some；any
few；little
none
one
other
many；much
either；neither
each；every
both；all
2. 普通不定代词的用法
(1) some 与any
some 和any均表示一些，既可修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词：
some一般用于肯定句，any用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。但在疑问句中，当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用
some.
Eg：There aren’t _____students in the classroom.
Look! _____boys are playing football.
---Would you like _____ coffee? ----Yes, please.
(2) many 和much
many 修饰可数名词复数，much修饰不可数名词；many 和much都可和表示程度副词so, too, as, how 连用。
Eg：How _____bottles of water do you need ?
He never eats so _____ breakfast.
(3) either 与neither
either “两者之一”；neither“两者都不”：常构成的固定搭配
either/neither of 名词(代词)+谓语动词第三人称单数形式；
当either…or …和neither ….nor…连接两个主语时，谓语动词要用
就近原则：【注意】either还可用于否定句，表示“也”
Eg：Neither of the books_____ (be) good.
Neither you nor he _____ (be) wrong.
(4) both 和all
both“ 两者都”；常与and搭配，谓语动词用复数。
all“三者或三者以上都”，常与of 连在一起
Eg：Both she and I _____ (be) students.
All of us _____(be) English.
【注意】both…and…= not only…but (also)…，但是both…and…连接两个主语时，谓语动词用复数；而not only…but (also)…连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。

(5) each 和every
each
every
可单独使用；可与of连用
不可单独使用；不可与of连用
可做代词、形容词
仅作形容词
着重“个别”
着重“全体”，毫无例外
用于两者中的每一个人或物
用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物



E



Eg：Each man carries his own bag. We each have our own office.
Each carries his own bag. Each of them is here.
【练习】He gave a book to_____ of his parents.
There are trees on _____ side of the road.
_____of us wears a yellow T-shirt.
We _____ wear a yellow T-shirt.
(6) little; a little; few; a few

后接可数名词复数
后接不可数名词
肯定


否定







Eg：Would you please buy some salt for me, Tony ? There is _____ left.

(7) both ;all; either; any ;neither; none(no one)

都
任何一个
都不
两者



三者（以上）








【注意】none与no one的区别：
(1) none表示“没有一个东西；没有一个人”，既可指人也可
指物，常用于回答how many / how much的疑问句，可与
of连用。
(2) no one表示“没有一个人”，仅指人，常用于回答who的疑
问句，不可与of连用。
Eg：1.--- Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
---- ______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
2. --- When shall we meet again?
--- Make it ______day you like. It’s all the same to me.
A. one B. any C. another D. all
(8) it；one；that;
①. it 特指上下文提到的同一对象，是同一事物。如：
The book is mine. It’s very interesting.
②. one 泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个，同类而不同物。如：
---Who has a pen? ---I have one
③. that 常用于比较级结构中，代替前面提到的可数名词或者不可数名词名词，以避免重复。当名词是可数名词复数时用those代替that。如：The weather in Beijng is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter.
Eg：The population of China is much larger than ______of America
A. this B. those C. it D. that

(9) other; the other; others; the others; another;
不定代词
意义
用法与比较
other
其他的
只作定语，常与复数可数名词连用。可以构成“some…other+名词”
the other
两者中的“另一个”
可作代词和定语；常与one 连用，构成‘’one …the other“;
Give me the other one; not this one.
others
泛指别的人或物
不能作定语,可以构成“some…others”
Some students like English and others (other students) like physics.
the others
是表示在一个范围内的“其余的人/物”
不能作定语，
This dictionary is better than the others.

another
泛指三者或三者以上的“另一个；又一；再一”
指三者或三者以上中的另一个，常作形容词
或代词
This glass is broken. Get me another.
Eg：1. Some people like to stay at home, but _ ___ like to go to the cinema.
2. --- What a hot day! Have you had a drink?
---Yes. But I’d like to have______after work.
A.other B.another C.more D.one

(七) 复合不定代词
1. 初中阶段常用复合不定代词列表如下：

（ somebody ）
某人

（ ）
某人/任何人

（ ）
没有人

（ ）
每人

（ someone ）
某人

（ ）
某人/任何人

（ ）
没有人

（ ）
每人

（ something ）
某事

（ ）
某事/任何事

（ ）
没有东西

（ ）
每一件事
(1). 当形容词或者else修饰复合不定代词something ,everything ,everyone 等
时，形容词或else必须放在这些不定代词之后；如：
Can you find someone else?
Xiaoming has something important to tell you.
(2).复合不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

巩固练习
1. I always believe that _____ is difficult if we try our best to do it.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
3. They are able to talk openly to one another whenever ________ of them feels hurt.
A. either B. both C. some D. all
5. ---Tom, supper is ready.
---I don't want to eat_________ ,Mum. I'm not feeling well.
A. everything B. nothing C. something D. anything
9. The girl in purple is new here, so _______ people know her.
A. few B. a few C. little D. a little
13. — Ann, would you like to drink tea or coffee?
—______. I’m not thirsty at all.
A. Either B. Any C. Neither D. Both
20. — Don't be angry with your kid when he makes a mistake again, will you?
—No, I won 't. I know that of us are perfect after all.
A. none B. neither C. each D. all
21. —Which of the two T-shirts will you take?
—I’ll take . One is for my brother and the other is for myself.
A. either B. both C. neither D. all
37. My host family tried to cook ________ for me when I studied in New Zealand.
A. different something B. different anything
C. something different D. anything different
38. My family has two dogs. One is white, ________ is black.
A. other B. another C. the other D. others
39. —All the volunteers were very tired, but of them took a rest.
—They were busy looking for the missing people.
A. neither B. all C. both D. none
47. — I’m not going swimming tomorrow afternoon.
— ________. I have to clean up my bedroom.


A. So am I B. Neither am I C. Neither I am D. So I am


专题三 介词和介词短语

（一）考点精析
介词，顾名思义，“中介、媒介”之意，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词和名词搭配，才能充当句子成分。介词后必须接名词、代词或相当于名词的词。
Ⅰ.表示时间的介词
1. in/on/at
⑴in用在世纪、年份、季节、月份，不特定的上、下午和晚上等词前面。
例：He started his work in the company in July,2006.
他2006年7月份来这个公司工作的。
⑵on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上、下午、晚上。
例：Mary was born on the morning of May the fourth,1980.
玛丽出生在1980年5月4号的早晨。
⑶at表示在某个时刻或者某个瞬间。
例：I usually get up at 6：00 in the morning.
我通常早上六点钟起床。
2．after/in
⑴after表示“在…之后”，后+具体时间点或过去的时间段，后接“时间段”时要用过去时态。例：Tom will come back after six o'clock. Tom六点之后才会回来。
After three days, he left the town. 三天之后，他离开了那个镇子。
⑵in“in+时间段”表示“在（多久）之后”，用于一般将来时态。
例：I will give you this book in an hour.我一小时之后会把书给你的。
3．by/until
⑴by表示“截止到（什么时候），动作已完成”，通常和完成时态在一块连用。
例：By now, the little boy has learned 300 Chinese characters.
到现在为止，那个小男孩已经认识了300个汉字了。
⑵until表示“到…时候，在…之前”，表示动作持续到until所指的时间。
例：We must work here until ten o'clock.
我们必须一直在这里工作到十点钟。
4．since/for
⑴since表示“自从…以来到现在”，后面加过去时间点或点动作，表示从过去到现在的一段时间。常和现在完成时在一块连用。
例：My aunt has worked in the factory since she graduated ten years ago.
我的阿姨自从十年前毕业就在那个工厂工作了。
⑵for表示“有……之久”，后加时间段，与延续性动词在一块连用。
例：He stayed in London for two years.他在伦敦呆了两年之久。
Ⅱ.表示地点或方位的介词
1.in/at
⑴at用于小地点前。
例：The bus stopped at the bus stop.公交车在车站停下来了。
⑵in用于大地点前；或表示“在……里面”，指的是比较封闭的处所或空间。
例：They arrived in Beijing yesterday.他们昨天抵京。
2.on/over/above/under/below
⑴on表示“在…上面”，指的是“紧挨着物体表面，二者接触”，方位不一定在上方。
例：There is a map on the wall.墙上有一副地图。
Your glasses are just on your nose.你的眼镜就在你的鼻子上。
⑵over表示“在…上方”，指的是“在高于物体的正上方”。
例：There is a bridge over the river.在河上有一座桥。
⑶above表示“在…上方”，指的是水平位置高于一物体，不一定在正上方。
例：He is standing above me.他正站在我上方。
The average temperature here in summer is well above 30℃.
这里夏天的平均温度远远超过30℃。
⑷under表示“在…下面”，指的是正下方，反义词是over.
例：He put his ball under the desk.他把球放在了书桌底下。
⑸below表示“在…下面”，指的是水平位置低于一物体，不在正下方，反义词是above.
例：There are many apple trees in the valley below. 有很多树在下面的山谷里。
3.between/among
(1)between表示“在两者之间”。
例：Jack sits between Tom and Peter.杰克坐在汤姆和彼得中间。
Can you tell me the differences between the two words？
你能告诉我两个单词之间的区别吗？
(2)among表示“在三者或三者以上人或物之间”。
例：The village lies among hills.这个村庄坐落于群山之间。
4.by/next to/opposite
⑴by表示“在…旁边”
例：The boy sits by the window.那个男孩坐在窗户旁边。
⑵next to表示“紧挨着…”，指的同方向。
例：The bathroom is next to the kitchen.洗澡间紧挨着厨房。
⑶opposite表示“在…的对面”
例：He lives opposite the street.他住在街的对面。
5. in front of/in the front of
⑴in front of表示“在…的前面”，指的是在物体外面的前面。
例:There are three trees in front of the house.房子前面有三棵树。
⑵in the front of表示“在…的前面”，指的是在物体内部的前面。
例：Liming sit in the front of the bus.李明坐在了公交车的前排。
6. across/through
⑴across表示“横穿或者从表面穿过”。
例：The old man walked across the road with the help of WangFang.
那个老人在王芳的帮助下过了马路。
⑵through表示“从内部穿过”
例:He could hardly go through the forest by himself.他几乎不能独自穿过那个森林。
Ⅲ.表示方式的介词：by, in, with, on
1. by表示“用…方法、手段、途径等或乘坐交通工具”，表示“用…工具”时，工具前不加修饰词。例:Tom often goes to school by bus.汤姆经常骑自行车去上学。
The shoes are made by hand.这鞋子是手工制作的。
2. in表示“用…方式、途径、材料、语言等”。
例：You can work out this problem only in this way.
只有用这个方法你才能算出这道题。
Can you say this sentence in English?你能用英语说这句话吗？
3. with表示“用具体的工具、手段、材料等”。
例：He wrote down the answers on the sheet with a pencil.
他在卡上用一只铅笔写下了答案。
4. on表示“乘（自行车、火车等）交通工具。
例：My uncle went to Shanghai on the train.我叔叔乘火车去的上海。
Ⅳ.常见其它介词：against, for, with, except/besides
1. against表示“反对，对着；靠着”。
例：Are you for or against the plan?你是支持还是反对这个计划？
The woman leaned against the wall.那个女人斜靠在墙上。
2.for表示“为了；给…，为…；前往，以…为目的地；有…多久”等意思。
例：He would rather lose his life for his country.他宁愿为国家牺牲生命。
Here is some good news for you.这儿有你的一些好消息。
Mr.Wang left for Guangzhou.王先生离开去广州了。
I waited for you for nearly an hour.我等你等了将近一个小时。
3. with表示“带有”，指的是随身携带或自身具有，可作状语或定语。
例:I went out with a little money.我带着一点钱出去了。
The girl talked with her friends with a smile on her face.
那个女孩和她朋友谈着话，脸上洋溢着微笑。
The computer room is on the second floor with 40 computers in it.
计算机房在二楼，里面有40台电脑。
4.except表示“除了”，指的是从整体当中去除例外的。
besides表示“除了”，指的是“除此之外，还有”，是“二者都…”的人意思。
例:Every told a lie except a little girl.大家都撒了个谎，除了一个小女孩。
Besides the little girl, other children also told lies.
除了这位小女孩，其他孩子也都撒谎了。

初中英语常考介词短语
at once 立刻 at the age of 在……岁时
at the end of 在……之末 at the foot of 在……脚下
in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时 in the middle of 在……中间
in surprise 吃惊，惊讶 in fact 事实上
in a hurry 匆忙 in time 及时
in order 有序的/地 in need of 需要，缺少
in turns 依次 in public 当众
in other words 换句话说 in order to 为了……
instead of 代替；而不是 in danger 处在危险状态
on one's way to 在某人去……的路上 on duty 值日；值班
on time 准时 on the other hand 另一方面
★要点提示：介词后如果跟的是动词，则必须用动名词的形式；切记当to是介词的时候，后面不能接动词原形。

练习
1、---- Peter, can you tell me the differences _____ the four words?
   ---- Sorry, I don’t know.
   A. among     B. between      C. for       D. in
2、I had trouble finding out the answer _____ the question.
A. of           B. to       C. off                D. about
3、She is going to do it________ a minute.
A. in  B. after  C. during  D. within
4、Well done, everyone, and congratulations _________the winners.
A. for           B. with         C. to          D. about
5、An earthquake happened in Hetian, Xinjiang ______ February 12th, 2014.
A. in             B. on            C. to           D. for
6、China began to open to the outside world in the late 1970s．_________, there have been great changes in the country．
A．By then            B．As a result         C．At last             D．In all
7、 Tom’s father works ________ the chief engineer ________ a big company. He always works ________ high standards.
       A. for; as; for      B. as; in; as     C. as; for; to     D. for; in; to
8、—The colour fits her. She looks lovely _________ blue.
   —That’s right. But I think pink looks more lovely__________ her.
A. in; in                    B. in; on                        C. on; on               D on; in
9、The teacher came into the classroom ____ a book in his hand.
  A. from          B. and          C. into         D. with
10、Jack was born ______July fourth, 1982.
  A. in                  B. on               C. for             D. at
11、   Shanghai lies ___________ the east of China and ___________ the northeast of Guangdong.
    A. in; to          B. in; in           C. to; to                D. to; in
12、 This pair of jeans looks nice _________ me because I look nice ________blue.
         A. on; in                     B. in; on                 C. for.; on             D. to; in
13、 I got an e-mail this morning. It's_________my best friend John.
A. in        B. on          C. at           D. from
14、Our teacher are very strict       us        our study．
    A．with in      B．to，in       C．on at      D．with on
15、It’s clever        Peter to give up         in the river．
A．for； swimming  B．of ；swimming 
C．of ；to swim   D．for ；to swim

专题四 连 词
【要点提示】
一、并列连词
并列连词用于连接词、短语或分句，表示并列、转折、因果等关系。
1. and 意为“和（常用于肯定句），而且”；or意为“和（常用于否定句），或者，否则”。
2. but 意为“但是”，一般不和though或although同时使用。
3. so意为“因此，所以”，一般不和because 同时使用。
4. for意为“因为”，表示补充说明。[来源:学科网]
5. either ... or ...表示“或者……或者……”，即“非此即彼”；neither ... nor ...表示“既不……也不……”。当它们连接两个对等成分在句中作主语时，谓语动词的数一般遵循“就近原则”。
6. not only ... but (also) ...表示“不但……而且……”；both ... and ...表示“既……又……”，它们都常用来连接两个对等的成分。
二、从属连词
1. 引导宾语从句的连词有：that, if, whether等。
2. 引导状语从句的连词有：
(1)表示时间：when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon as等。(2)表示原因：because, as, since等。
(3)表示条件：if, unless等。
(4)表示让步：though, although等。
(5)表示目的：so that, in order that等。
(6)表示结果：so ... that ..., so that等。
(7)表示比较：than, as等。
练习
( )1. I’ll wash the dress______________ you can wear it.
A. so that B. since C. though D. until
( )2. Tomorrow we’ll go to the City Park______________ it is sunny.
A. as soon as B. when C. if D. as
( )3. —Do you know __________ I could pass the exam?
—Sorry, I have no idea.
A. that B. whether C. what D. which
( )4. It has been eight years ____________ we saw each other last time.
A. since B. before C. after D. when
( )5. I hardly knew anything about it ___________ you told me.
A. since B. after C. until D. when]
( )8. —Why hasn’t Mr Li come to work today?
— _________ he has gone to Beijing to have a meeting.
A. If B. Until C. Though D. Because
( )9. She worked so quietly___________ no one knew she was there.
A. which B. after C. that D. as
( )10. —What do you think of the book about Harry Potter?
—I like it very much. It’s_________ interesting _________exciting.
A. neither, nor B. not, but
C. not only, but also D. either, or
( )11. Mary was hit by a car _____________ she was riding her bicycle to the park.
A. when B. after C. until D. since
( )15. I enjoy the popular hip-hop, but_________ my father________ my mother likes it.
A. both, and B. not only, but also
C. either, or D. neither, nor
( )16. —I don’t know___________ he will come tomorrow.
—Don’t worry. _____________ he comes, I’ll let you know.
A. whether; If B. if; Whether
C. when; Whether D. that; If
( )19. I tried to call you________ I heard from him, but you were not in.
A. since B. while C. until D. as soon as
( )20. ___________ they are twins, they don’t look the same at all.
A. Because B. Though C. As D. Since
专题五 形容词副词比较级&最高级
形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法：
当两种物体之间相互比较时，我们要用形容词或副词的比较级；
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时，我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。
形容词、（副词）的比较级和最高级的变化规律：
1. 一般在形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-est
tall—taller—tallest fast—faster—fastest
2. 以-e结尾的节形容词或副词直接加-r或-st
large—larger—largest nice—nicer—nicest
3. 以辅音字母加-y结尾的形容词或副词，改-y为-i再加-er或-est
busy—busier—busiest early—earlier—earliest
4. 形容词或副词是重读闭音节时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-est
hot—hotter—hottest big—bigger—biggest
5. 多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或most
delicious—more delicious—most delicious
beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful
6. 不规则变化
good (well)—better—best bad (badly)—worse—worst
形容词（副词）的比较级和最高级的句子公式：
比较级
形容词物体A + am / are / is + 形比 + than + 物体B.
I am taller than you.
Pasta is more delicious than pizza.
副词物体A + 行为动词 + 副比 + than + 物体B.
Leopards run faster than goats.
He studies better than me.
最高级
1）物体A + am / are / is + the + 形最高级 + 比较范围（of + 人/物，in +
地方）.
I am the tallest in the class.
Pasta is the most delicious food of the three.
2）物体A + 行为动词 + 副词最高级 + 比较范围（of + 人/物，in + 地方）.
Cheetahs run fastest in the world.
He studies best of us.
其用法中注意以下几点：
比较级：
甲+动词+as+形容词原级+as+乙”表示“甲和乙程度相同”
Eg: Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。
2. the +比较级 ,the +比较级， 表示 “越…….越……”
Eg: The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少
3.比较级 +比较级 表示 越来越…...
Eg: He is getting taller and taller.
最高级：
1 one of +the +最高级+名词复数，表示 “最……的……之一”
这是花园里最漂亮的花之一。
This is one of_________ ________________ _________________ ________________ in the garden.
2 Who/Which…最高级,A,B,C? 表示“三者当中那一个最……”
Tom, Bob 和Jack 谁最胖？
Who is ___________ _______________, Tom, Bob and Jack ?






巩固练习
1. John is my ____________ friend of all the classmates.
A. good B. better C. best D. the best
2. E-mailing is much__________ than long-distance calling.
A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest
3. Beijing is one of___________ cities in China.
A. very beautiful B. much beautiful
C. more beautiful D. the most beautiful
4. The Yellow River isn’t so __________ as the Changjiang River.
A. long B. longest C. longer D. the longest
5. The coat I bought last week is too big for me. I’d like to change it for a ____ one.
A. small B. larger C. nicer D. smaller
6. Who is the _________ , Jim, Li Lei or Ling Feng?
A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. much taller
7. Of all the students, Wu Dong runs ______________ .
A. fast B. faster C. fastest D. most fast
8. He has grown____________ to take care of himself.
A. tall enough B. enough tall C. old enough D. enough old
9. Tom draws_______________ better than his brother.
A. more B. most C. many D. much
10. Who does homework________________ in your class?
A. carefully B. most carefully C. more carefully D. as carefully as



专题六 动词的时态

英语中的动词共有十六种时态，常用的有八种时态，它们是：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，现在完成时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时。现分别加以阐述。
（一）一般现在时
一般现在时表示现在经常反复发生的动作、存在的状态或习惯性的动作，常与often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, on Sundays 等时间状语连用。
1. 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时是由动词原形（除to be外）表示的。
注意：
如果主语是第三人称单数，动词也要用第三人称单数，构成疑问句或否定句时，需借助does或doesn’t，谓语动词要还原为原形。
【例句】
Jim gets up early every day.
吉姆每天都很早起床。
My mother doesn’t watch TV in the evening.
我妈妈晚上不看电视。
Does your father go to work by bike?
你爸爸骑自行车上班吗？
2. 一般现在时的用法
用法说明
例句
表经常或习惯性的动作
I often go to school by bus.
She usually gets up at six.
表客观事实和普遍真理, 即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时
The moon moves around the earth.
My teacher said the moon moves around the earth.
表现在的状态
He lives in Beijing.
表主语具备的性格、能力和特征
I like singing.
All of us are ready for the exam.
在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.
Please tell her about it as soon as she comes back.
在the more... the more...句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时
The more books you read, the more knowledge you will get.
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
状元典例
Mike is from America. He ______ English.
A. spoke B. will speak C. speaks D. had spoken
（二）一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去经常或偶然发生的动作，或存在的状态，常与yesterday，last year，two weeks ago，just now，in 1875, in the past, long long ago, once upon a time等时间状语连用。
1. 一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词过去式表示。
【例句】
I went to the park yesterday.
我昨天去了公园。
My father didn’t go to work last Monday.
我爸爸上周一没上班。
Did your friend come to see you last night?
昨天晚上你朋友来看你了吗？
2. 一般过去时的用法
用法说明
例句
表过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态
Jim had some bread for breakfast yesterday.

表过去经常或反复发生的动作
His father often went to work by car last year.
用“used to + do”或“would +do”表示过去经常或反复发生的动作
He always used to go to school at 7:30.
He would get up early, and go to the fields to work.
在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作
He promised to buy me a dress when he went abroad the next week.
状元典例1
—How was your day off?
—Pretty good! I ______ the science museum with my classmates.
A. visit B. visited C. am visiting D. will visit
2 —How many gold medals did China ______ at the 2010 Winter Olympics?
—Five.
A. win B. to win C. winning D. won
（三）一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow，next Monday，in a week, soon，at the end of this term, this evening等时间状语连用。
1. 一般将来时的构成
一般将来时由“助动词will或shall + 动词原形”构成。shall主要用于以第一人称（I和we）为主语的疑问句中。一般将来时的肯定句、否定句和一般疑问句的构成要靠助动词来完成。
【例句】
Tom and Mike will visit Mr. Black tomorrow.
汤姆和迈克明天要去拜访布莱克先生。
They won’t have dinner at home tonight.
他们今晚不会在家吃晚饭。
Shall we go for a walk?
我们去散散步好吗？
Will they finish the work in an hour？
他们一小时后会完成这项工作吗？
2. 一般将来时的用法
用法说明
例句
表示将来会出现的动作或状态
We will get to Nanning tomorrow.
在 “祈使句+and /or +句子”这个结构中, “句子”用一般将来时
Use your head and you will find a way.
Hurry up or we will be late for class.
3. “be going to +动词原形”和“will+动词原形”
be going to 和will 在一般情况下可以互换。
be going to表示计划打算。
状元典例
—I ______ the Great Wall next week.
—Have a good trip!
A. visit B. visited
C. am visiting D. have visited
（四）现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，these days，at the moment等时间状语连用，有时有look，listen，can you see等提示词。
1. 现在进行时的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成。其否定句由在be动词后加not构成，一般疑问句要将be动词提到句首。
【例句】
The boy is playing the violin in the park.
这个男孩正在公园里拉小提琴。
Are you listening to me？
你在听我说吗？
2. 现在进行时的用法
用法说明
例句
表说话时正在进行的动作
Listen! Someone is singing in the room.
表现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态
They are studying hard this term.
I’m learning to skate.
一些表示位置转移的词（go, come, leave, fly，arrive等）用现在进行时表即将发生的动作
Are you leaving tonight?
My uncle is coming to supper this evening.
They are flying to Wuhan tomorrow.
She’s going there tonight.

例
Don’t make so much noise. The students ______ an English class.
A. are having B. have C. had D. were having
（五）现在完成时
现在完成时表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态。常与already, never, ever, yet, just, before等时间状语连用。
1. 现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成。
其否定句由在助动词have/has后加not构成，疑问句则是将助动词have/has提到句首。
【例句】
The students have already finished the work.
学生们已经完成了这项工作。
I haven’t been to Shanghai before.
我以前没去过上海。
2. 现在完成时的用法
用法说明
例句
表发生在过去但对现在仍有影响的动作，有因果关系
—Have you ever spoken to a foreigner?
—No, never.
表过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，只用于某些带有延续意义的动词，常与since，for连用
I have taught in this school for 10 years.
The Greens have lived in Beijing since they moved to Beijing from Paris.
表在过去发生过一次或多次的动作，已成为某种经验
We have been to the Great Wall four times.
All of us have heard of this story.
例
—Where’s her second son? I haven’t seen him for a long time.
—He ______ Maine looking for a place to work.
A. will go to B. has gone to C. had gone to D. goes to
（六）过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。常与then, at that time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday以及when引导的，谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语从句连用。由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
【例句】
My brother was reading an English book at eight yesterday evening.
昨晚八点钟我哥哥正在读英语书。
He said his father was mending the radio.
他说他的爸爸在修收音机。
I was doing my homework when someone knocked at the door.
我在做作业的时候，（突然）有人敲门。
例
—I went to see you at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon, but you weren’t at home.
—Oh, I ______ a film with my parents in a cinema.
A. saw B. was seeing
C. have seen D. am seeing
（七）过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去的观点看将要发生的动作。一般由“would+动词原形”构成。
【例句】
I thought you would help him.
我想你会帮助他。
（八）过去完成时
过去完成时表示在过去的过去就已经完成的动作。由“had+过去分词”构成。常与“by/before+过去的时间”构成的短语连用。也常用于宾语从句和when引导的状语从句中。
【例句】
By the end of the match, they had kicked two goals.
到比赛结束时，他们踢进了两个球。
He told me that he had finished his work.
他对我说他已经完成了他的工作。

二、难点聚焦
除了“will+动词原形”外，其他表示“将来”的结构：
（1）“be going to +动词原形”表示说话者明确的打算或确信某事会发生。
【例句】
We are going to watch the football match.
我们打算观看这场足球比赛。
（2）“be to + 动词原形” 表示接安排、计划将要做某事，有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。
【例句】
We are to meet at the gate of Beihai Park.
我们将在北海公园门口见面。
（3）“be about to+动词原形”表示某事即将发生。
【例句】
They are about to sail by ship from Tianjin to Dalian.
他们即将乘船从天津到大连。

练习
1. I won’t forget my teacher because she ______ so kind to me since I came to this school.
A. has been B. will be C. was D. is
2. —He ______ the English-Chinese dictionary for about twenty years, but it is still new.
—What a careful man!
A. has bought B. has borrowed C. has had D. has lent
3. —Mary, could you help me?
—Wait a moment. I ______.
A. read a book B. did my homework C. was watching TV D. am cooking dinner
4. —When ______ your mother ______ you that blue dress, Mary?
—Sorry, I really can't remember.
A. does; buy B. has; bought C. had; bought D. did; buy
5. All the students in Class 5 will climb the mountain if it ______ rain tomorrow.
A. won’t B. don’t C. didn’t D. doesn’t
6. —Jack, I haven’t seen your brother for a long time.
—He______ Shanghai on business for two months.
A. went to B. has gone to C. has been in D. has been to
7. —Can I help you?
—I bought this watch here yesterday, but it ______ work.
A. won’t B. didn’t C. doesn’t D. wouldn’t
8. I first met Lisa three years ago when we ______ at a radio station together.
A. have worked B. had been working C. were working D. had worked
9. I will call you as soon as I ______the ticket to the football match．
A. will get B. get C. got D. am getting
10. —Will you go to the cinema, Mary?
—No, I’m afraid not. Because I ______ my ticket.
A. lose B. am losing C. lost D. have lost
11. —Where is Peter?
—He ______ volleyball with his friends in the school gym.
A. plays B. played C. is playing D. was playing
12. —David promised to come round to have supper with us today.
—But he ______. I’ve been alone for half an hour.
A. won’t B. hadn’t C. hasn’t D. doesn’t
13. —How long have you ______ the motorbike?
—For about two weeks.
A. bought B. had C. borrowed D. lent
14. —It’s dangerous to swim here. Look at the sign.
—Oh, I ______ notice it. Thanks for telling me.
A. haven’t B. won’t C. don’t D. didn’t
15. —Why didn't you go to the cinema with us this afternoon?
—I ______ at the station for my uncle from Beijing.
A. was waiting B. have waited C. am waiting D. will wait


专题七 被动语态
一、知识精讲
I. 被动语态的构成
语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系，英语中的动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，be动词在句中要有人称和数的变化。
口诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。
时态
被动语态
一般现在时
am/is/are+过去分词
一般过去时
was/were +过去分词
一般将来时
will be+过去分词 或am / is / are going to +be+过去分词
现在进行时
am/is/are+being+过去分词
现在完成时
have/has+been+过去分词
过去进行时
was/were+being+过去分词
过去完成时
had+been+过去分词
过去将来时
would be+过去分词或was / were+going to be+过去分词
情态动词
情态动词+be+过去分词
注意：
只有及物动词才有被动语态。
例1 Computers ______ widely in our daily life.
A. use B. used C. were used D. are used

例2 Don't worry. Your package ______ here until you come back, so enjoy shopping here.
A. will keep B. has kept C. will be kept D. has been kept
例3 There was a big earthquake in Japan, but luckily many people _______.
A. save B. saved C. are saved D. were saved
II.主动语态和被动语态的转换
（一）主动语态变被动语态
1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）。
3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
口诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。
谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。
例如：
He mended the bike yesterday. →The bike was mended by him yesterday.
例 The computer is broken. ______ it ______ today?
A. Will; repair B. Has; repaired
C. Will; be repaired D. Has; been repaired
（二）含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
口诀：情态动词变被动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：
No food can be eaten in the library.
We have to look after the dog. →The dog has to be looked after by us.

例 As everyone knows, rubbish _______ everywhere.
A. need be thrown B. mustn’t be thrown
C. can’t throw D. may throw

二、难点聚焦
同学们在初三学习了被动语态后，可能会有这样的误解：凡是人作主语时，一般用主动语态，凡是物作主语时，一般用被动语态。虽然大多数情况下，确实如此，如：人们在春天种树。People plant trees in spring.→ Trees are planted in spring. 但以下几种情况虽然是物作主语，却只能用主动语态，然而却常被同学们误用为被动语态：
1. “ 主语 + 系动词 + 表语”构成的句型，常用的系动词有：be（is，am，are，was，were）、look 、seem 、taste 、smell 、feel、sound 、get 、turn 、become等。
e.g.：这首歌听起来很美妙。
学生误用：This song is sounded very beautiful.
正确答案：This song sounds very beautiful.
2. be worth doing sth. 值得做某事, sth. needs doing 某事需要被做（这两个句型中，形式为主动, 表达的意义为被动）
e.g. 旧衣服不值得保存。
学生误用：Old clothes are not worth kept.
正确答案：Old clothes are not worth keeping.
e.g. 这辆自行车需要被修理。
学生误用：This bike needs mended.
正确答案：This bike needs mending.

练习
1. —How beautiful your hometown is!
—Yes, a number of trees ______ around Beijing every year. Our environment is getting better and better.
A. are plant B. are planted C. are planting D. were planted
2. It’s common knowledge that black tea ______ in China more than 600 years ago.
A. is invented B. was invented C. invents D. invented
3. —Mom, can I go out to play basketball?
—Sure. But your homework ______ first.
A. must be finished B. must finish C. will finish D. finish
4. The new bridge ______ last month. Now it’s easy to go to the city center.
A. built B. was built C. has been built D. were built
5. —Would you like to go to the movie with me?
—Sorry, I ______ to go out tonight.
A. won’t be allowed B. am allowed C. don’t allow D. will allow
6. John, you can’t go out to play until your homework _______.
A. finishes B. has finished C. is finished D. was finished
7. My e-mail ______ to you last night.
A. sent B. is sent C. was sent D. sends
8. —The 2010 Asian Sports Meet ______ this November in Guangzhou.
—Yes. I hope Chinese players will do well.
A. will be held B. has been held C. was to be held D. would be held
9. —Dear Eric, your room is too dirty. It should ______ right now.
—Sorry. I’ll do it now.
A. is cleaned B. be cleaned C. was cleaned D. cleans
10. We will fly a kite as soon as your homework _______.
A. finishes B. will be finished C. has finished D. is finished
11. —Your classroom is very clean.
—Yes, it ______ every day.
A. is cleaned B. cleans C. is cleaning D. was cleaned
12. Waste paper shouldn’t _____ everywhere. It’s our duty to keep our classroom clean.
A. be thrown B. throw C. is thrown D. be throwing
13. —Who is that little boy in the photo, Oscar?
—Oh, it’s me! It _______ when I was five years old.
A. was taken B. took C. was taking
14. Thousands of people after the powerful earthquake happened in Japan on March 11th.
A. saved B. was saved C. were saved D. has saved
15. —Your classroom is really bright and clean.
—It after school every day.
A. is cleaned B. cleaned C. was cleaned D. cleans