2022届优质校一模试卷专题汇编10 阅读理解之说明文 解析版


专题 10
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阅读理解之说明文






常考题型

题型
考查年份
考查话题
说明文
2021年全国甲卷
Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状
2021年全国乙卷
世界上著名的大型竞技场的基本情况
2021年新高考全国卷Ⅰ
美国鸭票的故事
2020年全国卷Ⅰ
竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，及专家给受过伤的人的建议
2020年全国卷Ⅱ
美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀
……
……

方法点拨

解题方法
1. 定位对照法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题的要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息。再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同．则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2. 选项分析法：根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容。再仔细对照，排除于文章内容不一致的错误信息，从而确定选项。
3. 中心精确捕捉法：根据议论文特点对文章中心段或句进行精准分析。

两种解题步骤
方式一：
1. 读开头段，把握中心（中心明确）；
2. 解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”；
3. 解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）。
方式二
1. 读开头段，把握中心（中心不明确）；
2. 解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）；
3. 解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”。
【注意事项】
1. 不必通读全文，不必千方百计理解文章所有语句；
2. 必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨；
3. 注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。
2021年全国乙卷
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones according to a survey（调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users. B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions. D. Their complex design.
2. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit. B. Argue.
C. Remember. D. Remark.
3. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games. B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones. D. They are attached to their family.
4. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
1. 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。
2. 词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A项。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C项。
4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B项。

2020·全国卷I，C
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
5. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
6. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
7. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
8. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
【答案】5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。
6. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。
7. 细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。
8. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。

试题汇编

岳阳市2019届高三一模
A MENTORING (导师制）program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth. Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.
Alex Goldberg, the program’s founder, said: “We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.” “We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth. For example, we’ve secured internships (实习) with world-famous firms such as Honda.”
“At a time of funding cutbacks, schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring because of that — It is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.” Kieran Hepbum, 14, is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far. In October the Banbury School pupil was accompanied by Young Inspirations staff to Paris where he was an observer at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) International Youth Forum(论坛).
The event was held for young people from around the world, to seek their views on how the future of youth and education should look. Kieran joined several hundred observers mostly in their 20s and was the only UK school pupil to attend the event. Kieran thinks the trip was a life changing experience. “Before we left 1 didn’t quite know what to make of it but when we got there we didn t stop, it was amazing” he said, “We went to three or four hours of debates each day and then did something cultural each afternoon.”
The main theme of the forum was how youth can drive change in political and public life. It dealt with issues(问题）such as drug abuse, violence and unemployment. kieran said: “It has really helped me to improve my confidence and social skills as well as my school grades and I was voted most improved pupil at school in August.”
The Young Inspirations mentoring sessions take place each Friday in Banbury. For details visit www. younginsviratiom. com.
1. Why is The Young Inspirations mentoring program set up?
A. To provide youth with unique experiences.
B. To train staff for world-famous firms.
C. To equip the unemployed with different skills.
D. To offer job opportunities to young adults.
2. "What does the underlined “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. the shortage of money.
B. the lack of support from firms.
C. the effect of unemployment.
D. the lack of opportunities.
3. We can learn from the passage that .
A. the visit to the United Kingdom was amazing
B. the mentoring sessions are held every day except Friday
C. the youth have found a way to solve their problems
D. Kieran has made great progress in many aspects
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Alex Goldberg, Founder of Young Inspirations
B. Kieran, Banbury School Pupil to Paris
C. Young People Find a World of Opportunity
D. Debates Help Youth with Their Grades

2020届四川省天府名校高三5月教学质量联合测评
I. M. Pei, one of the best-known architects of the 20th century, has died. He was 102. Born in China, Ieoh Ming Pei moved to the United States in 1935 to study architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University.
Pei’s works around the world include museums, government buildings, hotels, schools and other structures built with stone, steel and glass. One of his best-known and most disputed works was built 30 years ago. Pei created a new entrance for the world-famous Louvre Museum in Paris. Pei first spent four months studying the museum and French history. He then drew plans for a 21-meter-tall steel and glass id, with three smaller pyramids nearby. It was a very futuristic style of work for the 12th-century building.
A French newspaper criticized Pei’s pyramids as “an annex to Disneyland”. An environmental group said they belonged in a desert. Others accused Pei of ruining one of the world’s greatest landmarks.
Pei said the Louvre was the most difficult job of his career. He argued that he had wanted to create a modern space that would not take away from the traditional part of the museum. He said the glass pyramids were based on the works of French landscape architect Le Notre. They honored French history.
The pyramids opened in the spring of 1989. Over the years that followed, the structure came to be loved by most, if not all, of its critics.
Other well-known Pei buildings include the John F. Kennedy Library in Dorchester, Massachusetts, the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington and the Dallas City Hall in Texas. Pei officially retired in 1990. However, he continued to work on projects—including museums in Luxembourg, Qatar and his ancestral home of Suzhou.
5. What is true about the entrance created by Pei for the Louvre Museum?
A. Pei spent four mouths drawing plans for it. B. There are four pyramids in total.
C. It’s in a style of the 12th century. D. It took 30 years to complete the work.
6. What can we infer from Pei’s words in Paragraph 4?
A. The glass pyramids were originally designed by Le Notre.
B. The glass pyramids were based on the French landscape.
C. The glass pyramids were in harmony with the Louvre.
D. The glass pyramids reflected both French and Chinese style.
7. What were most people’s attitudes towards Pei’s pyramids years after its opening?
A. Indifferent. B. Puzzled.
C. Critical. D. Favorable.
8. What do we know about Pei according to the passage?
A. He was hardworking, optimistic and easygoing.
B. He spread Chinese traditional architecture to the world.
C. He created many great works both in China and other countries.
D. He was the most outstanding architect of the 20th century.

2020届河北省衡水中学高三第六次调考
The 2019 World Conference on VR Industry shows that Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be used to revolutionize people’s experiences in practically any field.
Held in Nanchang from Oct. 19 to 22, the annual conference attracted more than 300 experts, leading scholars and company principals from over 30 countries. The theme of this year’s World Conference on VR Industry was “VR+5G tor a new age of insight.” Conferences and exhibitions, which hosted more than 2,000 companies from across the world, were held during the event.
As China introduces 5G this year, experts and industry insiders said that the VR industry will hug the new era. “We will take the lead in VR technology creativity. For example, the technology has already been applied successfully to this year's National Day parade. The popularity of the technology among younger generations of users guarantees a large potential market, said Guo Ping, representative of Huawei.
In 2018, Oral Roberts University in the USA opened a new Global Learning Center, which has classrooms equipped with 360-degree cameras on the wail, which follows and records professors as they teach. Through an app on the smart phone, students can see images in 3D and manipulate （操纵）them.
In May 2019, a VR theme park opened to the public in London. Covering about 13,000 square meters with 120 sets of advanced VR equipment, the park attracts thousands of visitors every day.
During the 22nd Asian Music Festival, the musical Eight made its second appearance. Eight is a unique fusion of music, theater, VR technology and visual art, in which audience members wear VR headsets to walk through and manipulate an equipment. The show tells a poetic story of an old woman looking back on her life and it lasts for 15 minutes.
9. What does this year's World Conference suggest?
A. VR technology can be used only with 5G.
B. VR technology can change people's lives.
C. China's 5G technology will take the lead.
D. More VR theme parks will be opened to public.
10. Why is Guo Ping confident about VR technology?
A. Because it attracts experts to cooperate.
B. Because it has a large overseas market.
C. Because young customers have interest in it.
D. Because it has changed how to teach and learn.
11. What does the underlined word “fusion” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. research B. process
C. combination D. type
12. Which is the best title of the passage?
A. China Is Leading the Way in the World
B. VR Technology Development in China
C. 5G TechnologyL: China Moves Ahead Quickly
D. The Bright Future of VR in Diverse Fields

辽宁省辽阳市2020届高三一模
Most of Earth’s freshwater sits underground. Worldwide, about 70 percent of the groundwater drawn to the surface goes for farming. But surface waters—rivers and streams—come from groundwater, too. Drawing too much groundwater over a short time can be harmful. Natural waterways can begin to empty. And that can hurt freshwater ecosystems. Scientists consider this a tipping point when small actions can begin making unusually big differences.
A new study has found that 15 to 21 percent of tapped water (自来水) areas have reached this sort of tipping point. Most of those tapped rivers and streams are in dry areas. Farmers in these areas use groundwater to water their crops. At present drawing rates, the study predicts that 42 to 79 percent of water areas around the world where groundwater is drawn up for use at the surface will reach tipping points by 2050.
A healthy groundwater aquifer (含水层) protects ecosystems against seasonal ups and downs in the use of water. That provides stability for area plants and animals. But if too much groundwater is drawn up from below, surface waters will begin to flow into the aquifer, which can harm what are living in rivers and streams.
De Graaf and the study team set up a computer model. It linked groundwater drawing and water flows within rivers. The model covered fifty years, from 1960 to 2010. Then the researchers used climate forecasts to help the model predict what might happen in future years. Throughout, they kept groundwater drawing rates sustainable. More than half of drawn water areas are likely to cross this ecological tipping point before 2050, the model finds.
“We need to be thinking about this now, not in 10 years,” De Graaf says. “Our study shows us where to target more sustainable efforts.”
13. What does the “tipping point” in paragraph 1 mean?
A. End point. B. Breaking point.
C. Freezing point. D. Boiling point.
14. What is the writer’s purpose of writing the text?
A. Warn us that the surface water can pollute the groundwater.
B. Warn us of watering the crop by groundwater.
C. Tell us the relation of groundwater and surface water.
D. Warn us that the overuse of groundwater can destroy the ecosystem.
15. What is the part the groundwater plays in the environment?
A. Keeping the stability of natural water.
B. Protecting ecosystems from pollution.
C. Clearing surface waters to be drinkable.
D. Providing stability for the local economy.
16. How did the researchers conduct the study?
A. They predicted the result based on the old data.
B. They happened to work out the result.
C. They measured all the groundwater and surface water.
D. They did questionnaire surveys on the water information.

2021届湖南省教育联合体高三7月联考
They call it the “rule of 150”. An anthropologist (人类学家) called Robin Dunbar made a study of 21 different primitive societies. He found that they all lived in villages of around 150 people. Then he asked people living in modern cities to make a list of all the people they knew well enough to talk to. Each of them made a list of around 150 people. Many of us have left village life behind. But the idea of the village has not left us.
Other studies of businesses and army units have shown that when people are forced into groups of over 150 they become inefficient. There are just too many people around to communicate with effectively. It also seems that when our personal “villages” become too small, people feel lonely. We need other people to help us.
Many people see life as a kind of journey. As they travel they pick up things they need. These are friends, a family and jobs. This is a narrow way of looking at things. It does not explain why people who get good jobs and become rich are often unhappy.
Using the “rule of 150”, we can see things differently. Instead of being a lonely traveler, you are the head of your own village. You are responsible for every part of village life. Getting a good job helps with the “economic development of your village. But you also need to pay attention to the social harmony of your village.
Many people think that happiness is about winning a race. The winner gets a great job, a perfect family and a lot of money. The loser should expect to be unhappy. The “rule of 150” teaches us that happiness comes with getting the right balance of relationship in our lives.
In a competitive society it is easy to judge people according to the kind of job they have or how much money they make. In fact, we are all the boss of our own villages. This is a difficult job. It is worthy of your respect.
17. What does the figure “150” relate to?
A. The size of a group. B. The number of groups.
C. The amount of work. D. The number of primitive societies.
18. What is the author’s opinion about “seeing life as a kind of journey”?
A. It only refers to rich people. B. It doesn’t include village life.
C. It can’t cover all possibilities in life. D. It may bring about unhappiness.
19. What do you do as the head of your own village?
A. Take a long journey with the other villagers.
B. Compete against others to achieve happiness.
C. Use the “rule of 150” to improve the village life.
D. Deal properly with the people and things around you.
20. What is the “rule of 150” discussed in the text mainly about?
A. The journey of life. B. Relationship in one’s life.
C. The way to look at things. D. The competitive society.

参考答案

岳阳市2019届高三一模
【答案】1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过导师制，培训学校提升他们的能力，从而给他们找到更多的机会。
1. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.”可知，我们建立Young Inspirations是为了给年轻人提供改变生活和开阔视野的经验。故选A。
2. 推理判断题。由第三段第一句“At a time of funding cutbacks, schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring”可知在资金削减的情况下，学校发现提供这种辅导越来越困难。故下文中的that此处指代funding cutbacks（资金削减），故选A。
3. 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段中的“Kieran said: “It has really helped me to improve my confidence and social skills as well as my school grades and I was voted most improved pupil at school in August.””可知，Kieran取得了很大进步。故选D
4. 主旨大意题。文章通篇讲述了通过导师制，培训学生提供他们的能力，从而给他们找到更多的机会。故选C。

2020届四川省天府名校高三5月教学质量联合测评
【答案】5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了贝聿铭在建筑领域上的成就。
5. 细节理解题。根据第二段第五句“He then drew plans for a 21-meter-tall steel and glass pyramid, with three smaller pyramids nearby.”然后，他绘制了一个21米高的钢和玻璃金字塔的计划，附近还有三个较小的金字塔。由此可知，卢浮宫入口一共有4个金字塔。故选B。
6. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“He argued that he had wanted to create a modern space that would not take away from the traditional part of the museum. He said the glass pyramids were based on the works of French landscape architect Le Notre. They honored French history.”他争辩说，他想要创造一个不会脱离博物馆的传统部分的现代空间。他说，玻璃金字塔是基于法国景观设计师勒诺特尔的作品。他们向法国历史致敬。可知这个玻璃金字塔是与卢浮宫的传统风格相契合的。故选C。
7. 细节理解题。根据第五段第二句“Over the years that followed, the structure came to be loved by most, if not all, of its critics.”在接下来的几年里，该结构受到了大多数（如果不是全部的话）批评人士的喜爱。由此可知，这个建筑被大多数人喜爱。故选D。
8. 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“However, he continued to work on projects—including museums in Luxembourg, Qatar and his ancestral home of Suzhou”然而，他继续从事项目工作——包括卢森堡、卡塔尔和他的祖籍苏州的博物馆。由此可知，在中国和其他国家都有其创作的作品。故选C。

2020届河北省衡水中学高三第六次调考
【答案】9. B 10. C 11. C 12. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。虚拟现实在各个领域的前景光明。
9. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The 2019 World Conference on VR Industry shows that Virtual Reality (VR) technology can be used to revolutionize people’s experiences in practically any field.”2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。可知今年的世界会议说明了虚拟现实技术可以改变人们的生活建议。故选B。
10. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The popularity of the technology among younger generations of users guarantees a large potential market, said Guo Ping, representative of Huawei.”这项技术在年轻一代用户中的普及保证了一个巨大的潜在市场，代表华为的郭平说。可知郭平对虚拟现实技术充满信心因为年轻顾客对它感兴趣。故选C。
11. 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“Eight is a unique fusion of music, theater, VR technology and visual art, in which audience members wear VR headsets to walk through and manipulate an equipment.”八是音乐、剧院、虚拟现实技术和视觉艺术的独特融合，观众戴着虚拟现实耳机通过和操作设备。可知fusion意为“组合”。故选C。
12. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了2019年世界虚拟现实产业大会表明，虚拟现实技术实际上可以在任何领域为人们的体验带来革命性的变化。虚拟现实在各个领域的前景光明。所以可知这篇文章最好的标题是“虚拟现实在各个领域的光明前景”。故选D。

辽宁省辽阳市2020届高三一模
【答案】13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究预测，到2050年，全球42%至79%的地下水被开采出来供地表使用的水域将达到临界点，这可能会损害淡水生态系统。研究人员呼吁现在就要开始考虑地下水可持续发展努力的方向。
13. 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Drawing too much groundwater over a short time can be harmful. Natural waterways can begin to empty. And that can hurt freshwater ecosystems. Scientists consider this a tipping point when small actions can begin making unusually big differences.”可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统。科学家认为这是一个tipping point，小行动可以开始产生不同寻常的大差异。由此可知，推断这是一个转折点，因此猜测划线短语tipping point意为“转折点，临界点”。故选B项。
14. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“Drawing too much groundwater over a short time can be harmful. Natural waterways can begin to empty. And that can hurt freshwater ecosystems.”可知，在短时间内摄取过多的地下水是有害的。自然水道可能会开始干涸。这可能会损害淡水生态系统；以及最后一段“ “We need to be thinking about this now, not in 10 years,” De Graaf says. “Our study shows us where to target more sustainable efforts.””可知，“我们需要现在就考虑这个问题，而不是10年后，”De Graaf说。“我们的研究为我们指明了更多可持续努力的方向。”由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是警告我们过度使用地下水会破坏生态系统。故选D项。
15. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“A healthy groundwater aquifer (含水层) protects ecosystems against seasonal ups and downs in the use of water. That provides stability for area plants and animals.”可知，健康的地下水含水层保护生态系统免受水利用的季节性波动。这为当地的动植物提供了稳定性。由此可知，地下水在环境中的重要作用是保持天然水的稳定。故选A项。
16. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“De Graaf and the study team set up a computer model. It linked groundwater drawing and water flows within rivers. The model covered fifty years, from 1960 to 2010. Then the researchers used climate forecasts to help the model predict what might happen in future years.”可知，De Graaf和研究小组建立了一个计算机模型。它将地下水抽取和河流中的水流联系起来。该模型涵盖了从1960年到2010年的50年。然后，研究人员利用气候预测来帮助模型预测未来几年可能发生的事情。由此可知，研究人员根据旧的数据预测了结果。故选A项。

2021届湖南省教育联合体高三7月联考
【答案】17. A 18. C 19. D 20. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“150法则”，这个法则是出于对企业和军队的研究表明，当人们被强迫进入150人以上的群体时，他们的效率就会降低。周围有太多的人，无法有效沟通。当我们个人的“村庄”变得太小时，人们似乎感到孤独。我们需要别人的帮助。使用“150法则”，我们可以看到不同的事情。“150法则”告诉我们，在生活中正确平衡人际关系，幸福就会随之而来。
17. 细节理解题。根据第一段“They call it the “rule of 150”. An anthropologist (人类学家) called Robin Dunbar made a study of 21 different primitive societies. He found that they all lived in villages of around 150 people. Then he asked people living in modern cities to make a list of all the people they knew well enough to talk to. Each of them made a list of around 150 people. Many of us have left village life behind. But the idea of the village has not left us.”可知他们称之为“150法则”。人类学家Robin Dunbar研究了21个不同的原始社会。他发现他们都住在人口约150人的村庄里。然后，他让住在现代城市的人们列出一张表，上面列有所有他们很熟悉、可以交谈的人。他们每人列出了一份大约150人的名单。我们许多人已经离开了乡村生活。但是村庄的概念并没有离开我们。由此可知，数字“150”与一个群体的大小有关。故选A。
18. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“This is a narrow way of looking at things. It does not explain why people who get good jobs and become rich are often unhappy.”可知这是一种狭隘的看待事物的方式。这并不能解释为什么那些找到好工作并变得富有的人往往不快乐。由此可知，对于“视人生为一种旅程”，作者认为它不能涵盖生活中的所有可能性。故选C。
19. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Instead of being a lonely traveler, you are the head of your own village. You are responsible for every part of village life. Getting a good job helps with the “economic development of your village. But you also need to pay attention to the social harmony of your village.”可知你不是一个孤独的旅行者，你是你自己村庄的领袖。你要对乡村生活的方方面面负责。找到一份好工作有助于你所在村庄的经济发展。但你也需要注意你所在村庄的社会和谐。由此可推知，作为村长，你应该正确处理你周围的人和事。故选D。
20. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Other studies of businesses and army units have shown that when people are forced into groups of over 150 they become inefficient. There are just too many people around to communicate with effectively. It also seems that when our personal “villages” become too small, people feel lonely. We need other people to help us.”可知其他对企业和军队的研究表明，当人们被强迫进入150人以上的群体时，他们的效率就会降低。周围有太多的人，无法有效沟通。当我们个人的“村庄”变得太小时，人们似乎感到孤独。我们需要别人的帮助。以及倒数第二段中“The “rule of 150” teaches us that happiness comes with getting the right balance of relationship in our lives.”可知“150法则”告诉我们，在生活中正确平衡人际关系，幸福就会随之而来。由此可推知，文章中讨论的“150规则”主要是关于生活中的关系的。故选B。