11.一致 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习

这是一份11.一致 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共37页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，主谓一致，are，其它成分的一致，巩固练习，本节内容小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。
□主谓一致 □语法一致 □概念一致 □就近一致□其它成分的一致
主谓一致的定义：句子的主语和谓语动词必须在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致的问题，主要就是主语是否被看成“第三人称单数”的问题。主谓一致主要有三个不同的原则：语法一致原则、概念一致原则和就近一致原则。*一般情况下，主语和表语的数一致，偶尔也有不一致的情况，这时谓语动词的数仍和主语保持一致。eg: My greatest pleasure is games and sprts. Games and sprts are my greatest pleasure.
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）1. 定义：谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。2. 几种特殊情况：（1）由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。（语法一致和概念一致均可作为其参照）eg: What I bught were 3 English bks. What I say and d are helpful t yu.
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（2）either, neither, each, every或n+单数neither/neither/nne f ＋复数名词，还有sme, n, every构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。（neither/either/nne f +n.pl 在正式文体中谓语动词用单数，非正式文体，尤其是口语中，常用复数形式；any做主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可）eg: Each f us has a new bk. Everything arund us is matter. Neither f the texts is interesting. Nne f us has been t Suth Africa.
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（3）不定代词作主语当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each, neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg: Each student has a bk. Either answer is crrect. 当复合不定代词smene，anyne，smebdy，anybdy，nbdy，everybdy，smething，anything，nthing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。eg: Smebdy is waiting fr yu utside. Is everybdy here tday?
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（4）集体名词 peple, plice, cattle, yuth 等，或不定代词many, few作主语时，谓语动词用复数。eg: The cattle feed chiefly n grass. Only the few are likely t enjy this music.
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（5）倒装句中，谓语动词的数与其后的主语一致。对于一些复杂的句子，需要注意辨认主语，使谓语动词和主语保持一致。eg: Oppsed t the traditin is a “transfrmative”（有改革能力的；启发式的） apprach, in which the teacher is mre f（更像是） a cach, t elicit（探出，发掘） certain ptential qualities in her students. Mst agnizing（令人痛苦的） are the mments when Bauby realizes that his lved nes will never feel his affectin again.
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（6）it 作引导词的强调句型中，若被强调的先行词是从句的主语，则强调从句的谓语动词须同被强调的先行词在人称和数方面保持一致。eg: It is experiencing the excitement and the jy that ges with the exercise f ne's human capabilities. 译：体验兴奋和快乐是伴随着人类发挥自己的能力而产生的。
一.语法一致原则（the principle f grammatical cncrd）（7）but 引导的从句中谓语动词的数，要根据 but 的先行词来定。but相当于 或 。 eg: There is n ne f us but is ready t help peple in truble. →There is n ne f us wh isn't ready t help peple in truble.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）1.定义：根据实际概念，而不是根据实际语法，确定谓语动词的数。2.几类主要情况：（1）集体名词 army, audience, bard, city, class, club, cmmittee, cmpany, cuple, crew, crwd, enemy, family, generatin, gvernment, grup, ppulatin, public, majrity, mankind, natin, rganizatin, pair, party, schl, team, unin 等作主语，谓语动词根据言者，注重整体则采用单数，注重个体则采用复数。eg: The majrity decides it. The majrity f them have n pinin at all.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）◆如果集体名词前有 whle 修饰，往往表示整体。eg: The whle family is listening t the radi nw.◆集体名词后定语从句，关系代词为which则谓语动词用单数，关系代词为wh则用复数。eg: The Lndn Team, which played s well last mnth, has dne badly this mnth. The team, wh have gt their tickets will meet n the platfrm at 2.30.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（2）由a lt f, lts f, plenty f, the rest f, the majrity f, the rest f + 名词，或者是分数/百分数＋名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。nne f + n. z作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。eg: The rest f the lecture is wnderful. A lt f time is wasted. A lt f peple take part in the meeting.*分析下面两个句子： Men f this kind _____ dangerus. This kind f men _____ dangerus.拓展： n. f this kind/type/srt/categry 型：谓语动词和n.保持一致； this kind/type/srt/categry f n. 型：谓语动词用单数。
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（3）复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语，意义一致。 eg: The glass wrks was built up in 1980. 玻璃厂是1980年建的。 These glass wrks are near the railway statin. 这些玻璃厂在火车站附近。（4）由两部分组成的名词，trusers, glasses, shrts, scissrs等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。出现a pair f 等量词时，视情况而定。
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（5）what, wh, which, any, all, sme, mre, mst, such 等代词作主语时，代替单数名词或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数；若代替复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。eg: Such was the stry the by tld me. Such are the results.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（6）a number f + n.pl 着重数量时，谓语动词用复数；着重整体时，谓语动词用单数。若复数名词为时间，金钱等，谓语动词仍用单数。eg: A number f students were waiting fr the lessn t begin. A number f years has passed.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（7）the + adj. 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；the + adj. 表示抽象概念、单个人或事物，谓语动词用单数；the + adj.-est 表示事物作主语，谓语动词用单数。eg: The pr need help. The impssible has ften prved pssible. The best is the enemy f gd. （要求过高反而难以成功。）
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）拓展：the + adj. 表示一类人用法中，常见的形容词有：able, absent, accused, aged, brave, blind, capable, dead, dumb, dying, ignrant, injured, learned, living, ld, ppressed（受压迫的）, inncent, rich, pr, sick, deaf, handicapped, mentally-ill, unemplyed, unjust, wise, wunded, wrnged, yung 等。
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（8）定语从句中，关系代词that, which, wh作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。而在“ne f + 先行词 + 定语从句”的结构中，先行词为该复数名词，谓语动词用复数，若 ne f 前有the，则从句谓语用单数。eg: He is ne f my students wh are wrking hard. He is the nly ne f my friends wh is wrking hard.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（9）如果是书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名等的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。表示学科的以-ics结尾的名词作主语，用单数。eg: The Arabian Nights is an interesting stry bk. Physics is an imprtant subject in middle schls.（10）算式作主语，谓语动词单复数均可使用。eg: 3 times 3 is/are 9.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（11）由and 或 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。eg:Lucy and Lily are twins.◆如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。（bread and butter, knife and frk, car and hrse, ptat and chips） eg: The writer and artist has cme.◆由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, n mre than a/an, many a/an, mre than ne修饰时，谓语动词用单数。eg: Every student and every teacher was in the rm. N by and n girl likes it.
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）◆ne and a half + n.pl 做主语时，谓语动词用单（传统语法）复（现代语法）数均可。思考：“mre than + 1以上基数词 + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词如何?用复数形式
二.概念一致原则（the principle f ntinal cncrd）（12）动名词，不定式作主语，谓语动词通常用单数。eg: Playing ftball is my favrtite sprt.（13）主语后面有with, tgether with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, mre than, n less than, besides, including, accmpanied by, in additin t, cmbined with 等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。eg: Mr Green, tgether with his wife and children, has cme t China. Nbdy but Jim and Mike was n the playgrund.　 She, like yu and Tm, is very tall.
三.就近一致原则（the principle f prximity）1. 定义：句中不仅有一个主语，而谓语动词只和最靠近它的主语保持一致，称为“就近一致原则”。2. 几类情况：（1）主语由r, , , nt als..., 等连接，谓语动词和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。eg: Nt yu, but I am t blame.
三.就近一致原则（the principle f prximity）◆下列疑问句句型中，谓语动词仍与邻近的主语保持一致：eg: Are yu r he wrng? Has Tm r his brthers designed the engine?◆随着语言的发展，“”作主语时，谓语动词使用复数也公认是正确的。（考试或练习题中按照就近原则完成，仅供了解）
三.就近一致原则（the principle f prximity）（2）there/here be 结构中的主谓一致：一般情况下，和最靠近be动词的主语一致。（在该句型中，也可以和两个或更多的主语保持一致）其中的be动词还可以换成：exist, remain, appear, ccur, seem t, happen t, stand, cme等。eg: S lng as human beings remain curius, there seems n dubt that the whdunit（侦探小说）, in all its varius frms, will cntinue t exert its fatal attractin.（3）疑问句中，谓语动词常和靠近它的主语保持一致，复数亦可。eg: Is/Are yur sister and her husband cming t jin us?
一.并列结构的一致为使句子前后保持平衡和协调，句中的并列成分在结构上应保持一致。eg: I spent the mrnings ging fr lng walks in the beach, the afternns sitting under my favrite tree, reading bks and listening t tapes. I said nthing, knwing that a shw f displeasure wuld have labeled me ver sensitive rather than him rude.译：我沉默不语，心里明白如果我表示出不悦，那么人们会认为我过于敏感而不是他失礼。
二.比较成分的一致比较结构中，被比较的成分应该是同种成分。eg: Sme marketers are mre interested in yung peple's influence in ther buyers than in their rle as the main purchasers f certain items.译：与年轻人作为某些物品的主要购买者的作用相比，营销人员更感兴趣的是他们对其他购买者的影响力。 Human beings are mre alike than different. 译：人大同小异。
1. （ ）He was the nly ne f the bys wh ________ late fr B.is C.wereD.was【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他是班上唯一迟到的男孩。此处the nly ne是先行词，第三人称单数形式，所以后面定语从句的谓语动词用单数第三人称形式，且句子是一般过去时态，故答案为D。
2. （ ）A survey f the pinins f experts _________ that three hurs f utdr exercise a week ________ gd fr ne’s ; areB.shws; isC.shw; isD.shws; are【解析】考查主谓一致。A survey f the pinins f experts中中心词是survey调查，抽象名词，不可数，故谓语动词用单数。下文，主语是three hurs f utdr exercise，中心词是utdr exercise，抽象名词，不可数，故谓语动词用单数。选B。
3. （ ）In the past twenty years, a huge amunt f envirnmental damage ________ by air been causedB.have been causedC.was causedD.were caused【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的二十年里，空气污染已经对环境造成了很大的危害。“in the past +一段时间”一般与现在完成时连用，故排除C，D。分析可知，句子的主语a huge amunt f envirnmental damage和谓语cause之间是动宾关系，所以要用被动语态。主语为单数，谓语动词也要用单数。故选A项。
4. （ ）All pssible means ________ tried, but nt every means been; wrk B.has been; wrksC.have been; wrks D.has been; wrk【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：所有可能的方法都试过了，但不是所有的方法都有效。第一空有all来修饰means，所以谓语动词用复数形式；第二个空有every修饰means，所以用单数。故选C。
主谓一致 语法一致 概念一致 就近一致其它成分的一致