8.定语从句 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习

这是一份8.定语从句 课件-【百强校】新疆乌鲁木齐市第一中学2021届高三英语语法知识点复习，共47页。PPT课件主要包含了本节内容概述，巩固练习，in which，with whom，that，to which，本节内容小结等内容，欢迎下载使用。
在复合句中充当定语的从句，称为定语从句（the attributive clause）。□关系代词引导的定语从句□关系副词引导的定语从句□限制性和非限制性定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句1. wh/whm 指人，wh 在从句中作主语或宾语，whm 在从句中作宾语。例如： The man wh lives next dr wh(m) yu met at ur New Year's Party has invited us in fr bridge this mrning. The friends with whm I was travelling spke English.* wh/whm 作宾语时，可以省略。但是当出现介词（带介词的定语从句）时，若指人，介词之后只能用 whm 且不可以省略。wh 代替 whm 作宾语主要用于口语。
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句2. which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。例如： The huse in which he lives (= which he lives in) stands near ur schl. He still wears the ld vercat which has been wrn fr many years.* 关于介词出现在关系代词之前的情况，类似 whm 的用法，不可省略。而介词放在从句后面时，which 可以省略。
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句3. 当 which 作介词的宾语时，若介词与动词的关系紧密，构成短语动词时，一般不将它们拆开，介词仍放在从句的动词之后。例如： He is the patient whm I am taking care f. This was the letter which/that I had been waiting fr. 介词与有关动词没有关系时，必须置于关系代词之前。一些表示时间、地点的介词 during, beynd, beside, rund, ppsite 等都放在关系代词之前。如： The ld man lives in a small fishing village, beynd which there is a bridge. He turned t the dr, utside which the bys were playing and singing.
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句4. 有时 which 的先行词不是一个单词，而是整个主句所表达的概念，或是主句的一部分。这时，which 的意思相当于 and this，引导的都是非限定性定语从句。例如： He said he was ill, which was true. He wre his swimming suit in the ffice, which shcked his bss a great deal.5. 有时 which 的先行词是主句中用作表语的形容词。例如： She was fnd f music, which her brther never was. She was patient twards the children, which her husband seldm was.
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句6. 有时 which 的先行词指人，在主句中作表语，这时的 which 用来表示职业、品质或身份等。例如： She is a mdel wrker which her sister is nt. He is exactly the man which such an educatin was likely t frm.因此，比较下列句子的含义： He is nt the man whm yu think him t be. He is nt the man which yu think him t be.
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句7. 先行词为集体名词时，如作为一个集体看待，关系代词用 which，谓语动词用单数；若表示集体中的成员，关系代词用 wh，谓语动词用复数。比较： The audience, wh were mst enthusiastic, applauded the actr. The audience, which was mst enthusiastic, applauded the actr.8. 有时关系代词 which, whm 与介词连用，引导的不是定语从句，而是一个用作定语的不定式短语，用于非常正式的文体中。例如： She needs ther children t play with(frmal: ... with whm t play).
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句9. which 还可用作关系形容词，意为“这个；这些”。用作定语，常用来代替词组中的 this, that, these, thse。例如： We tld him t cnsult a dctr, which (= and this) advice he tk. I called him by the wrng name, fr which mistake I aplgize. He is studying ecnmics, which knwledge is very imprtant tday. Tm spent 4 years in cllege, during which time he learned French. We will mve int the new schl next term, by which time it will be finished.
一. wh/whm 和 which 引导的定语从句10. 先行词是婴孩时，关系代词也可用 which 。11. 先行词是用 -bdy 或 -ne 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词只能用 wh ，不能用 which 。例如： If there is anybdy else whm we shuld invite, remember t give me his name.12. 先行词为 that 且指物时，关系代词只能用 which 。例如： What's that which flashed thrugh the sky just nw?13. 先行词为物且其后有插入语时，关系代词只能用 which 。例如： Here is the English bk which, as I tld yu, will help yu imprve yur English.
二. that 引导的定语从句1. that 指物或人均可，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语和表语时常可省略。例如： She is the nly persn that understands me.（作主语） Shw me the cat (that) yu have bught.（作宾语） He still talks like the man (that) he was 10 years ag.（作表语）2. 关系代词 that 在句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它前面，只能放在句中有关动词的后面，that 可以省略。例如： This is the bk that I was asking abut.
二. that 引导的定语从句3. 先行词为物时，下列情况下关系代词一般只用 that ，不用 which 。（1）先行词是 all, everything, smething, anything, nthing, nne, n ne, few, little, much, the ne 等不定代词。例如： That's all that I knw. Is there anything that I can d fr yu?（2）先行词前有 all, much, little, nly, any, few, n, ne f, the very, the same 等修饰。例如： There is little time that we can spare. Yu can take any seat that is free.
二. that 引导的定语从句3. 先行词为物时，下列情况下关系代词一般只用 that ，不用 which 。（3）先行词为序数词所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词。例如： This is the first cmpsitin that I have written in English. Yesterday I caught tw fish and yu can see the tw that are still alive.（4）先行词为形容词最高级修饰，或本身是形容词最高级。例如： This is the best film that has been shwn this year. This is the best that has been used against pllutin.
二. that 引导的定语从句3. 先行词为物时，下列情况下关系代词一般只用 that ，不用 which 。（5）被修饰成分为系动词 be 后的短语，或关系词本身是从句的表语。如： It is a bk that will help yu a lt. My hme village is n lnger the place that it used t be.（6）主句以 there be 开头。例如： There is a seat in the crner that is still free. （7）先行词既有人又有物。例如： They talked the things and persns that they remembered in the schl.
二. that 引导的定语从句4. 在表明方式、时间、地点或原因的单词后面，常用 that 来代替 in which, when, where, why 。that 也可省略。例如： I didn't like the way (that) she spke t me. I'll never frget the Sunday (that) yu first arrived. D yu knw anywhere (that) I can get a drink? This is the reasn (that) he came.
二. that 引导的定语从句5. （1）先行词是 way（方式，方法）时，其后的定语从句分两种情况： A. 用 that 或 which 引导，在从句中作状语，均可省略。例如： We were surprised at the way (that/in which) he did in the experiment. I dn't like the way (that/in which) yu laugh at her. B. 用 that, which 引导，在从句中作主语，均不可省略。例如： This is the way that is familiar t me.
二. that 引导的定语从句5. （2）the way 还可以表示： A. 像那样：Nbdy else lves yu the way (=as) I d. B. 根据来看： The way (=Accrding as) yu are studying, yu wn't make much prgress. We must d the way he teaches us.
二. that 引导的定语从句6. but 也可用作否定句的关系代词，用法相当于 wh/which/that nt。其先行词为否定词语或有否定词语修饰（few, hardy, n, nne, scarcely 等）。如： N sunshine but has sme shadw. 译：人无完人。 There are very few but admire his talents. There was nt a single persn but thught yu were right. Scarcely a man amng them but was deeply mved.
二. that 引导的定语从句7. 口语中，there/it/wh be 后的关系代词（主语）也都是省略的。例如： There was a man (wh) called t see yu while yu were ut. It is he (wh) makes all the plans fr the whle rganizatin.8. 若从句中含有 there be 结构，关系代词，即从句的主语，一般都省略。例如： This is the nly ne there is. = This is the nly ne that exists. I must make full use f the time there is left t me and d as much as I can fr the peple.
三. whse 引导的定语从句 whse 指人或物，在从句中做定语。指物时，whse 相当于表示所属关系的 f which。例如： That's the new machine whse parts are t small t be seen. I want t talk t the bys whse hmewrk hasn't been handed in. He's written a bk whse name (= the name f which) I've frgtten. There are a few wrds in the lessn, whse spelling (= the spelling f which, f which the spelling) may cause truble t beginners.
四. as 引导的定语从句1. as 作为关系代词，主要和 s, such 和 the same 连用（such, the same修饰先行词，或本身作先行词），也可单用。as 在从句中作主语、表语或宾语。例如： Such men as heard him praised him.（作主语） He is nt the same man as he was befre.（作表语） She wears the same kind f clthes as her sister wears.（作宾语） Things never lk the same after a lng absence as they lked befre.（as 作表语，the same 本身作先行词）
四. as 引导的定语从句2. 与其它的关系代词不同，as 作为关系代词时常常具有它原来的词汇意义：像这样的人（或物）。3. such ... as ... 表示“像这样的”（as 作关系代词，引导定语从句）。有时 such 不放在所修饰的词前面，而和 as 放在一起。例如： There was a strm such as I had never experienced befre.4. 用了 such，不可用关系代词 wh/whm, which, that，亦不可用关系副词 where。
关系副词引导的定语从句
一. when 引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在从句中作状语，其先行词为表示时间的名词。例如： That was a perid when(= in/during which) he lived here. The day when(= n which) they mved int their new huse was bright and sunny.2. 先行词为 ccasin（时刻，场合）时，引导定语从句的关系词也用when。例如： There are ccasins when yu must nt refuse.
二. where 引导的定语从句1. where 指地点，在从句中作状语，其先行词为表示地点的名词。例如： The bridge where(= n/frm which) this pht was taken has since been rebuilt. I always want t have a study where(= in which) I culd d my hmewrk.2. 表示地点的先行词可以是 place, rm, huse, schl, street, twn, cuntry, desk, table 等。另外，先行词为 case（情况；场合）, pint（地方；地点）, psitin（处境；状况）, situatin（地点；位置；处境）, spt（场所）, stage（阶段）, atmsphere（气氛）时，引导定语从句的关系词也用 where。
二. where 引导的定语从句3. 有时 when, where 前可以加适当的介词。例如： We all std n the tp f the high building frm where we culd see the city. Jack hid himself behind the dr frm where he still culd see what wuld happen t his classmate. We came back n Tuesday; since when we have been wrking in the repair shp.三. why 引导的定语从句 why 指原因，在从句中作状语，先行词一般只能为 reasn 。例如： The reasn why(= fr which) he is silent is nt knwn.
四. 关系副词引导的定语从句的注意事项1. 关系副词 when, where, why 在非正式文体中可以省略。2. 虽然先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的 reasn ，但关系词在从句中不是充当状语而是充当主语、宾语等，就不能用关系副词。比较： I still remember the days when we wrked tgether. During the days that fllwed, he wrked as a servant. This is the schl where I am ging t wrk. This is the schl which we visited last mnth. This is the reasn why we must g nw. This is the reasn that he tld me.
四. 关系副词引导的定语从句的注意事项3. 关系副词引导的定语从句，其关系副词通常可以替换为“介词 + which”的形式，即带介词的定语从句。基本方法为：先识别先行词作为时间、地点或原因（reasn）其作状语时需要搭配的介词（这一步需要将从句单独拿出还原为一个带有先行词作状语的独立的单句），然后用“介词 + which”替换原关系副词。需要注意的是，关系副词其本身已经包含了“介词 + 时间/地点/原因”，在从句中对应状语位置不应当出现介词。例如： This is the era when China is develping steadily and smthly. 从句转换为独立的单句：China is ... smthly during the era. 还原：This is the era during which ... .
限制性和非限制性定语从句
1. 限制性定语从句时先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，没有它，主句的意思就不完整。它同主句关系密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明，没有它，主句的意思仍然完整。它同主句的关系松弛，写时常用逗号与主句分开。2. 非限制性定语从句可用关系代词 wh, whm, whse, which, as 和关系副词 when, where 引导（不用 that, why 引导）。关系代词引导的限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语时，可以省略；而引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语时，不可省略。
2. 观察下列句子： Give it t Jhn, wh needs it. My father, whm yu met in Paris, is nw back in Lndn. Dr. Nrman Bethune, whse name is well-knwn, was brn in 1890 in Canada. China has its wn English newspaper, China Daily, which is published in Beijing. As was expected, he succeeded at last. We will pstpne the picnic until Sep. 5th, when the weather may be better. In the USA, there are many restaurants, where peple can enjy Chinese fd.
3. 关系代词只用 which 而不用 as 的情况：（1）关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾语。例如： I dn't think that he will cme t see me, which makes me sad.（2）主句和从句存在着逻辑上的因果关系时。例如： Tm was late fr schl again, which made his teacher very angry.
3. 关系代词只用 which 而不用 as 的情况：（3）非限制性定语从句是否定句。例如： He pretended nt t knw me, which I didn’t understand.（4）非限制性定语从句中的 be 动词不能省略时，用which，反之用as。例如： Jhn tld me she wn the match, which was a lie. As (was) planned, we met at airprt.
4. 关系代词只用 as 而不用 which 的情况：（1）定语从句置于主句前面时。例如： As is knwn t all, the mn travels rund the earth nce every mnth.（2）先行词作主语且定语从句使用被动语态时，通常用 as 不用 which，从句谓语通常为 be knwn, be said, be reprted, be annunced, be mentined 等。 如果从句是主动语态，一般用which作主语。例如： She has been absent, as is expected. Tm has made rapid prgress, which makes me very happy.
4. 关系代词只用 as 而不用 which 的情况：（3）as通常用在习惯语中：as ften happens, as seems likely, as was said earlier, as appears, as was printed ut, as I remember, as I understand, as we have expected, as is ften the case, as anybdy can see, as is knwn t all 等。例如： Jack has wn the first prize, as ften happens. She has read widely in Rmantic Literature, as appears frm her essay.（4）引导非限制性定语从句，含有“正如，正像”的意思时。5. as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可放在主句之前、之后或者插在中间，而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
6. as 引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词为整个主句；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个名词，也可以是整个主句。7*. 有些定语从句在语法结构中作定语用，但在语言上却表达状语的意义。下面给出表达原因状语、结果状语、让步状语、目的状语、条件状语、时间状语的例句。供有兴趣的同学参考。 Einstein, wh was a Jew, fund the drs f study clsed t him.（wh was a Jew 相当于 as he was a Jew） The trlley-bus stpped suddenly, which caused me t cme late.（which caused 相当于 s that I came late） Karl, wh studied very hard, failed in the examinatin.（wh studied very hard 相当于 thugh he studied ...） They set up a state f their wn, where they wuld be free t keep Negres as slaves.（where ... 相当于 s that ...） He wh des nt reach the Great Wall is nt a true man.（全句相当于 He's nt a true man if he desn't reach the Great Wall.） The sun, which had hidden behind the cluds almst all day, nw came ut shining.（which ... 相当于 after it ...）
1. I can think f many cases _______ students bviusly knew a lt f English wrds and expressins but culdn't write a gd essay.A. why B. which C. as D. where
2. Gerge Orwell, ________ was Eric Arthur, wrte many plitical nvels and essays.A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whse real name
3. The factry ____ the students visited last week is the ne ____ I have wrked fr thee years.A. that; which B. when; in which C. /; where D. which; that
4. He made anther wnderful discvery, _____ f great imprtance t science.A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is
5. Last mnth, part f Sutheast Asia was struck by flds, frm ____ effects the peple are still suffering.A. thatB. whse C. thseD. what
6. 用适当的关系词填空，必要时可以加介词。（1）The English play ________ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.（2）American wmen usually identify their best friend as smene _________ they can talk frequently.（3）He never reads anything _______ is nt wrth reading.（4）Henry set up a club fr ftball fans, ________ he invited all his friends.（5）Mark was a teacher frm 1999 t 2003, ____________ time he wrked very hard.
during which
7. 翻译。（1）他因为疫情居家隔离（stay at hme in quarantine），在这期间他进行线上授课。 He stayed at hme in quarantine fr the sake f pandemic, during which time he taught lessns nline.（2）我昨天买了一个有一些人造裂纹的陶瓷花瓶，它的价格很合理。 I bught a pttery vase with sme artificial flaws n it yesterday, the price f which/whse price was reasnable.
关系代词引导的定语从句关系副词引导的定语从句限制性和非限制性定语从句