2021年高考英语二轮复习任务型阅读考点讲解含解析

这是一份2021年高考英语二轮复习任务型阅读考点讲解含解析，共18页。试卷主要包含了常用阅读方法，常用突破方法，常用训练方法，常用词汇及词组转换等内容，欢迎下载使用。
任务型阅读要求考生不但要掌握具体事实情节，又要理解其深层含义，包括作者的态度、观点、意图等，掌握所读材料的主旨大意、中心思想；既要理解文章的含义及逻辑关系，又要根据其含义及逻辑关系进行判断和推理，运用材料中的信息去理解、分析问题。
一、常用阅读方法
1．扫读
扫读图表，分析表格结构和内容，理清其显示的层次关系，明确任务要求。要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。一般题目的结构是：
(1)全文的标题：在标题中缺少一个关键词，根据文章填出所缺的关键词。
(2)各段大意：试题中给出各段大意，在给出的信息中缺少一些关键内容，学生把文章的各段对应起来，找准信息。
(3)对各段大意的详细的阐述：从文章各段或分散在全文的对应的信息点出发，这要求学生有高度驾驭语篇的能力，在文章中找到准确的信息完成填空。
2．略读
快速浏览全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即主题句和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本框架结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目可能就是根据文章的结构而设计的。
3．细读
精读与空格中要填的信息有关的文段，寻找确定答案的关键词语，或从文中进行概括，同时仔细斟酌用词，确保填的是最恰当词的最恰当形式。如填写时要注意所填单词的结构和形式，看是否与表格中所给的格式相同，同时注意单词的拼写、短语的搭配、所填词汇的词性、所填单词是否符合题目要求，还要注意字母的大小写。
4．复读
填写表格后要通读所填内容，通观全篇，核对文章和任务，确保准确性。
二、常用突破方法
1．阅读文章前观察图表(表格的结构和填空句的结构)
认真阅读表格及其中的内容，注意其横向、纵向的类别规律和表达方式。
(1)是否有标题/是否需要填标题(利用所给标题了解文章大意)。
(2)浏览表格，大致了解文章结构(利用已给信息了解文章主线)。
(3)是否需要统一的形式(短语类还是句子类)。
2．阅读文章后进行填词
(1)通览全文，利用表格中的信息提示，准确地在文中找到答案的信息来源。
(2)选词要尽可能完整，准确地表达出文中信息(先确定词意，再确定词性，最后确定所选词的适当的词形变化)。
①动词要注意时态、语态和非谓语形式的变化。
②名词要注意数和格的变化。
③形容词、副词要注意各自不同的修饰功能和比较级、最高级。
④连词要注意行文的逻辑关系。
⑤注意字母的大小写。
3．填词后通读表格
(1)再次确保答案与表格内容的一致性。
(2)注意语意是否流畅，确保语意和语法两方面都正确。
[典例]
请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Have yu ever wndered why there are s many skin clrs in the wrld? D yu knw why peple living in particular areas usually have a certain clr? Bilgy and histry are the tw reasns fr this.
Skin cntains smething called melanin，which determines a persn’s skin clr.The mre melanin a persn has，the darker his r her skin will be.The amunt f and the prductin f melanin are cntrlled by genetics，but can be affected by ther things，such as sunlight.If a persn lives in a place with less sunlight，a persn’s bdy will prduce less melanin，making the skin lighter.
Skin clr is als affected by anther surce—vitaminD．Humans all need vitamin D t build bnes.Peple can get it by eating fds such as fish and milk，r frm sunlight，s sunlight absrbed by melanin cannt be used fr vitamin D prductin.Therefre，a dark­skinned persn will prduce less vitamin D than a light­skinned persn when they receive the same amunt f sunlight.
The cnnectin between vitamin D prductin and skin clr is clear when we lk at evlutin.The earliest humans lived in Africa，and they prduced less vitamin D because f their dark skin.As a result，their skin made less melanin，s they culd get enugh sunlight t prduce vitaminD．Their skin gradually gt lighter.Nw，peple living in areas with strng sunlight like Africa，have darker skin，while peple living in ther areas have lighter skin.The exceptin t this is the Inuit，wh live in a place with little sunlight，but have dark skin because they eat a lt f fish and have enugh vitaminD．
Evlutin has given us a rainbw f skin clrs.Humans have always had melanin t determine ur skin clr.What has changed thrugh histry is the envirnment where we have lived.This has in turn changed ur melanin prductin，and eventually，skin clr.
A Wrld f Skin Clr
eq \a\vs4\al([解题思路])
1．审题
(1)审题目要求
①是否可用文中的词填写。
②弄清字数限制。
此任务阅读限定每个空格只填一个词；对是否用文中的词填写没有限制，即可用文中的词。
(2)审任务设置类型
①表格式。(结构常为对比陈述；通常分左右栏，左栏为文章提纲，右栏为文章细节。)
此短文设置为表格任务型。左栏为文章提纲：brief intrductin，reasns fr skin clrs，bilgy reasns, histrical reasns，cnclusin；右栏为支撑每一tpic的细节。
②树状式。(结构常为先总后分；通常分上下框，上框为tpic sentences，下框为supprting sentences。)
2．阅读
(1)读图表(快速浏览，了解短文的写作提纲。)
浏览图表，了解：tpic sentence 1→details；tpic sentence 2→details...
(2)读短文
①快读：快速浏览全文，抓住文章主题，同时结合图表，洞悉文章结构。
Paragraph 1→Tpic sentence 1...
②细读：仔细阅读，获取充分信息，查出答题的对应信息点。
第一空Paragraph 1归纳结构类词；
第二空对应信息点为why peple living_in_particular_areas usually have...。
第三空对应信息点为Bilgy and histry are the tw reasns fr this.要求学会同义转换。
第四空对应信息点为which_determines_a persn’s skin clr。
第五空对应信息点为． darker his r her skin will be.。
第六空对应信息点为Skin clr is als affected_by anther surce—vitaminD．。
第七空对应信息点为．..a dark­skinned persn will prduce less...。
第八空对应信息点为． darker skin，while peple...。
第九空对应信息点为Paragraph 5归纳结构类词。
第十空对应信息点为． melanin t determine ur skin clr.。
3．答题
(1)结构类的词：
①熟记常见结构类词汇。归纳掌握常见的表达文章结构的概括性词汇：intrductin(导入)，cause/reasn(原因)，advantage(优点)，disadvantage(不足)，attitude(态度)，result/effect/cnsequence(结果)，suggestin/advice/tip(建议)，ds和dn’ts等。
②确定答案。
a．联系图表左栏的上下栏，确定用词及词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
b．联系图表左栏与之相对应的右栏的细节，归纳结构类用词和词的形式。(大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
(2)细节类的词：
①明确信息点。细读文章，明确答题的相应信息点在文中的具体位置，确定用词后归纳用词。
②联系上下前后。
a．对照短文中的信息点，联系图表右栏的上下栏目，确定用词。(文中原词或归纳的词的形式——大小写、单复数、动词＋­ing等)
b．对照短文中的信息点，联系所填词的前后，确定用词(文中原词或归纳的词)的形式。
③敲定答案。根据短文信息点，联系填空上下前后，敲定答案。
第一空 intrductin；第九空cnclusin，联系图表上下前后开头字母大写、单数。
第二空信息点为areas，联系前后搭配a...故用area。
第三空同义转换 are→lie in。
第四空信息点为． determines...，联系前后搭配． is...转换为determined。
第五空信息点为． darker his r her...，故用darker。
第六空信息点为． als affected by...，联系前后句子结构故用affecting作后置定语。
第七空信息点为． prduce less vitamin...联系前后t...，故用原形prduce。
第八空信息点为．，while peple living in ther...，故用while。
第十空信息点为． melanin t determine ur...联系前后搭配故用plays。
4．检查
检查单词的拼写、大小写、单复数、时态、语态等。
[答案] 1.intrductin 2.area 3.lie 4.determined
5．darker 6.affecting 7.prduce 8.while
9．Cnclusin 10.plays
三、常用训练方法
1．信息查找题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息。常用方法是带着问题有意识地在细节处和关键处做标记。如：
(1)5W and 1H：wh，what，when，where，why，hw
(2)时间先后：first，then，after that，next，finally
(3)因果：because，thus，lead t，cause，as a result f
(4)比较：similarly，differently，likeness，unlike，alike，cmmn，just as，
(5)转折：but，while，hwever，instead，n the cntrary
2．信息转换题
解题关键是根据问题查找定位信息，加工分析并转换成另一种表达方式。
常见的转换方式有：
(1)词性转换。即练习将一种词类转换成另一种词类，主要包括动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。解题方法很简单，只要在文中找到关键词即可。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文：Many yung peple listen t classical music withut realising.
转换成表格中：Many yung peple dn’t 78.____________sme music they listen t is classical.
分析：抓住关键词realising，将它转换为动词。答案为realise(realize)/knw/recgnise (recgnize)。
②原文：Als，sme peple pint ut that yung peple prduce new music based n classical ideas：
转换成表格中：Classical ideas prvide a 79.____________fr prducing new music.
分析：抓住关键词based，将它转换为名词。答案为basis。
③原文： is said that rap(说唱)music was invented by a classical musician in 1912，but it is nw used by yung peple in pp music.
转换成表格中：Yung peple nw 80.____________ rap in ppular music.
分析：抓住关键词used，将其被动形式转换为主动形式。答案为use。
④原文： Nwadays，yu dn’t need t get aching arms frm practising.A teenager can write and make music using a cmputer prgram in the cmfrt f their wn bedrm.
转换成表格中：A yung man can write and make music n a cmputer 82.____________ in his bedrm.
分析：抓住关键词cmfrt，将其名词形式转换为副词。答案为cmfrtably。
⑤原文： when it cmes t enjying classical music，it depends n the piece f music.
转换成表格中：Classical music may still be 85.____________ by yung peple tday.
分析：抓住关键词enjying，将其转换为enjyed。答案为enjyed。
(2)句子结构转换。做此类题首先要理解题意，其次仔细比较原句和题目，明白出题人的意图，只要找出题眼就不难得出答案。以2014年高考安徽卷为例：
①原文： yu lk at the audience at a classical cncert，the majrity is ver the age f fifty.
转换成表格中：77.____________f the audience at a classical cncert are ver fifty.
分析：句中the majrity＝mst f the audience。答案为Mst。
②原文：A final pint t bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used t refer t a great variety f music，frm jazz t pieces fr large rchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中：“Classical music”can refer t varius 83.____________ f music.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐可以被用来指各种各样的音乐。句中a great variety f＝varius kinds/types/srts f。答案为kinds/types/srts。
③原文：A final pint t bear in mind is that the term “classical music” is used t refer t a great variety f music，frm jazz t pieces fr large rchestras(管弦乐队)．
转换成表格中： Classical music 84.____________ frm jazz t pieces fr large rchestras.
分析：根据原文句意可知：古典音乐的范围包含爵士乐到大的管弦乐队。答案为ranges(范围从……到……变化)。
(3)同义词和反义词转换。即练习将一词的反义词找出来。做此类题的技巧如下：
①以前缀和后缀来表示，例如happy—unhappy，like—dislike等。例如：
原句：She thught her husband was faithful t her.But the discvery shcked her.
转换为：The discvery that her husband was____________t her was a shcking t her.
分析：由原句中的后半句可知Her husband was nt faithful t her。因此需要找出一个词和nt faithful意义相同的词。答案：unfaithful。
②有很多词并没有前缀和后缀形式标志，如ld—yung，lng—shrt，different—same等。例如：
原句：He seldm visited his friend Tm after the quarrel last time.
转换为：But fr the quarrel last time，he wuld be a ____________visitr t his friend Tm.
分析：仔细分析原句，可知本题关键是找出seldm的反义词，而且能修饰visitr。答案：frequent。
③以词组形式出现，如：be gd at—be weak in，get int—get ut f，turn n—turn ff，turn dwn—turn up，be awake—be asleep，catch up with—fall behind，—等。例如：
原句：Everything in the huse was neat and tidy.But the naughty by changed it thrughly.
转换为：The naughty by left everything in the huse in a ____________．
分析：本题关键是找出一个和in搭配的固定短语作为neat and tidy的反义短语。答案：mess。
3．信息归纳题
(1)解题关键：根据问题查找定位信息，找出共性的东西。
(2)归纳词的特征：
①概括性(在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息)
②针对性(量体裁衣，大小适度)
③准确性(简洁)
(3)一般来说，左边一栏基本都是概括题型，有定义、标题概括，建议、方法概括，结论概括。
①定义、标题概括，此类题一般在图表的第一空，可以在文章第一段找出信息，都是对本文title 的一个定义解释。如
a.
b.
c.
②建议、方法概括。
③结论概括。
把握文章的中心思想，抓住作者的写作意图，最终得出一个结论。
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
四、常用词汇及词组转换
原因与结果：reasn(fr)，cause(f)；result，effect，cnsequence
异同点与优缺点：difference，similarity；advantage/benefit，
disadvantage
功能：functin
观点与态度：pinin，view(n/abut)，viewpint，idea；attitude t/twards
评论、评价：cmment(n)，remark(n/upn)，assessment
表方式、方法：way(t d sth./f ding sth.)，means，methd(f)；slutin，apprach(t ding sth.)；take measures t d sth.
目的：purpse，aim，gal
积极与消极：psitive；negative
建议： advice，suggestin，tip
概括、总结：summary，cnclusin
特点：feature，characteristic
种类：kind，type，categry，class
精神上与身体上：mentally；physically
影响：influence，impact，effect(n)
情形、状况：situatin，cnditin
建立：build，create，establish，fund
出现：appear，ccur(­red)
实现、完成：reach，realize，accmplish
必要与必需：necessity；must
方面与项目、条款：aspect；item
材料：materials
知识与消息：knwledge；infrmatin
计划与日程：schedule；agenda
百分比：percentage
性别：sex
年龄：age
满意：satisfactin
忧虑、担忧、焦急：cncern
(不)熟悉：familiar /unfamiliar
个人，个人的：individual
细节：descriptin，detail
文化：culture
责任：(take)respnsibility
贡献：(make)cntributins t
重要：value，imprtance，significance
比较：cntrast，cmparisn
时期：perid，time
存在：existence，exist
花费：cst，expense
人口：ppulatin
天气与气候：weather；climate
位置：lcatin
主题：theme，tpic
背景：setting，backgrund
情节：plt
高潮：climax
结尾：ending，cnsequence
反对者与支持者：ppnent，supprter
【转换类常用词汇】
1．100 years＝1 century＝10 decades
2．take advantage f＝make use f
3．parental attentin＝with the help/aid/assistance f parents
4．ppse the mve＝be against the mve＝bject t the mve＝disagree with the mve
5．cnsider...＝ cnsideratin/accunt
6．at the beginning＝at first
7．be respnsible fr＝take/shulder/bear respnsibility fr
8．since the beginning f human evlutin＝thrughut human histry
9．in search f better jb pprtunities＝seeking/searching/lking fr better jb pprtunities
10．husing­related reasns＝reasns related/linked/relevant t/cnnected with husing
11．take an active part in＝take part in sth.actively
12．encurage participatin in quiet activities＝encurage sb.t participate in/take part in/play a rle in quiet activities
13．be hked n headphnes＝be addicted t headphnes
14．valuable infrmatin＝infrmatin f great value
15．understand clearly＝have a clear understanding f sth.
16．affect＝have an effect/influence/impact n sth.
17．matter＝cunt＝be very imprtant＝be f imprtance＝make sense＝make a difference
18．kill sb.＝claim ne’s life
19．make an aplgy＝aplgize t sb.
20．be ver＝end＝ an end
21．despite＝in spite f
22．share less than 2%＝accunt fr less than 2%＝make up less than 2%
23．nline＝n the Internet
24．learn gd citizenship＝learn t be gd citizens
25．list the things that yu are gd at＝list what/all yu are gd at
26．explain sth.＝make an explanatin
27．ffer sth.t sb.＝prvide/supply sth.fr sb.
28．besides＝n tp f＝in additin t＝apart frm
29．be better than＝be superir t
30．apprve f＝subscribe t＝be in favr/supprt f＝favr
31．have access t＝be acceptable/accessible/available t
32．stp＝quit＝give up
33．cmpensate fr＝make up fr
34．in part＝partly
35．every year＝yearly＝annually
36．use up＝run ut f(主动)
37．run ut＝give ut＝be used up(被动)
38．be accused f＝be charged with
39．mst f the peple＝the majrity f the peple
40．cater t/fr ne’s needs/demands/requirements＝satisfy/meet ne’s...
41．starve t death＝die f hunger/starvatin
42．be tired ut＝be wrn ut＝be exhausted
43．scially respnsible＝scial respnsibility
44．sth.benefits sb.＝be beneficial t sb.＝be f benefit t sb.＝sb.benefits frm sth.
45．cmmit neself t ding sth.＝prmise t d sth.
46．make full use f＝make the mst/best f
A
(2019·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The Cst f Thinking
Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability t walk upright n tw legs.
The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extrardinarily large brains cmpared with ther animals. It seems bvius that evlutin shuld select fr larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物) weighing sixty kilgrams have an average brain size f 200 cm3. Mdern man has a brain averaging 1200－1400 cm3. We are s fnd f ur high intelligence that we assume that when it cmes t brain pwer, mre must be better. Unfrtunately, that is nt the case.
The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—cnsumptin f energy—n the bdy. It’s nt easy t carry arund, especially when bxed inside a massive skull(颅骨). It’s even harder t prvide energy. In mdern man, the brain accunts fr abut 2－3% f ttal bdy weight, but it cnsumes 25% f the bdy’s energy when the bdy is at rest. By cmparisn, the brains f apes(类人猿) require nly 8% f rest­time energy. Early humans paid fr their large brains in tw ways. Firstly, they spent mre time in search f fd.Secndly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It’s hardly an bvius cnclusin that this is a gd way t survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can’t win an argument with a mdern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag dll.
Anther unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it’s easier t find fd r enemies. In additin, their arms that are unnecessary fr mving arund are freed fr ther purpses, like thrwing stnes r signaling. As a result, humans can perfrm very cmplex tasks with their hands.
Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bne structure f ur ancestrs develped fr millins f years t supprt a creature that walked n all furs and had a relatively small head. Adjusting t an upright psitin was quite a challenge, especially when the bnes had t supprt an extra­large skull. Humankind paid fr its brad visin and skillful hands with backaches and painful necks.
We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems bvius that these have made humankind the mst pwerful animal n earth. But humans enjyed all f these advantages fr a full 2 millin years during which they remained weak and marginal creatures. Thus humans wh lived a millin years ag, despite their big brains and sharp stne tls, lived in cnstant fear f meat­eating animals.
【解题导语】 脑子大与直立行走是人区别于其他动物的主要特征，这两个特征都各有利弊。
71．characteristics 解析：根据第一段中的“all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability t walk upright n tw legs”可知，本题答案为characteristics。
72．disadvantages 解析：根据表格右栏内容可知，该部分主要阐述了脑子大的一些不利之处，故本题答案为disadvantages。
73．energy 解析：根据第三段中的“the brain accunts brains f apes(类人猿) require nly 8% f rest­time energy”可知，和人类相比，类人猿的大脑需要较少的能量，故本题答案为energy。
74．impact(s) 解析：根据表格右栏中的内容可知，该部分从正反两方面论述了直立行走的影响，故本题答案为impact(s)。
75．guard 解析：根据第四段中的“it’s easier t find fd r enemies”可知，直立行走更有利于寻找食物和防范敌人，故本题答案为guard。
76．ther 解析：根据第四段中的“are freed fr ther purpses, like thrwing stnes r signaling”可知，解放的双手可以有一些其他的用途。
77．limits 解析：根据第五段中的“had a relatively small when the bnes had t supprt an extra­large skull”可知，在进化过程中，直立行走对人的大脑的尺寸有限制。
78．physical 解析：根据第五段最后一句可知，直立行走会导致身体上的一些痛苦，故本题答案为physical。
79．beat 解析：根据最后一段内容可知，脑子大使我们在智力方面胜过其他动物，故本题答案为beat。
80．fearful/afraid 解析：根据文章最后一句中的“lived in cnstant fear f meat­eating animals”可知，本题答案为fearful/afraid。
B
(2018·江苏卷)请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。
Hw Arts Prmte Our Ecnmy
When mst peple think f the arts, they imagine the end prduct, the beautiful painting, a wnderful piece f music, r an award­winning perfrmance in the theater. But arts grups bring brader value t ur cmmunities. The ecnmic impact f the arts is ften verlked and badly judged.
The arts create jbs that help develp the ecnmy. Any given perfrmance takes a tur bus full f artists, technical experts, managers, musicians, r writers t create an appealing piece f art. These peple earn a living wage fr their prfessinal knwledge and skills.
Anther grup f flks is needed t help market the event. “If yu build it they will cme” is a misleading belief. Painters, digital media experts, phtgraphers, bking agents and prmters are hired t sell tickets and prmte the event. Accrding t the Dallas Area Cultural Advcacy Calitin, arts agencies emply mre than 10，000 peple as full­r part­time emplyees r independent cntractrs.
A successful arts neighbrhd creates a ripple effect (连锁反应) thrughut a cmmunity. In 2005, when the Bishp Arts Theatre was dnated t ur twn, the lcatin was cnsidered a pr area f twn. After investing mre than $ 1 millin in recnstructing the building, we began prducing a full seasn f theater perfrmances, jazz cncerts, and year­rund arts educatin prgrams in 2008. Nearly 40 percent f jazz lvers live utside f the Dallas city limits and drive r fly in t enjy an evening in the Bishp Arts District.
N dubt the theater has cntributed t the area’s develpment and ecnmic grwth. Tday，there are galleries, studis, restaurants and newly built wrk spaces where neighbrs share experiences, where there is renewed life and energy. In this way, arts and culture als serve as a public gd.
TeC Theatrical Prductins Inc. made use f Blmberg’s investment f $35，000 t get nearly $400，000 in public and private sectr supprt during the tw­year perid. Further, Dallas arts and arts­based businesses prduce $298 fr every dllar the city spends n arts prgramming and facilities. In Philadelphia, a metr area smaller than Dallas, the arts have an ecnmic impact f almst $3 billin and supprt 44，000 jbs, 80 percent f which actually lie utside the arts industry, including accuntants, marketers, cnstructin wrkers, htel managers, printers, and ther kinds f art wrkers.
The arts are efficient ecnmic drivers and when they are supprted, the entire small­business cmmunity benefits.
It is wrng t assume arts grups cannt make a prfit. But in rder t stay in business, arts grups must prduce returns. If yu are a student studying the arts, chances are yu have been ill­advised t have a plan B． But thse wh truly understand the ecnmic impact and can wrk t change the patterns can create a wide range f career pssibilities.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了艺术是如何促进经济发展的。
71．benefit 解析：根据第一段第二句“But arts grups bring brader value t ur cmmunities.”可知，从经济方面来讲，我们的社区从艺术中得到了很多的好处。短语benefit frm“从……中受益”，故填benefit。
72．Ways 解析：根据表格的提示和文章内容可知，此处讲述了艺术推进经济发展的几种途径，故填Ways。
73．jint/cllective 解析：根据文章第二段中的“The arts create jbs that help develp the ecnmy.Any given perfrmance takes a tur bus full f artists，technical experts，managers, musicians，r writers t create an appealing piece f art.”可知，艺术活动需要艺术家、科技专家、经理、音乐家或作家的共同努力，故填jint/cllective。
74．prmtin/marketing 解析：根据文章第三段中的“Anther grup f flks is needed t help market the event.”可知，还需要另一些人帮助推销，故填prmtin/marketing。
75．effect 解析：根据第四段中提到的一系列数据可推知艺术有逐渐扩大的影响，故填effect。
76．fares 解析：根据第四段最后一句“Nearly 40 percent f t enjy an evening in the Bishp Arts District.”可知，除了票的费用之外，一些爵士乐爱好者还要支付往返活动场所的费用，故填fares。
77．psitive 解析：第六段讲述的是艺术方面的投资能够产生潜在的积极的经济效益，故填psitive。
78．utside/beynd 解析：根据第六段最后一句“ lie utside the arts industry...”中的utside的提示可知这里填utside/beynd。
79．statistics/data/analyses 解析：最后一段是总结，上面通过一系列数据来说明艺术能带来经济效益，故填statistics/data/analyses。
80．alternative 解析：根据文章最后一段中的“If yu are a student studying the arts，chances are yu have been ill­advised t have a plan B．”可知，艺术生不需要担心他们的工作，他们有选择的机会，故填alternative。
Brief
1．__________________
Peple living in a particular 2.____________usually have the same skin clr and there are many different skin clrs in the wrld.
Reasns fr skin clrs
The reasns fr different skin clrs mainly 3.____________in bilgy and histry.
Bilgy
reasns
•The amunt f melanin，by which a persn’s skin clr is 4.____________，varies frm peple t peple.The mre melanin a persn has，the 5.____________ his r her skin will be.
•Vitamin D is anther surce 6.____________ skin clr.Vitamin D is necessary fr humans t build bnes.Sunlight cntributes t vitamin D in the skin.
Histrical
reasns
•The earliest peple in Africa had dark skin.
•When they mved t places where they culd nt get enugh sunlight t 7.____________ vitamin D，their skin clr became lighter.
•Generally speaking，peple in areas with strng sunlight，have darker skin 8.____________ peple in ther areas have lighter skin.
9.__________________
Melanin 10.____________ an imprtant rle in ur skin clr.With ur living envirnment changing，melanin prductin is changed，which leads t the changes in ur skin clr.
The definitin
f advertising
Advertising is the business f drawing public attentin t gds and services，and perfrmed thrugh varius media.
Tpic
Learning t understand
Intrductin
Destructive frces f nature refer t natural disasters like tsunamis and earthquakes.
_Suggestins/Advice/Tips
•Nd in agreement and make sme sunds f understanding while a difficult persn is speaking.
•Repeat sme wrds that yu have heard.
•Cllect infrmatin abut the persn’s expressins and find his intentin.
•Give a summary f what the persn has said.
•Cnfirm that the persn gains satisfactin frm speaking his thughts.
Cnclusin
Sunshine has bth psitive and negative effect n health and it determines the md f peple.Balance is needed in enjying sunshine.
Cnclusin
Children shuld be taught what life is and hw t deal with it.
Cmment
Yu may unlck the drs t difficult peple’s minds after yu listen and understand.
Summary
These terrible disasters culdn’t be avided.
Cnsequences
•When these terrible disasters ccur in sme parts f the wrld，they destry prperties and lives.
•Peple in these parts g thrugh the suffering that nly exists in ur imaginatin.
• Sme peple ut there have t stay where they are.They can’t affrd t mve away，as jbs in ther places might nt be available.
The Cst f Thinking
Intrductin
•Large brains fr their bdies and the ability t walk upright are tw 71.____________ f human beings.
The 72.____________ f large human brains
•The larger brains may nt be better because f the cst.
•The big brains make it harder fr the bdy t mve arund and cnsume mre energy.
•The animal brain requires less 73.____________ when the bdy is at rest.
•Large human brains cnsume mre fd, and weaken muscles.
The 74.____________ f walking upright
•Walking upright makes it easy t find fd r 75.____________ against enemies.
•Freed hands can serve sme 76.____________ purpses and perfrm cmplex tasks.
•Walking upright challenges the human bne structure, and 77.____________ the size f brains.
•Walking upright results in 78.____________ sufferings.
Cnclusin
•With a large brain, human beings 79.____________ ther beings in terms f intelligence.
•Weak and marginal, human beings remained 80.____________ f meat­eating animals.
Arts as an ecnmic driver
Our cmmunities 71.____________ frm arts in terms f ecnmy.
72.______
__________
f arts’
prmting
ur ecnmy
Arts activity demands a(n) 73.____________effrt.
It invlves creatin, perfrmance, and 74.____________．
◆Artists make a living thrugh their creative wrk.
◆Others get paid by marketing the event.
Arts have a gradually spreading 75.____________．
They culd help prmte ther industries whether they lie inside r utside arts.
◆Besides tickets, sme jazz lvers will pay their 76.____________ t and frm the events.
◆Arts cntribute t cultural develpment when peple gather tgether t share their experience and renew their energy.
Investment in arts culd prduce ptential 77.____________ ecnmic results.
◆TeC used a $35，000 art investment t attract an verall supprt f $400，000.
◆In Dallas, ne dllar invested in arts culd harvest an extrardinary return f nearly $300.
◆In Philadelphia the arts have created abut 35，000 jb pprtunities fr wrkers 78.____________ arts industry.
Art students
making a
gd living
With these 79.____________ in mind, art students need nt wrry abut their career and have a(n) 80.____________ plan.