2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第2讲推理判断题课件20210223176

这是一份2021届高考英语二轮专题训练第一篇专题一阅读理解第二部分题型应对策略第2讲推理判断题课件20210223176，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了命题解读·备考导航， 干扰选项的特征，技法探究·素养提升，技法点金，新题精练·素养应用，专题能力提升练等内容，欢迎下载使用。

第2讲　推理判断题
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题, 一般在理解原文字面意义的基础上, 通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
命题解读·备考导航
【明命题方式】(1)We can infer from the(first/last)paragraph that ______.  (2)The passage/author implies/suggests that ______.  (3)It can be concluded from the passage that ______.  (4)What can we infer/learn from the story?(5)The main purpose of the passage is______.  (6)Where does this passage probably come from?(7)What’s the author’s attitude towards. . . ?
【辨选项特征】1. 正确选项的特征(1)一般根据原文内容, 一步即可推断出结果(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念, 如only, never, all, absolutely等。正确答案一般比较模糊, 如often, usually, might, possibly等
2. 干扰选项的特征
【技法1】根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
技法探究·素养提升
【典例】(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C)　　As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. 　　In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary. 　 　　　　　 B. A guidebook　 C. A novel. 　 D. A magazine
【技法点金】
D。
【技法2】推断隐含意义: 逻辑分析得结论
【典例】(2020·江苏卷·D)　　I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign. 　　We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity. It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible. 　　In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
　 Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant(无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
　　I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider. . . , and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
　　In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
　　We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?A. Out of place. 　　　　　 B. Full of joy. C. Sleepy. D. Regretful.
【技法点金】
A。
【技法3】利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
【典例】 (天津卷·A篇)　　Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble. 　　Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame. 　　What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover. After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel ______.  A. curious　　　　　　　 B. tiredC. awful D. funny
【技法点金】
C。
【技法4】根据文章中的描述推断下段内容
【典例】 　　On the whole, Brooks’ story is acceptable if uninspired. As one would expect, his writing is mostly clear and, to be fair, some chapters stand out above the rest. I enjoyed, for instance, the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own. While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters, the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere. These problems partly involve Brooks’ attempt to translate his tale into science.
What is the author likely to write about after the last paragraph?A. Problems with the book. B. Brooks’ life experiences. C. Death of the characters. D. Brooks’ translation skills.
【技法点金】
A。
【技法5】推断写作意图: 文体特点看意图
【典例】 (2018·浙江卷·A篇)　　In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. . . 　　In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones. . .
　　How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60, 000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a singular writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A. To remember a great writer. B. To introduce an English novel. C. To encourage studies on culture. D. To promote values of the Victorian age.
【技法点金】
A。
Passage 1(2020 ·德州一模)Winter Adventures Await in the Canadian Rockies　　Alberta is the top destination for the outdoor wonderland experiences and the chilly winter is the hottest season of the year for you to adventure in the most beautiful, magical, powerful places on the planet and keeps you coming back. Here are tips for experiencing some of the best adventures winter has to offer in Alberta.
新题精练·素养应用
　　Hit the slopes Set deep in what’s widely regarded as the world’s most scenic ski area at Banff National Park, the Lake Louise Ski Resort invites everyone from first-timers to advanced shredders to its 4, 200 acres of skiable area. 　　Climb a frozen waterfall　　Jasper National Park, part of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage site, has an area of 6, 759 square miles of mountains, glacial peaks and forests. Rivers lead to steep falls, which freeze into ice climbs as early as October and valley climbs form just a month later. While experienced climbers can cope with the frozen waterfalls without a guide, beginners need not shy away: basic training courses are offered for free.
　　Blaze a trail in the snow The Athabasca Glacier is an ancient relic among the massive Columbia Ice field. While it’s recommended to access the glacier only with an experienced guide, the area surrounding it offers cross-country snowshoeing trails that lead to it. No matter your mode of transport, this area is one of the darkest in Canada, which means the night sky provides a perfect backdrop for the dancing northern lights—so dress extra warm and struggle through the deep snow to glimpse one of nature’s most colorful wonders.
　　Hidden gem The month-long Snow-Day festival takes over Banff National Park each January. Cultural and sporting events, including ice carving and the Big Bear ski and rail competition, unfold throughout the event, but the real treat comes at the start, when live music fills the streets during the party, and a beer garden and ice fire pit keep the tourists warm.
　　The most splendid winter sunset can be seen throughout Alberta. As Mike Libecki, a National Geographic Adventurer of the Year, says, Alberta is one that keeps him coming back.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在加拿大Alberta省可以参与的一些冬季活动的情况。1. What is a unique activity in the Jasper National Park?A. Adventuring in the Canadian Rockies. B. Climbing the frozen waterfalls. C. Watching beautiful sunset. D. Skiing in the snow mountain. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据Climb a frozen waterfall(爬上结冰的瀑布)这一标题可知这是Jasper国家公园的一大特色。
2. Which would be a destination for those who are eager to enjoy polar lights?A. Banff National ParkB. Jasper National ParkC. The Athabasca GlacierD. The Lake Louise Ski Resort【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“不管你的交通方式如何, 这个地区都是加拿大最黑暗的地区之一, 这意味着夜空为舞动的北极光提供了完美的背景——所以穿上保暖的衣服, 努力穿过厚厚的积雪, 来一睹大自然最丰富多彩的奇观之一”。由此可知, 对于那些渴望享受极光的人来说, Athabasca冰川会是他们的目的地。
3. When is the best time for tourists to visit Banff National Park?A. In early October. B. In late November. C. At the beginning of January. D. In the middle of December. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中The month-long Snow-Day festival takes over Banff National Park each January. 可知每年一月, Banff国家公园都会举办为期一个月的冰雪节。由此可知, 游客参观Banff国家公园的最佳时间是在一月初。
4. What is Alberta most probably?A. It is a region full of tourist resources in Canada. B. It is the highest peak of the Canadian Rockies. C. It is a beautiful village surrounded by attractions. D. It is the biggest national park in Canada. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第一段中“Alberta省是户外仙境体验的顶级目的地, 寒冷的冬季是一年中最热的季节, 让你在这个星球上最美、最神奇、最有力量的地方探险, 让你流连忘返”。结合文章主要介绍了在加拿大Alberta省可以参与的一些冬季活动的情况。由此可推知, Alberta省最可能是加拿大一个旅游资源丰富的地区。
Passage 2 (2020·潍坊高三月考) Are you more of a Botticelli or a Van Gogh? A new feature in the Google Arts & Culture app reveals how a picture of your face may resemble a historical painting. 　　The app went viral this weekend after users discovered the entertaining feature that analyzes selfies and matches them to historical artwork. It pulls from Google’s digital collection of artworks from museums around the world.
The feature rolled out to the app on iOS and Android last month. But users—even some big names such as Twitter founder Jack Dorsey, musician Pete Wentz, and actors Felicia Day and Kumail Nanjiani—shared their results on news feeds. The app became the top downloaded iPhone app over the weekend, and landed in the top 10 on Android, according to analytics firm App Annie. To find your fine art doppelganger(与某人外貌相同的人), open the Google Arts & Culture app and scroll until you see the “Is your portrait in a museum?” feature. Tap “get started”, and you’ll be guided through the process.
It’s currently only available in the U. S. Google said the experimental feature uses computer vision technology to scan facial features and extract data to match with paintings. The company said it won’t use data from photos for any other purpose but to match it with images in its catalog. It only stores selfies for the time it takes to find matches, Google said. The selfie feature is similar to other apps that use matching technology to find lookalikes. Microsoft’s What Dog app can identify and classify dogs based on photos uploaded to the app.
The Google Arts & Culture app is part of the Google Cultural Institute, which provides information about artists, scientists and historical figures from 1, 000 institutions worldwide. 【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了谷歌艺术与文化应用程序的一项新功能。它揭示了你的脸的照片可能类似于一幅历史画。
5. Why did the Google Arts & Culture app get so popular?A. Because some famous people used it. B. Because it can match selfies to some paintings. C. Because it’s more practical than entertaining. D. Because it was the top download. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第三段The app went viral this weekend after users discovered the entertaining feature that analyzes selfies and matches them to historical artwork. It pulls from Google’s digital collection of artworks from museums around the world. 可知, the Google Arts & Culture app变得如此受欢迎是因为它可以把自拍和一些艺术作品相匹配 。
6. How can you find your fine art doppelganger?A. By visiting Google’s digital collection of artworks. B. By analyzing your selfies. C. By opening the app and following its guide. D. By scrolling the screen of your smartphone. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第六段To find your fine art doppelganger, open the Google Arts & Culture app and scroll until you see the “Is your portrait in a museum?” feature. Tap “get started”, and you’ll be guided through the process. 由此可知, 通过打开应用程序并遵循它的指南才能找到你的艺术二重身。
7. What can you infer from the 8th paragraph?A. The feature of the app has nothing to do with data. B. Google stores selfies as commercial resources. C. Selfies will be stored for a long time. D. The users’ selfies will not be abused.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第八段中Google said the experimental feature uses computer vision technology to scan facial features and extract data to match with paintings. The company said it won’t use data from photos for any other purpose but to match it with images in its catalog. 可以推出用户的自拍不会被滥用。
8. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. The Google Cultural InstituteB. Google app matches your face to a famous paintingC. What Dog app vs Google Arts & Culture appD. How to find valuable historical paintings【解析】选B。主旨大意题。通读全文特别是第二段的A new feature in the Google Arts & Culture app reveals how a picture of your face may resemble a historical painting. 可推断, 本文主要讲述谷歌应用会把你的脸和一幅名画配对。
Passage 3(2020·宝鸡二模)　　In order to help cope with the vast number of students’ questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence, Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech’s online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasn’t enough to handle the vast number of daily questions from students.
Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.
Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40, 000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustment and ample time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn’t know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn’t tell it from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.
　　The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier forecast on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文, 主要介绍了戈尔教授为解决在线课程学生答疑的需求, 开发了人工智能教学答疑助理, 取得了很好的效果。
9. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?A. It is a robot that can answer students’ questions. B. It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching. C. It is a course designed for students to learn online. D. It is a computer program that aids student learning. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第一段“In order to help cope with the vast number of students’ questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence”可知“知识型(基于知识)的人工智能”是一门在线课程, 而不是机器人、高科技设备抑或是计算机程序。
10. What does the underlined word “remedy” in Paragraph 2 mean?A. Boycott. 　　　　　　　 B. Improve. 　 C. Evaluate. 　 D. Corrupt. 【解析】选B。词义猜测题。根据第二段可知, 很多学生因缺乏相应的教学支持而从线上课程掉队或退课, 当他们感觉疑惑又孤立无援, 问题得不到解答时, 继续学下去的动力便会开始减退, 这是一种负面的情形。而本句中提到教授要做些什么来______这一情形(decided to do something to remedy this situation), 可猜测remedy有扭转、改变、改善之类的含义。
11. What do we learn about Jill Watson?A. She was unwelcome to students at first. B. She got along pretty well with students. C. She turned out to be a great success. D. She was released online as an experiment. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。Jill Watson是虚拟教学助理的名字, 根据倒数第二段可知, 这个人工智能助理极其逼真, 连学习人工智能的学生都没法把它和真正的人区分开来, 它几乎能正确解答当时学生提出的所有问题, 学生体验都很好, 所以说这是一个巨大的成功。
12. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?A. Assign her to answer more of students’ questions. B. Upgrade her intelligence to the level of top scientists. C. Launch different versions of her online. D. Encourage students to interact with her more freely. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据最后一段“The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. ”可知, 教授的下一步目标是让它能解答学生所有问题中的40%, 也就是让它更进一步, 能解答更多问题。
【加固训练】Passage 1(2020·天津一模)　　A polished resume is essential for a successful school or job application. A clear structure and well organized content can be the difference between success and failure. 　　Structuring your resume　　(1) Create a header with your name and contact information. At the top of the page, type your full name, address, phone number and email address. There are also downloadable templates(模板)available online. If none of them appeals to you, however, you can always use your own design.
(2) Use a chronological(时间顺序排列的)resume. In a chronological resume, you list your work and education experiences, starting with your most recent experience. (3)Include your relevant education, awards or training. Typically, your highest academic qualification is the only one you need to include on your resume. However, you can add lesser achievements if they are relevant to a job’s requirements. 　　If you had a cumulative(累积的)GPA of 3. 5 or higher, feel free to include it. Otherwise, it would be best to leave it out. If you’re listing more than one degree, include your GPA on both of them, if possible.
(4) List work experience, including relevant volunteer work and internships. Use specific job titles and short explanations that tell potential employers exactly what you did, what skills you gained and how they could be useful in a new job. 　　(5) Try a functional resume, if you lack direct work experience. With a functional resume you can highlight your specific skills and resources without having to list previous jobs. A functional resume emphasizes what you can do rather than what you’ve done.
　 Making your content shine (1) Place keywords in your resume strategically. Schools or employers often use software to scan resumes for specific keywords. 　　(2) Add hobbies and interests, if they relate to the job. A section for hobbies and interests is usually considered optional. However, you should include only hobbies or interests that would benefit an employer. For example, if the job requires good teamwork, you can say that you were captain of your high school basketball team.
　 (3) Proofread before sending your resume. Don’t only rely on the grammar and spelling checkers built into your word processing app. Read through your resume several times to make sure it’s error-free. 　　(4) Save your resume as a PDF file. Most schools and employers prefer to use PDFs for online safety reasons. So don’t forget to convert your document before you send it. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍如何构建你的简历。
1. How should you present your job and education experiences on a resume?A. Begin with your most successful experience. B. Start with your most recent experience. C. Include as many details as possible. D. Only introduce your highest degree. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文中Structuring your resume中的(2) Use a chronological resume. In a chronological resume, you list your work and education experiences, starting with your most recent experience. 可知, 从你最近的经历开始在简历中展示你的工作和教育经历。
2. When should you leave your GPA out of your resume?A. If your total GPA was below 3. 5. B. If your cumulative GPA was below 4. 0. C. If you’re listing more than one degree. D. If you are still a student. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文中Structuring your resume中的If you had a cumulative GPA of 3. 5 or higher, feel free to include it. Otherwise, it would be best to leave it out. 可判断出, 如果你的总平均积分点低于3. 5, 你应该把你的平均绩点从你的简历中删掉。
3. How can you make your resume noticeable according to the text?A. Use a catchy template. B. Send your resume in a DOC file. C. Mention a hobby that you are good at. D. Highlight some keywords in your resume.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据文中Making your content shine中的(1) Place keywords in your resume strategically. Schools or employers often use software to scan resumes for specific keywords. (有策略地在简历中放置关键词。学校或雇主经常使用软件来扫描简历, 寻找特定的关键词。)可知, 在简历中突出一些关键词可以使你的简历引人注目。
Passage 2 (2020·潍坊模拟) I arrived in my Chinese classroom, ready to share my vast knowledge and experience with the 75 students who would be my English Literature class. Having taught in the USA for 17 years, I had no worry at all about my ability to plant in my students enthusiasm for the literature of my mother tongue.
I was really shocked when the monitor shouted “Stand up” and the entire class rose as I entered the room, and I was somewhat confused and anxious about how to get them to sit down again, but once that embarrassment was over, I quickly calmed down and launched into what I thought was a fact-packed lecture, sure to gain their respect—perhaps even their admiration. I went back to my room radiating that rosy glow (光泽) that comes from a sense of significant accomplishment.
My students kept journals, however, and as I read them, the rosy glow was gradually replaced by an overwhelming sense of frustration. The first journal said, “Our literature teacher didn’t teach us anything today. Perhaps her next lecture will be better. ” Heartbroken, I read journal after journal, each expressing a similar theme. Didn’t teach them anything? I sketched the entire philosophical framework of thought and laid the historical background for all the works we’ll study in class. ” I complained, “How can they say I didn’t teach them anything?”
Determined to clear myself, I dug out all my reference books, adding background material to my next lecture, researching into the sociological setting and even the psychological state of the author. After the second class, I eagerly opened the journals, expecting enthusiastic reviews at last. Again, I was crushed by their continuing comments that I was going too slowly without giving meaningful details.  
More determined than ever. I dived into sources of criticism, deciding to devote more time to the texts by providing summaries of all the interpretations I could find of each work. This material would give my students ample information for drawing their own conclusions about the work’s meaning, “Our teacher seems confused about the real meaning of the works, ” the journals said. “One minute she gives one interpretation; the next minute she gives another. Then she asks for our opinions. We’re the students. She’s the teacher. She should tell us what the works mean. ”
It was a long semester, and it gradually became clear to me that my ideas about education were purely Western, and that Chinese ideas differed significantly. I thought a teacher’s job was to raise interesting questions and provide enough background so that students could draw their own conclusions. My students thought a teacher’s job was to provide accurate information as directly and concisely as possible. Americans wanted to interpret and experience. The Chinese wanted to master and memorize.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章以轻松幽默的笔调讲述了“我”第一次来中国教书的“不幸”经历, 生动形象地展现了中国与西方在教育内容、思维方式上的巨大差异。4. How did the writer feel before she began her teaching in China?A. Worried. 　　　　　　 B. Confident. C. Disappointed. D. Confused. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第一段中I had no worry at all about my ability to plant in my students enthusiasm for the literature of my mother tongue. 可知, 作者在来中国教学之前, 心中充满了自信, 故选B。
5. What might be the reason why the writer was shocked when the monitor shouted “Stand up”?A. The students intended to scare their new foreign teacher. B. The students refused to stand up before their new foreign teacher. C. The writer was a little shy and felt embarrassed when he entered the classroom. D. The writer didn’t know much about the Chinese classroom and that was totally unexpected.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第二段中I was really shocked when the monitor shouted “Stand up” and the entire class rose as I entered the room, and I was somewhat confused and anxious about how to get them to sit down again可判断出, “我”真的很震惊的原因是“我”不了解中国的教育文化, 故选D。
6. What does the writer mean by saying “determined to clear myself” in Para. 4?A. She wanted to better understand the students’question. B. She wanted to prove her ability in teaching the course. C. She was a little bit angry with the students. D. She was very disappointed with herself.
【解析】选B。词句猜测题。根据上文中How can they say I didn’t teach them anything?可知, 学生认为老师没有教什么有用的东西, 作者产生了挫败感。下文I dug out all my reference books, adding background material to my next lecture, researching into the sociological setting and even the psychological state of the author. 这是在讲述“我”为下一节课所做的精心准备, 因此可以猜测出画线部分的意思是“我决心把自己的能力证明给学生看”, 故选B。
7. Which of the following might the writer agree with?A. Chinese and Western ideas about education are slightly different. B. A teacher’s job is to make students think and have their own opinions. C. Teaching is to provide accurate information directly and clearly. D. Both Americans and the Chinese tend to draw conclusions by themselves. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。由最后一段中I thought a teacher’s job was to raise interesting questions and provide enough background so that students could draw their own conclusions. 可知, 作者认为老师的工作是让学生思考并发表自己的看法, 故选B。
【语篇二次运用】语法填空——(Passage 3)　　Goel and his team developed several 1. __________ (version) of Jill Watson before 2. __________(release) her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. 3. __________ Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum 4. __________ (find) all the 40, 000 questions that had ever been asked since the class 5. __________(launch). Then they began to feed Jill 6. __________ the questions and answers. After some adjustment and ample time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions 7. __________(correct) 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so 8. __________(advance) and
realistic that the students didn’t know she was 9. __________ computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual 10. __________ (assist) and couldn’t tell it from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.  答案: 1. versions　2. releasing　3. But　4. to find　5. was launched　6. with　7. correctly　8. advanced9. a　10. assistant
专题能力提升练
专题能力提升练 四限时25分钟Passage 1　　A Utah man who has been in a wheelchair for more than three decades has created a pheasant hunt for people like him who need help getting into the outdoors.
　　Clint Robinson broke his neck after being thrown off a horse at a rodeo (竞技) 32 years ago. He’s done his best to keep getting into the outdoors to hunt and fish, the Daily Herald in Provo reports. 　　The event he calls “Wheelchairs in the Wild” pairs people that have physical disabilities with hunters who help them with whatever they need. Many go in off-road vehicles.
　　“What we’re trying to do is get new injured people back out into the field, trying to get them back out, enjoying the outdoors and wildlife that’s out there and show them that there’s other things that they can do besides sitting in the house doing nothing, ” Robinson said. 　　The youngest hunter at last year’s event was 13-year-old Missy Cowley who has spina bifida (脊柱裂). Her father loves to hunt but didn’t know how to accommodate (安排) her wheelchair. Her mother, Cindy Cowley, said it was amazing to find a program that allowed her daughter to go hunting.
　　“We always told her when she was little, you can do everything you want to do. . . but we just got to figure out a way, ” Cindy Cowley said. “But we really didn’t know how we were going to get her up there to hunt. ”　　Missy Cowley said it was a great experience that also allowed her to meet other people who use wheelchairs. “This is wonderful. I can actually do it, ” Missy said. “It was really fun. And I love being outdoors. ”
　　Jerry Schlappi, officer from Division of Wildlife resources, who helped with the event, said Robinson is a perfect role model showing other wheelchair users with disabilities that they don’t have to give up what they love. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了坐轮椅30多年后, 犹他州的Clint Robinson发起了一场野外狩猎活动, 旨在帮助那些像他这样需要帮助的到户外活动的人。
1. What can we know about Clint Robinson from the text?A. He began to use a wheelchair thirty years ago. B. He used to be interested in hunting and fishing. C. He liked riding horses before getting disabled. D. He is now more physically active than before. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据 Clint Robinson broke his neck after being thrown off a horse at a rodeo 32 years ago和Robinson is a perfect role model showing other wheelchair users with disabilities that they don’t have to give up what they love. 可知他过去喜欢骑马。
2. What does Clint Robinson try to talk about in the fourth paragraph?A. The benefits of his event. B. The purposes of his event. C. The processes of his event. D. The difficulty with his event. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据他在第四段所说的话“我们尽力要做的就是让新受伤的人回到野外, 让他们出来, 享受户外活动和野外生活, 让他们知道除了坐在屋里无所事事之外, 还有其他的事情可以做”可判断他在谈论野外狩猎活动的目的。
3. Why is much information about Missy Cowley’s family given in the text?A. To show the effects of disabilities. B. To explain the problem with hunters. C. To show people’s interest in hunting. D. To think highly of Robinson’s event.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第五段Her father loves to hunt but didn’t know how to accommodate her wheelchair. Her mother, Cindy Cowley, said it was amazing to find a program that allowed her daughter to go hunting. (她父亲喜欢打猎, 但不知道如何安排她的轮椅。她的母亲辛迪·考利说, 找到一个允许她女儿去打猎的活动是令人惊奇的。)和第六段Cindy Cowley所说的话可判断其目的是赞扬野外狩猎活动。
4. What should be the best title for the text?A. Hope Is Brought Back to Hunters with DisabilitiesB. Man Organizes Hunting Event for Wheelchair UsersC. Hunting Event Is Benefiting the Physically DisabledD. Wheelchair Users Are Supposed to Get into Nature【解析】选B。主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了坐轮椅30多年后, 犹他州的Clint Robinson发起了一场野外狩猎活动, 旨在帮助那些像他这样需要帮助的到户外活动的人。
Passage 2(2020·德州一模)　　There has been a lot of such news lately. As far as the problems with today’s schools are concerned, we can go back to how our culture has evolved. 　　In general, our culture, as represented in the media, gets excited by famous stars, and stresses that it’s what you have, not what you are, that counts. Parents are encouraged to be away from even very small children for most of the day. Too many people vote for politicians who would rather cut school funding than stop tax cuts for the wealthy. All contribute greatly to the problems of educating our children.
　　Today’s teachers have to deal with a culture that is vastly different than in the past. They report that there is, among more children than ever, a lack of motivation, no drive to succeed or even try. In the media, the role models that boys see mostly consist of men in comedies and other shows, who are rude and often extremely childish; self-centered overpaid athletes; men in movies, television or video games, who are violent and powerful. As Leonard Sax wrote in Boys Adrift, “Teenage boys are looking for models of mature adulthood, but we no longer make any collective effort to provide such models. ”
　　Girls are attacked not only with such annoying images of males, but also with women who are extremely materialistic. 　　In such a cultural environment, it is more important than ever to have responsible parents who are devoted to their children and see to it as their duty to model for them and raise them with high standards of honesty and responsibility. They need to care enough to see that their children are not attacked with the rubbish that comes from movie, television and computer screens.
　　In today’s culture, they are basically alone in this effort since, unfortunately, so much is working against them. Until we, as a culture, face the truth about ourselves—that we are not providing adequately for a great many of our children, the storm will continue to rage(肆虐)over our education system. 【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了如今的学校存在很多问题, 其中最大的问题与我们的文化密切相关。这种文化问题让孩子们缺乏动力以及对成功的欲望, 孩子们没有正确的榜样, 以及在这样的文化中父母需要对孩子付出更多但却得不到支持。
5. What does “such news” in the beginning most probably involve?A. Cultural evolution. B. Financial risk from tax cuts. C. Problems in education. D. Social influence of the media. 【解析】选C。词义猜测题。根据第一段中As far as the problems with today’s schools are concerned, we can go back to how our culture has evolved. 可知就当今学校的问题而言, 我们可以追溯到我们的文化是如何演变的。由此可推知, 指的是学校里的问题, 即“这样的新闻”一开始最可能涉及的是教育问题。
6. What does today’s culture bring to the children?A. Narrow access to entertainment. B. Poor social abilities. C. Few materialistic models. D. Too much negative effect. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据第三段中They report that there is, among more children than ever, a lack of motivation, no drive to succeed or even try. 可知他们报告说, 比以往任何时候都缺乏动力, 没有成功的动力, 甚至没有尝试的动力。由此可知, 今天的文化给孩子们带来了太多的负面影响。
7. What do parents have to do in today’s culture?A. Find more models for their children. B. Keep their children from the bad effect of the media. C. Forbid their children to use computers. D. Encourage their children to stay at school. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中They need to care enough to see that their children are not attacked with the rubbish that comes from movie, television and computer screens. 可知他们需要足够关心, 以确保他们的孩子不会受到来自电影、电视和电脑屏幕的垃圾的攻击。由此可知, 在今天的文化中, 父母必须让他们的孩子远离媒体的不良影响。
8. What is the author’s attitude towards today’s culture?A. Indifferent. 　　　　　 B. Ambiguous. C. Dissatisfied. D. Approving. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据最后一段Until we, as a culture, face the truth about ourselves—that we are not providing adequately for a great many of our children可知直到我们, 作为一种文化, 面对我们自己的真相——我们没有为我们的许多孩子提供足够的东西。由此可推知, 作者对当今文化的态度是不满意的。
Passage 3(2020·济南二模)　　Telling someone they are not hired is never an easy job, but all hiring managers will face this difficult situation many times in their careers. While everyone fears denial on some level, it is important to understand that not everyone will fit in every job. Further, there are times when the applicant quality will be so great, a decision to reject an applicant may not reflect on that applicant’s abilities but the overall quality of the field.
　　There are a number of methods that can be used to get the message across that a person is not hired. In many cases, especially for those who were never called for an interview, a simple form letter may be sufficient. In other cases, where someone may have been called for an interview, a phone call or letter could be chosen to deliver the message that they were not hired. In cases where there may be an ongoing relationship with the person not hired, it may be best to break the news in person, though this has the obvious potential of being more uncomfortable. Above all, it is best to always be honest with those who didn’t get the job. Lying is never acceptable.
　　Generally, it is not a good idea to tell someone specific reasons why they are not hired for a job. This can only lead to resentment(怨恨)and regret. However, there may be specific times when this could be a good idea. For example, if an applicant is promising and the hiring manager believes another position will be opening up that suits the applicant’s skills, this could be a way to let that person know he may soon have another opportunity.
　　In all cases, even if you feel someone has cheated to obtain an interview, never behave in a way which shows you are superior to them. This is unprofessional and reflects very poorly not only on the hiring manager, but the organization as a whole. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章作者对招聘者如何告诉求职者没有被录用提出了一些看法和建议。
9. Why are some applicants refused according to Paragraph 1?A. They are interested in other fields. B. They don’t qualify for the position. C. They are afraid of making decisions. D. They lack the courage to face failures. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While everyone fears denial on some level, it is important to understand that not everyone will fit in every job. ”可知, 有些申请者会被拒绝是因为他们不适合这个职位。
10. How may a not-interviewed applicant be informed of the rejection?A. By receiving a formal phone call. B. By getting a simple form letter. C. By checking a message online. D. By attending a personal meeting. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In many cases, especially for those who were never called for an interview, a simple form letter may be sufficient. ”可知, 通知未接受面试的申请人, 可以通过一封简单的信函。
11. In what case will applicants be told exactly why they are not hired?A. They regret applying for the job. B. They demand specific explanations. C. They may be capable of another post. D. They have submitted false information. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第三段“如果一个应聘者很有前途, 而招聘经理认为会有一个适合他技能的职位出现, 这可以让那个人知道很快就会有另一个机会。”可知, 当应聘者也许能胜任另一个职位时, 他们可以被告知为什么他们没有被录用。
12. What can be inferred about the position of hiring managers?A. It calls for professional skills. B. It attracts the applicants most. C. It doesn’t allow for any mistake. D. It requires honesty and ambition. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“在任何情况下, 即使你觉得有人为了获得面试机会而欺骗了你, 也不要表现得比他们优越。这样做很不专业, 不仅会给招聘经理, 也会给整个组织带来不好的影响。” 可推断出, 关于招聘经理的职位, 需要专业技能。
专题能力提升练 五限时25分钟Passage 1(2020·青岛一模)　　Japan’s biggest airline is betting that the future of travel isn’t traveling at all. For the last month, a married couple has been interacting with a robot—called an Avatar—that’s controlled by their daughter hundreds of miles away. Made by ANA Holdings Inc. , it looks like a vacuum cleaner with an iPad attached. But the screen displays the daughter’s face as they chat, and its wheels let her move about the house as though she’s really there.
　　“Virtual travel” is nothing new, of course. Storytellers, travel writers and artists have been stimulating the senses of armchair tourists for centuries. It’s only in recent decades that frequent, safe travel has become available to the non-wealthy.
　　Yet even as the world’s middle classes climb out of the armchair and into economy-class seat, there are signs of a post-travel society emerging. Concerns about environmental sustainability cause loss to airlines which release much carbon. And the aging of abundant societies is both restricting physical travel and creating demand for alternative ways to experience the world. For the travel industry, virtual reality offers an attractive response to these trends.
　　Of course, new technologies encourage far-out claims. ANA doesn’t plan to start selling Avatars until next year. Profits, too, will probably be difficult to make: by one estimate, the global market for this kind of technology will be worth only about $300 million by 2023. By contrast, ANA’s traditional travel business brought in more than $19 billion last year. 　　But if the business value for virtual vacations is still weak, the market for technologies that bridge physical distances between families and coworkers seems likely to only expand. ANA’s robots may not replace its airplanes any time soon, but they’ll almost certainly be a part of travel’s high-tech future.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。日本最大的航空公司创造了Avatar机器人, 可以帮助人们实现虚拟旅游, 但这家公司暂时不打算售卖这款机器人。虽然虚拟旅游还没有足够的商业价值, 但未来其市场需求只会有增无减, 这家公司的机器人也一定会成为高科技旅行未来的一部分。
1. Why does the author use the example of a couple interacting with a robot?A. To show the Japanese are crazy about travel. B. To indicate virtual travel begins to enter people’s real life. C. To show the couple are very enthusiastic over robots. D. To express the close relationship between the couple and their daughter.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第一段“这对夫妻与女儿聊天时, 屏幕上显示的是女儿的脸, 她可以借助机器人的轮子来回移动, 就好像她真的在那里一样。Avatar机器人帮助女儿实现了虚拟旅游”可知, 作者举这个例子就是为了证明虚拟旅游已经开始进入现实生活。
2. Which of the following is the possible reason for virtual travel’s appearance?A. Storytellers, travel writers and artists have been using it for centuries. B. Frequent and safe travel has become available to the ordinary people. C. People are worried about the air pollution caused by airlines. D. More and more people lose interest in travel.
【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段“对环境可持续性的担忧正在让排放量很高的航空公司遭受损失。富裕社会的老龄化不仅限制了人们的身体旅行, 也催生了用其他方式体验社会的需求。对于旅游业来说, 虚拟现实为这些趋势提供了一个有吸引力的解决方案”可推断人们担忧航空造成的空气污染可能是虚拟旅游出现的原因。
3. What can we learn about Avatars from the last two paragraphs?A. They will be put on the market soon. B. They will bring ANA a lot of money. C. They will replace ANA’s airplanes soon. D. They are almost unavoidable in travel’s future. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据最后一段“ANA公司的机器人可能不会很快取代飞机, 但几乎可以肯定的是, 它们会成为高科技旅游业未来的一部分”可知, 在未来的旅行中, Avatar机器人几乎是不可避免的。
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Your Next Travel may be VirtualB. Easy Travel in the FutureC. Virtual Travel BenefitsD. Air Travel Disappearing【解析】选A。主旨大意题。本文第一段通过一对夫妻借助一家日本公司生产的Avatar机器人成功实现虚拟旅游的例子来表明虚拟旅游已经开始进入现实生活, 接着探讨了虚拟旅游出现的可能原因, 最后指出虽然虚拟旅游还没有足够的商业价值, 但未来其市场需求只会有增无减。全文都是围绕虚拟旅游来写的, 所以“你的下一次旅游可能是虚拟的”最适合做本文的标题。
Passage 2(2020·泰安模拟)　　Myles Kerr knew that being a Marine(水兵) comes with a lot of responsibility, but despite the huge weight he has on his shoulders, he has not forgotten the essence of being a public servant — that of being human.
　　Seven years ago, a photo of a Marine and a young boy running a marathon immediately went viral after it was shared on social media. But what seemed like a simple image packed a much deeper backstory. This story happened in 2013, but its relevance is still as powerful as ever. 　　The pair were running The Jeff Drench Memorial 5K in Charlevoix, Michigan when Myles Kerr came across Brandon Fuchs, a 9-year-old boy struggling to keep up with the rest of his group. Brandon, exhausted and out of breath, asked the Marine: “Will you run with me?”
　　People who had their eyes on the prize would have refused, but the 19-year-old was different. Being a Marine, he knew exactly what he should do. Kerr put aside his goal of beating his mates and instead slowed down to accompany the struggling boy to the finish line. 　　Because he chose to help the boy, the Marine ended up with the slowest time in his age group, according to the 5K results online. 　　Though he might have lost the race, the Marine won over people’s hearts. His act of kindness was celebrated on social media.
　　Kerr didn’t expect that his simple gesture would attract so much attention. He responded to a tweet praising his actions saying, “I was just doing what any man would do, but thank you!” He also tweeted that he received gifts from the Fuchs family for helping out Brandon. 　　To Kerr, being a Marine was more than just being trained for combat—it also required learning how to be kind and compassionate towards the citizens they serve.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。七年前, Myles Kerr作为一名海军陆战队员, 帮助一名小男孩跑马拉松的照片在社交媒体上被分享后迅速走红。他选择帮助这个男孩虽然可能会输掉比赛, 但他赢得了人们的心。5. What was Myles Kerr seven years ago?A. A marine. B. A public servant. C. A marathon runner. D. A Michigan citizen.
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段Seven years ago, a photo of a Marine and a young boy running a marathon immediately went viral after it was shared on social media. 和第四段 Being a Marine, he knew exactly what he should do. 可知, Myles Kerr 七年前是一个水兵。
6. What is Myles Kerr’s original goal to participate in the marathon?A. To win over people’s hearts. B. To accompany the boy. C. To get the best score in his age group. D. To build up his body. 【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据第四段“作为一名水兵, 他非常清楚自己应该做什么。科尔把打败队友的目标放在一边, 放慢速度, 陪着这个苦苦挣扎的男孩冲过终点线”可知, 打败队友, 取得最好的成绩是Myles Kerr参加马拉松的最初目标。
7. Which of the following best describe Myles Kerr?A. Kind and unselfish. B. Enthusiastic and generous. C. Responsible and proud. D. Stubborn and helpful. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据第四段“Kerr把打败队友的目标放在一边, 放慢速度, 陪着这个苦苦挣扎的男孩冲过终点线” 可知Myles Kerr是一个善良和无私的人。
8. What does the story mainly convey?A. Being a Marine bears a lot. B. Kindness matters more than prizes. C. Being a Marine means a public servant. D. Good actions spread quickly. 【解析】选B。主旨大意题。根据第五段Because he chose to help the boy, the Marine ended up with the slowest time in his age group和第六段Though he might have lost the race, the Marine won over people’s hearts. 可知, 虽然他帮助了男孩跑完马拉松而输了比赛, 但是赢得了人们的心, 这是比获得奖励更值得的事情。
Passage 3(2020·潍坊二模)　　I work at a grocery store in Montreal’s Plateau neighbourhood, which gets a lot of regulars. On March 12, the Quebec government announced to close all public places to stop the spread of the pandemic(流行病)of COVID-19.
　　The next day the store was the busiest I’ve ever seen. The six cash registers had to be kept open from 10 a. m. until close. It was nuts. I didn’t have time to eat lunch, and whenever one of us on cash had to use the bathroom, we’d have to bring in a coworker off the floor to cover for us.  　　Since then, the atmosphere in the store has been different. Customers are mostly considerate, but whenever someone coughs or sneezes, everyone turns around to make sure that person sneezed into their elbow. I’ve even seen customers come in wearing some strange get-ups. One guy even came in with a plastic Walmart bag wrapped around his entire head, with a slit cut out for his eyes.
　　A lot of my coworkers have left to avoid a public-facing job during the pandemic. Grocery store workers across Canada are putting their health at risk every time they come in to work, but a lot of us are still making close to minimum wage. I realized that I feel more exhausted than normal even though I’m working the same hours.
　　There still have been some moments of kindness in the midst of the chaos. I’ve overheard people talking on the phone who sounded as though they were organizing grocery deliveries for those stuck at home. And this past weekend a very nice lady thanked us for continuing to work. I know everyone is worried, but it’s useless having the same scary conversations day after day. Instead, tell us a funny anecdote, or about something nice. We’ll appreciate the distraction, and you’ll make our day just a bit brighter.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。作者从一个杂货店员工的角度, 讲述了新冠疫情爆发以来在店里目睹到的景象, 有人们慌乱的反应, 也有暖心的瞬间。9. What does the author intend to show by “It was nuts. ” in Paragraph 2?A. The goods were in short supply. B. The store was having a big sale. C. The cashiers complained about their work. D. The locals rushed to do shopping like crazy.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第二段第一、二句“The next day the store was the busiest I’ve ever seen. The six cash registers had to be kept open from 10 a. m. until close. ”可知, 商店当天顾客爆满, 作者用这样的表达就是为了说明人们面对疫情惊慌失措、蜂拥而至前来购物的混乱场景。
10. What does Paragraph 3 convey about customers?A. They like to shop here in disguise. B. They are panicky about the disease. C. They are more friendly to each other. D. They have taken proper preventive measures. 【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“Since then, the atmosphere in the store has been different. ”可知, 疫情爆发后, 整个商店里的气氛都变了, 结合本段给出的“人们对咳嗽、打喷嚏的人很敏感”以及“用购物袋包住头部的人”都不难看出, 人们对于疫情是感到恐慌的。
11. Which of the following best describes the author?A. Optimistic. 　　　　　 B. Talented. C. Ambitious. D. Efficient. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据最后一段的第一句和最后一句可知, 作者处在新冠疫情的紧张气氛下, 还是比较冷静的, 也能关注到发生的一些美好的事情, 同时对关心自己的人表示感激, 应该是比较积极乐观的。
12. What is the best title for the text?A. It is not work but worry that killsB. Helping others is helping ourselvesC. Moments of kindness shine in a time of chaosD. Here is what it’s like working in the pandemic
【解析】选D。主旨大意题。根据第一段“I work at a grocery store in Montreal’s Plateau neighbourhood, which gets a lot of regulars. On March 12, the Quebec government announced to close all public places to stop the spread of the pandemic of COVID-19. ”可知, 本文讲述的就是新冠疫情下作者在杂货店工作过程中的所见所闻, “这就是在疫情下工作的样子”符合文章主要内容, 适合作为标题。
【点睛】阅读理解中主旨大意题是重难点题型之一, 其中标题判断是较为常见的一个类型, 要求在阅读并理解表面文字的基础上做出判断和推论, 从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思, 也就是通过文章中的文字信息, 上下逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等推断出作者所要表达的态度观点。为了能找出符合题意的一项, 我们必须排除干扰项, 一般干扰项包括以下几种类型: 1. 夸大事实型——对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度进行了夸大处理; 2. 无中生有型——捏造原文并不存在的信息; 3. 推理过头型——引申过度, 使得结论过于绝对化。观察第12小题的其他三个选项: A选项“并非工作, 而是忧虑才致命”属于引申过度, 不符
合文章主题; B选项“帮助他人就是帮助自己”属于无中生有, 与文章内容联系不足; C选项“混乱时期的善良时刻”就属于以偏概全, 过于片面。由此也可以通过排除确定正确答案。
专题能力提升练 六限时25分钟Passage 1(2020·宝鸡二模)　　If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a brother’s or sister’s name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved you less?
　　Probably not. According to the first research to deal with this topic head-on, misnaming the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive (认知的) error that has to do with how our memories classify and store familiar names. 　　The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, found that the “wrong” name is not random but is always fished out from the same relationship pond: children, friends, brothers and sisters. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, “but it does tell us who’s in and who’s out of the group. ”
　　The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.
　　The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1, 700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person’s name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and brothers and sisters but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.
　　In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。通过实际研究结果证明misname只是生活中的一个普遍现象, 叫错名字代表谁在心里谁不在心里这一事实的存在, 有着相同首字母的名字容易叫错这一现象, 讲述一份调查报告, 告诉我们女人以及老人一样犯错多一点这一系列的事实和研究结果。1. How might people often feel when they were misnamed?A. Unwanted. B. Unhappy. C. Confused. D. Indifferent.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。审题定位于首段第一句: If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a brother’s or sister’s name. 如果你像多数小孩子一样, 你很可能在当你妈妈用你兄弟或姐妹的名字叫你时, 你会感到很沮丧。
2. What did David Rubin’s research find about misnaming?A. It is related to the way our memories work. B. It is a possible indicator of a faulty memory. C. It occurs mostly between kids and their friends. D. It often causes misunderstandings among people. 【解析】选A。推理判断题。通过审题用David Rubin定位到第三段。大意是讲这份研究发现错误的名字不是随机的, 但总是源自相同的关系网。这里fished out from the same relationship pond源自相同的关系网, 换句话说就是它和我们的记忆方式是有关的。
3. What did the surveys of more than 1, 700 subjects find about misnaming?A. It more often than not hurts relationships. B. It hardly occurs across gender boundaries. C. It is most frequently found in extended families. D. It most often occurs within a relationship group. 【解析】选D。推理判断题。通过审题可以定位到倒数第二段, 它表述的观点是所有接受调查的研究对象发现人们会混淆以关系网群组为特点的名字, 比如孙子、朋友和兄弟姐妹的名字。但几乎不会超越这个界限。
4. Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers?A. They suffer more frustrations. B. They become worn out more often. C. They communicate more with their children. D. They generally take on more work at home. 【解析】选C。推理判断题。通过文中的Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. 而且妈妈们因为性别的缘故, 也许比父亲更高频率的短暂拜访她们的孩子的缘故。这里call on 的意思是短暂拜访之意, 即短时间交谈之意, 换句话说就是和孩子们交流比父亲更多一点。
Passage 2(2020·天津二模)　　For years, the U. S. has experienced a shortage of registered nurses. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that while the number of nurses will increase by 19 percent by 2022, demand will grow faster than supply, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs by then. 　　So what’s the solution? Robots.
　　Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. It follows a specific individual, such as a doctor or nurse, who can use it to record and access patient data. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospitals because it has fairly minimal patient contact.
　　Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn’t have to engage directly—it can serve as an intermediary for human communication. Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot, Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them, often via a screen where the robot’s “face” would be. If you can’t get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her. A 2016 study found that users had a “consistently positive attitude” about the Giraff robot’s ability to enhance communication and decrease feelings of loneliness.
　　A robot’s appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks like a huge teddy bear. RIBA (Robot for Interactive Body Assistance), also known as “Robear”, can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms.
　　On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which is so human-like that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions. During a month- long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and “only three or four said they didn’t like having it around”.
　　It’s important to note that robotic nurses don’t decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses (though robot doctors and surgeons may not be far off). Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs. This is one industry where it seems the integration of robots will lead to collaboration, not replacement. 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了日本几款可以充当某些看护服务的“机器人护士”, 但也指出机器人不会取代护士, 他们是合作而非代替关系。
5. What does the author say about Japan?A. It delivers the best medication for the elderly. B. It takes the lead in providing robotic care. C. It provides retraining for registered nurses. D. It sets the trend in future robotics technology. 【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据第二、三段的So what’s the solution? Robots. Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend. (那解决方案是什么呢?机器人。在这一趋势方面, 日本走在了前面)可知, 日本在提供机器人护理方面是领先的。
6. What are telepresence robots designed to do?A. Directly interact with patients to prevent them from feeling lonely. B. Cater to the needs of patients for recovering their cognitive capacity. C. Closely monitor the patients’ movements and conditions around the clock. D. Facilitate communication between patients and doctors or family members.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第四段“远程呈现机器人, 如MantaroBot, Vgo以及Giraff可以通过电脑、智能手机或平板电脑进行控制, 通过一个屏幕即机器人的脸, 让家庭成员或医生远程监控病人, 或与他们聊天”可推测出, 远程呈现机器人可以帮助病人和医生或家庭成员之间进行交流。
7. What is one special feature of the robot Actroid F?A. It interacts with patients just like a human companion. B. It operates quietly without patients realizing its presence. C. It likes to engage in everyday conversations with patients. D. It uses body language even more effectively than words. 【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“这个可以交流的机器人同伴眼睛里有照相机, 这使得它可以跟踪病人, 并用适当的面部表情和肢体语言来进行互动”可知, Actroid F最大的特点是它可以像人类同伴一样和病人进行互动。
8. What is the attitude of the 70 patients towards the robotic nurses?A. They don’t like having it around. B. They are indifferent to it. C. They feel bored around them. D. Almost all of them are in favor of it. 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“During a month-long hospital trial, researchers asked 70 patients how they felt being around the robot and “only three or four said they didn’t like having it around”可知, 这70名患者中绝大部分人对机器人还是支持的。
【语篇二次运用】 Passage 1——语法填空　　If you were like most children, you 1. __________ (probable) got upset when your mother called you by a brother’s or sister’s name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved you less? 　　Probably not. According to the first research 2. __________ (deal) with this topic head-on, 3. __________ (misname) the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive (认知的) error that has to do 4. __________ how our memories classify and store familiar names.  
　　The study, 5. __________(publish) online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, 6. __________(find) that the “wrong” name is not random 7. __________ is always fished out from 8. __________ same relationship pond: children, friends, brothers and 9. __________(sister). The study did not examine the 10. __________ (possible) of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, “but it does tell us who’s in and who’s out of the group. ” 
答案: 1. probably　2. to deal　3. misnaming4. with　5. published　6. found　7. but　8. the9. sisters 10. possibility