2021年中考英语总复习专题.13 被动语态（考点详解）
展开考点13被动语态
命题趋势
动词的时态和语态是中考出现频率较高的语法项目之一。考题多以具体的语境为主，体现了对语法知识、语境理解、语言交际能力的综合考查。
考查题型：从命题形式来看，时态以单项选择、完形填空为主、词语语篇填空等均有考查题型。
考查重点：从近年的中考试题来看，以下是考查重点
1、被动语态的句型；
2、被动语态的各种时态形式；
3、被动语态的用法；
4、主动语态变被动语态；
5、主动形式表示被动意义。
语态概述
1、语态的定义：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的，用来说明主语和谓语之间的主动或者被动关系。
2、语态的种类：英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态的基本句型及时态
1、被动语态的基本句型
句型 | 构成 | 例句 |
肯定句 | 主语 + be + 过去分词( + by... ) | Chinese is spoken by us.我们说汉语。 |
否定句 | 主语 + be + not + 过去分词( + by…) | Homework isn’ t done by him.他不做作业。 |
一般疑问句 | Be + 主语 + 过去分词(+ by...)? | —Was Jim asked to go to Beijing? 吉姆被要求去北京吗? —Yes, he was.是的，他被要求了。/No, he wasn’ t. 不，他没有。 |
特殊疑问句 | 特殊疑问词 + be + 主语 + 过去分词(+by...)? | Why was this bridge built by us? 我们为什么要建这座桥? |
2、被动语态的各种时态形式
时态 | 结构 | 例句 |
一般现在时 | 主语 + am/is/are + 过去分词 + 其他 | History is made by the people. 历史是人们创造的。 These books are designed for children. 这些书是为孩子们设计的。 |
一般过去时 | 主语 + was/were + 过去分词 + 其他 | The letter was written in English. 这封信是用英语写的。 The cars were made in Shanghai. 这些车是上海生产的。 |
一般将来时 | 主语 + will be + 过去分词 + 其他 | Your job will be kept open for your return. 你的工作将保留到你回来。 When will the work be finished? 这项工作什么时候完成？ |
现在进行时 | 主语+ am/is/am + being + 过去分词 +其他 | A new railway is being built. 一条新铁路正在修建。 Because my car is being repaired, I have to go to work by taxi. 因为我的车正在修理，所以我不得不坐出租车去上班。 |
过去进行时 | 主语+ was/were + being + 过去分词+ 其他 | The hall was being built last year. I’ m not sure if it is completed. 这个个大厅去年正在修建，我不清楚建好了没有。 The road was being widened when I passed by the village. 当我经过那个村庄时，道路正在加宽。 |
现在完成时 | 主语 +have/has been + 过去分词 + 其他 | He has been sent to work in Shanghai. 他已经被派往上海工作了。 Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday? 运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗？ |
过去完成时 | 主语 + had been + 过去分词 + 其他 | The room had been broken into before we came. 我们来之前已经有人强行进过这间屋子。 A new hotel had been built when I got there. 我到那儿时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。 |
情态动词 | 主语 + 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 + 其他 | Her temperature should be taken twice a day. 她的体温应该一天量两次。 If heated, water can be turned into vapour. 如果受热，水会变成蒸气。 |
：被动语态的用法及变换
1、被动语态的用法
用法 | 例句 |
不知道或者不必说出动作的执行者 | How is this word pronounced? 这个单词怎么发音？ The book was published in 2005. 这本书是2005年出版的。 |
强调动作的承受者 | School will be opened in our village. 我们村将开办一所新的希望学校。 |
当动作的执行者是泛指时 | He is suspected of robbing the bank. 有人怀疑他抢劫银行。 |
表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作的执行者 | I have been told many times not to make noises. 有人多次告诉我不要吵闹。 |
句法修饰的需要 | The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young musician from Italy. 乔要做这个报告，他是意大利的一位年轻的音乐家。 |
有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 | He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。 It is reported that he is a professor from New Zealand. 据报道，他是来自新西兰的一位教授。 |
2、主动语态变被动语态
说明 | 例句 | |
第一步：把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 第二步：把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。 第三步：把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。 | All the people laughed at him. →He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. →The bikes are made by them in the factory.
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1、含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语比较多。 2、如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词， 注意： ①一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 ② 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 | 典型例题1 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. →I was given a present on my birthday. 典型例题2 The book was showed to the class. →My bike was lent to her. 典型例句3 A new skirt was made for me. The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us.
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带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。 | 典型例题1 We always keep the classroom clean. →The classroom is always kept clean. 典型例题2 She told us to follow her instructions. →We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to。 We often hear him play the guitar. →He is often heard to play the guitar. | |
【注意】 感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾补，变为被动语态时，需要在动词原形前加上省略的不定式符号to，即＂be seen/heard/found/observed/noticed/made to do sth＂。 They saw her enter the meeting room just now. →She was seen to enter the meeting room just now. 刚才他们看见她进入了会议室。 | ||
含有动词短语（作谓语）的主动句：谓语为及物动词短语的主动句方可变为被动语态。 | They take good care of these children. →These children are taken good care of. 他们把这些孩子照顾得非常好。 We should make full use of the good chance. →The good chance should be made full use of. 我们应该充分利用这次好机会。 | |
：主动形式表示被动意义
情况 | 例句 |
说明主语的性质、特征的动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如：lock，open，read，sell，teach，wash，write等。 | The cloth washes well.这种布料很容易洗. A freshly baked cake doesn’t cut easily. 刚烤好的蛋糕不容易切。 |
表示感官的连系动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，如：smell，feel，taste，sound等。 | This piece of music sounds good.这段音乐听起来不错。 Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼尝起来很美味。 |
某些动词后用动名词的主动形式表达被动意义，如：need，want，require，worth | The bike needs repairing.这辆自行车需要修理。 Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。 |
【注意】
动词短语用于被动语态时，把它们看作一个整体变成被动结构，其后的介词和副词不可丢掉。常见的被动形式表示主动意义的词组：be seated坐着，就座 be hidden躲藏 be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿着
以下结构常用被动语态。
据说…… It is said that …
据报导…… It is reported that …
据推测…… It is supposed that …
希望…… It is hoped that …
众所周知…… It is well known that …
普遍认为…… It is generally considered that …
有人建议…… It is suggested that …
典型例句
It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 据报道明天要下雨。
It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 众所周知，托马斯·爱迪生发明了电灯泡。
被动语态记忆口诀
被动语态强调＂宾＂，用 be加上＂过去分＂。
＂be＂要随着主语变，人称时态要弄准。
＂行为对象＂作主语，逻辑主语＂by＂来引。
原句若是双宾语，一变＂主＂来一保＂宾＂。
＂间宾＂要把主语变，原来＂直宾＂还是＂宾＂。
＂直宾＂要把主语变，＂间宾＂前加＂to＂最称心。
唯有原＂宾＂是＂复合＂，只有变宾要当心。
原句＂宾补＂变＂主补＂，位置不必挪寸分。
情态动词变＂被动＂，情态加be加过分。
如若＂情态＂后带to，变后有to才弄准。
＂短语动词＂变＂被动＂，相当＂及物＂莫疑心。
不过其后＂介＂或＂副＂，变后还得要承认。
【模拟训练】
一、用括号内的词的适当形式填空。
2.Look at the picture. The top five TV plays __________ in it.
A. list B. are listed C. will list D. will be listed
3.If you are caught smoking in the kitchen, you __________ by your boss.
A. will fire B. are fired C. will be fired D.be fired
5.The latest mobile phone __________ in China.
A. will make B. has made C. is making D. is made
6. Mr. Green __________ to sing an English song at the party and he sang well.
A. was invited B. invited C. is invited D. invites
7. Teenagers have to be 18 years old before they __________ to drive a car.
A. are allowed B. will be allowed C. allow D. is allowed
8. As China grows stronger and stronger, Chinese __________ in more and more schools out of our
country.
A. teaches B. is taught C. has taught D. was taught
9.—Your bedroom is so clean.
—Of course. It __________ every day
A. cleans B. cleaned C. is cleaned D. was cleaned
11.—Why hasn’t Tony come?
—The invitation letter __________ to Toby by accident.
A. was emailed B. has emailed C. is emailed D. emailed
12.The museum __________ next month to celebrate the Science & Technology Festival.
A. is decorated B. will decorate C. is decorating D. will be decorated
13.—Your bedroom is so clean.
—Of course. It __________ every day.
A. cleans B. cleaned C. is cleaned D. was cleaned
14. Both Lily and Lucy __________ to the party yesterday, but they didn’t come at all.
A. were invited B. was invited C. invited D. is invited
15. When you go abroad, you’ll find that so many products in local shops __________ in China.
A. make B. have made C. are made D. is made
16.—Why does the earth look blue in space?
—Because most of the earth’s surface __________ by water.
A. covers B. is covered C. cover D. are covered
17. You are not supposed to go to a family patty unless you __________ to in the US.
A. are not invited B. are invited C. will be invited D. is invited
18. Our plan to clean the park __________ tomorrow.
A. Discusses B. will discuss C. will be discussed D. is discuss
19. I plan to build an unusual house. It __________ out of old things.
A. is built B. has built C. was built D. will be built
20. Students do less homework now. Usually it __________ before 9 o’ clock in the evening.
A. finishes B. finished C. is finished D. was finished
二、根据所给汉语完成句子，一空一词。
①The new bike ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ （买给我）by my parents as a present last week.
②______________ your mobile phone ______________ ______________ ______________（是国产的吗）?
③The whole mountain is ______________ ______________ (覆盖) the snow.
三、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。
①I have a lot of homework to be done tonight. ____________
②Is your history teacher listened carefully in class? ____________
③Lei Feng’ s name remembered by all Chinese people. ____________
④The music is sounded beautiful. ____________
⑤By who was this new educational CD-ROM designed? _____________
【参考答案】
一、用括号内的词的适当形式填空。
2. B【解析】句意：看这幅画。前五名的电视剧都在里面。考查被动语态。根据语境得知The top five TV plays与list之间存在被动关系；由Look at the picture得知是一般现在时，因此为一般现在时的被动语态，故选B。
3. C【解析】句意：如果你在厨房里被抓到吸烟，你就会被老板开除。你只能＂被开除＂，所以需要使用被动语态be done，如果主句是将来时，那么if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时表将来，这是主将从现的用法，本题中从句是说如果被抓到抽烟的话，用了一般现在时，那么主句用一般将来时，表示＂你将会被开除＂，所以用一把将来时的被动语态，will be done，故选C。
5. D【解析】句意：最新的手机是在中国制造的。will make将会制造，一般将来时态；has made现在完成时态；is making现在进行时态；is made一般现在时的被动语态。根据句意可知，这句话的主语The latest mobile phone与谓语动词make之间构成被动关系，应用被动语态，选项中只有D是被动形式，所以选D。
6. A【解析】考查被动语态的用法。句意：格林先生在派对上被邀请唱了一首英语歌，并且他唱得非常好。A. was invited被邀请，被动结构；B. invited邀请，过去式；C. is invited被动结构，一般现在时；D. invites第三人称单数形式。根据he sang well.可知用过去时态，再根据主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系，所以用被动语态的过去时态，故选A。
7. A【解析】考查被动语态的用法。句意：青少年在允许开车前不得不达到十八岁。are allowed被动语态的一般现在时；C. will be allowed被动语态的一般将来时；D. allow一般现在时。根据主语和谓语动词之间的动宾关系，可知用被动语态，结合句意，可知表示一般情况，故选A。
8. B【解析】考查被动语态的时态的用法。句意：随着中国变得越来越强大，汉语在国外越来越多的学校教学。A. teaches第三人称单数形式；B. is taught 一般现在时的被动结构；C. has taught 现在完成时，主动结构；D. was taught一般过去时的被动结构。根据主语和谓语动词之间是动宾关系，所以用被动语态，根据句意，可知描述的是现在的一种现象，所以用一般现在时，故选B。
9. C【解析】考查被动语态。句意：——你的卧室真干净。——当然，它每天都被打扫。根据every day句子应该用一般现在时，句子的主语it与谓语动词clean之间是被动关系，故选C。
11. A【解析】考查动词的时态及语态。句意：——托尼为什么还没来？——邀请函偶然地通过电子邮件发送给托比。A. was emailed被邮寄，过去式的被动语态；B. has emailed已邮寄； C. is emailed被邮寄，现在式的被动语态；D. emailed 邮寄，一般过去时。The invitation letter是物，应用被动语态，邀请函已发故用过去式，因此选A。
12. D【解析】考查动词时态和语态。句意：为庆祝即将举行的科学技术节，这个博物馆下个月就要装修。根据题意，博物馆下个月要进行装修，属于打算，应该用一般将来时，排除A和C选项。同时，博物馆是＂被装修＂，要用decorate的被动语态，即be decorated，而B是主动式，可排除。故选D。
13. C 【解析】考查被动语态。句意：——你的卧室真干净。——当然，它每天都被打扫。根据every day句子应该用一般现在时，句子的主语it与谓语动词clean之间是被动关系，故选C。
14. A【解析】考查动词的语态。句意：昨天李丽和露西都被邀请去参加聚会，但是他们都没有去。A. were invited 被邀请，用于复数的主语； B. was invited 用于单数主语； C. invited是过去式。因为句子的主语Both Lily and Lucy是复数，并且与谓语动词之间是被动关系，所以用were invited被邀请，故选A。
15. C【解析】考查动词的语态。句意：当你去国外时，你会在当地商店里看到那么多中国制造的商品。主语products是谓语动词make的承受者，句子用被动语态，故选C。
16. B【解析】考查动词的语态。句意：——为什么在太空中，地球看上去是蓝色的？——因为地球的大部分地方被水覆盖着。句子的主语surface是谓语动词cover的承受者，句子用被动词语态，most of the earth’ s surface表示单数含义，谓语动词用单数形式。故选B。
17. B【解析】考查动词时态。句意：在美国如果你不被邀请，你不应该参加家庭聚会。Unless引导的条件状语从句，主句将来时或有情态动词，从句用一般现代时。故选B。
18. C【解析】考查动词的时态及语态的用法。句意：打扫公园的计划将在明天被讨论。根据tomorrow可知，句子应该用一般将来时，句子的主语plan与discuss 之间是被动关系。故选C。
19. D【解析】考查动词的时态及语态。句意：我计划建一座与众不同的房子，所建造的房子会推陈出新。根据plan可知，计划要做的事情，当然句子用一般将来时，句子是主语it指房子，it与build之间是被动关系。所以用将来时的被动语态。故选D。
20. C【解析】考查一般现在时被动语态。句意：学生现在做较少的家庭作业。通常在晚上九点前就可以完成。在该句中的it指代上文中的homework，它是动词finish的承受者，该用被动语态。根据usually可知该用一般现在时。所以选C。
二、根据所给汉语完成句子，一空一词。
① was bought for me ② Is made in China ③ covered with
三、下列各句均有一处错误，请找出并改正过来。
①be done改为do ② listened改为listened to ③ remembered改为was remembered
④ is sounded改为sounds ⑤By who改为By whom
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