2021高考英语二轮专题复习专题强化练三阅读理解之推理判断题Ⅰ

专题强化练(三)　阅读理解之推理判断题(Ⅰ)

A

(2020·广东四校高三期末联考)Microplastics are everywhere in our environment.It's hardly surprising that the tiny fragments have also been found in humans.A new study shows that Americans are consuming as many as 121，000 particles each year.

Measuring 50 to 500 microns in length，microplastics come from a variety of sources，including large plastics that break down into smaller and smaller pieces.Therefore，much remains unknown about the common existence of these materials within the human body，as well as their impact on human health.

Hoping to fill in some of these gaps，a research team led by Kieran Cox，a PhD candidate at the University of Victoria，looked at 26 papers assessing the amount of microplastics in commonly consumed food items，among which are seafood，sugars，salts，honey，alcohol and water.The team also evaluated the potential consumption of microplastics through inhalation(吸入) using previously reported data on microplastic concentrations in the air and the Environmental Protection Agency's reported respiration rates.Based on these data，the researchers calculated that our annual consumption of microplastics via food and drink ranges from 39，000 to 52，000 particles.When microplastics taken in through inhalation are taken into account，the range jumps to between 74，000 and 121，000 particles per year.    

The authors of the study found that people who drink exclusively from plastic water bottles absorb an additional 90，000 microplastics each year，compared to 4，000 among those who only consume tap water.“This shows that small decisions，over the course of a year，really matter and have an impact，”Cox says.The new study，according to its authors，was the first to investigate “the accumulative human exposure” to microplastics.But in all likelihood，the research tells only a small part of the entire story.Collectively，the food and drink that the researchers analyzed represent 15 percent of Americans' caloric intake.The team could not account for food groups like fruits，vegetables and grains because there simply is not enough data on their microplastic content.

For those worried about microplastic consumption，cutting down bottled water is a good place to start.But to the heart of the problem，we have to stop producing and using so much plastic.

1．What makes it difficult to know microplastics commonly exist in the human body?

A．The quality.　　　 B．The quantity.

C．The shape.   D．The size.

2．How did Kieran Cox's team calculate the potential consumption of microplastics?

A．By studying papers. 

B．By comparing the impacts.

C．By analyzing the data.

D．By conducting experiments.

3．Which of the following is true according to the text?

A．Drinking less plastic bottled water helps to take in fewer microplastics.             

B．The study is among the earliest to investigate human exposure to microplastics.              

C．Cox's team gained comprehensive information of microplastics taken in by humans.              

D．People consume 74，000 to 121，000 particles of microplastics per year from food and drink.

4．What is the best title for the text?

A．The Potential Problems of Microplastics

B．Microplastics Coming from Various Sources

C．Microplastics Found Within Human Bodies

D．The Impact of Microplastics on Human Health

【语篇解读】　本文介绍了一项研究，研究表明人体有大量的塑料微粒，它们主要来自食品和空气。从而呼吁人们应该通过减少塑料的使用来解决这一问题。

1．解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Measuring 50 to 500 microns in length，microplastics come from a variety of sources，including large plastics that break down into smaller and smaller pieces.Therefore，much remains unknown about the common existence of these materials within the human body...”可知，塑料微粒非常小，并且有很多来源，正因如此，关于这些塑料微粒的存在还有很多未知之处。故D项正确。

答案：D

2．解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Based on these data，the researchers calculated that our annual consumption of microplastics via food and drink ranges from 39，000 to 52，000 particles.”可知，Kieran Cox的团队是通过分析数据来计算塑料微粒的潜在消耗量的。故C项正确。

答案：C

3．解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The authors of the study found that people who drink exclusively from plastic water bottles absorb an additional 90，000 microplastics each year，compared to 4，000 among those who only consume tap water.”以及第五段的“For those worried about microplastic consumption，cutting down bottled water is a good place to start.”可知，少喝塑料瓶装水有助于人们减少塑料微粒的摄入。故A项正确。

答案：A

4．解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段“It's hardly surprising that the tiny fragments have also been found in humans.A new study shows that Americans are consuming as many as 121，000 particles each year.”可知，全文主要围绕着人类体内含有大量的塑料微粒这一内容展开。故C项正确。

答案：C

B

(2020·广东华南师大附中高三模拟)“How do you account for your remarkable accomplishment in life？”Queen Victoria of the UK asked Helen Keller.“How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf，you were able to accomplish so much？”

Ms.Keller's answer is a tribute (致敬) to her dedicated teacher.“If it had not been for Anne Sullivan，the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.”

According to speaker Zig Ziglar，“Little Annie” Sullivan，as she was called when she was young，was no stranger to hardship.She was almost sightless herself and was，at one time，diagnosed as hopelessly “insane” by her caregivers.She was locked in the basement of a mental institution outside of Boston.On occasion，Little Annie would violently attack anyone who came near.Most of the time she generally ignored everyone in her presence.

An elderly nurse believed there was hope，however，and she made it her mission to show love to the child.Every day she visited Little Annie.For the most part，the child did not acknowledge the nursed presence，but she still continued to visit.The kind woman left cookies for her and spoke words of love and encouragement.She believed Little Annie could recover，if only she were shown love.     

Eventually，doctors noticed the change in the girl.Where they once witnessed anger and hatred，they now noted a gentleness and love.They moved her upstairs where she continued to improve.Then the day finally came when this seemingly “hopeless” child was released.

Anne Sullivan grew into a young woman with a desire to help others as she herself was helped by the kind nurse.It was she who saw the great potential in Helen Keller.She loved her，disciplined her，played with her，pushed her and worked with her until the flickering candle that was her life became a beacon of light to the world.Anne Sullivan worked wonders in Helen's life；but it was a loving nurse who first believed in Little Annie and lovingly transformed an uncommunicative child into a compassionate teacher.     

“If it had not been for Anne Sullivan，the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.”But if it had not been for a kind and dedicated nurse，the name of Anne Sullivan would have remained unknown.

5．The dialogue between Queen Victoria and Helen Keller is mentioned mainly to________．

A．show a deep admiration for Helen Keller

B．prove that Helen Keller made a great contribution

C．begin telling the story of Helen Keller's teacher Anne Sullivan

D．get the reader interested in how Helen Keller achieved so much

6．What is the hardship mentioned in the third paragraph?

A．Sullivan had a strange disease.

B．Almost everyone ignored Sullivan.

C．Sullivan was kept away from her parents.

D．Sullivan was believed to have a mental problem.

7．What can we conclude from the article?

A．Sullivan liked the nurse from the very beginning.

B．Sullivan experienced firsthand how terrible the life of a deaf child was.

C．The elderly nurse had no doubt that Sullivan would be a great teacher.

D．Without the nurse，Sullivan couldn't have helped Helen Keller later.

8．Which of the following would be the best title for the article?

A．The Power of Love

B．Making a Difference

C．The Secret to Being a Good Teacher

D．Similarities Between Anne and Helen

【语篇解读】　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了被一度认为有精神问题的Annie Sullivan，在一位护士的关心与爱护下，慢慢恢复健康，并且重新点燃了Helen Keller生命的灯塔。通过这个故事，文章告诉我们爱的力量是伟大的。

5．解析：推理判断题。根据文章第一段“How do you explain the fact that even though you were both blind and deaf you were able to accomplish so much？”(你如何解释尽管你看不见听不到却能取得如此大的成就)和第二段的“Ms.Keller's answer is a tribute (致敬)to her dedicated teacher.‘If it had not been for Anne Sullivan，the name of Helen Keller would have remained unknown.’”(凯勒女士的回答是对她具有献身精神的老师的致敬。“如果没有Anne Sullivan，海伦·凯勒的名字可能永远都不会为人所知。”)可以推测，引用海伦·凯勒和维多利亚女王的对话是为了引出她和老师Anne Sullivan之间的故事。C项，begin telling the story of Helen Keller's teacher Anne Sullivan(开始讲述海伦·凯勒和老师Anne Sullivan之间的故事)符合以上推测。

答案：C

6．解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段“She was almost sightless herself and was，at one time，diagnosed as hopelessly ‘insane’ by her caregivers.”(她自己几乎失明，并且一度被她的看护者诊断为无可救药的“精神错乱者”)可知，Sullivan经历的困境是她被认为精神有问题。D项，Sullivan was believed to have a mental problem.(Sullivan被认为精神有问题)符合文意。

答案：D

7．解析：推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Anne Sullivan worked wonders in Helen's life；but it was a loving nurse who first believed in Little Annie and lovingly transformed an uncommunicative child into a compassionate teacher.”(Anne Sullivan在海伦·凯勒的一生中创造了奇迹：但是首先是一位慈爱的护士相信了小安妮，并慈爱地把一个沉默寡言的孩子变成了一位富有同情心的老师)可推测，如果没有这位护士，就不会有Anne Sullivan，那么她也不能帮助到海伦·凯勒。D项，Without the nurse，Sullivan couldn't have helped Helen Keller later.(如果没有这个护士Sullivan本不能够帮助海伦·凯伦)符合文意。

答案：D

8．解析：主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是文章第四段的“She believed Little Annie could recover，if only she were shown love.”(她相信小安妮会康复，如果给予她爱)和第六段的“She loved her，disciplined her，played with her，pushed her and worked with her until the flickering candle that was her life became a beacon of light to the world.”(她爱她，管教她，同她玩耍，督促她，和她一起工作，直到她生命中闪烁的蜡烛变成了世界的灯塔)可知，本文主要讲述爱的力量可以让人变得更好。A项，The Power of Love(爱的力量)可以作为本文标题。   

答案：A

C

(2020·武汉高三质量监测)Just ask any new parent：Adding a baby to a household can also add stress to a career.Now，a new study backs that up with some astonishing numbers：After science，technology，engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals become parents，43% of women and 23% of men switch fields，transition (转变) to part­time work，or leave the workforce entirely.

Many researchers and parents already knew that STEM can be unwelcoming to parents，particularly mothers.But “the considerable departure was astonishing，” says Erin Cech，an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and lead author of the study，published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.For both genders，“the proportions were higher than we expected.”

The surprisingly high reduction rate for men also highlights that “parenthood in STEM is not just a mothers' issue；it's a worker issue，” Cech says.She hopes that the findings “might motivate changes”，such as more paid parental leave from both government and employers and policies that better support flexible work time without a tight routine.“We are not suggesting that people who want families should avoid STEM；that's not the solution，” she emphasizes.

By 2018，78% of new fathers were still working in STEM，the vast majority full time.For new mothers，68% were still in STEM，but only 57% worked full time.For professionals without children，on the other hand，84% of men and 76% of women were predicted to still be working in STEM full time in 2018.For the new parents across all fields，16% of women were working part­time and 15% had left the workforce，as compared with just 2% and 3%，respectively，for men.These sharp differences make clear that，even though the reduction rate for fathers is higher than expected，mothers still face particular career challenges.

9．What makes many STEM employees change their jobs?

A．Worrying about their family.

B．The attraction of part­time jobs.

C．Being tired of the former jobs.

D．The heavy burden at home and work.

10．Which statement may Erin Cech agree with?

A．Working at home may be a popular choice.

B．Increasing welfare may keep STEM parents.

C．People with families should leave STEM.  

D．STEM professionals should obey the rules.

11．How many new mothers among the labor force worked full time in 2018?

A．69%.　　　　　　 B．76%.

C．57%.    D．31%.

12．What does the author want to stress by listing the sharp differences?

A．Too many fathers leave STEM.

B．It's hard for mothers to make a balance.

C．STEM jobs are no longer popular.

D．It's impossible to have a successful career.

【语篇解读】　本文主要以STEM的相关行业为例，阐述了家庭和工作给新手父母们带来的巨大压力，女性(尤其是新妈妈)全职比例与男性相比较低。

9．解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Just ask any new parent：Adding a baby to a household can also add stress to a career.”可知，给家里添个孩子也会给新手父(母)的职业生涯增加压力。由此可推断，家庭和工作的重担让STEM的相关行业从业者更换了他们的工作，故选D。

答案：D

10．解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第二句可知，Cech希望这些发现会促生变化，比如来自政府和雇主的更长时间的带薪产假，以及不附带严格常规要求的灵活工作时间。由此可以推断，Erin Cech可能会同意“增加福利留住STEM父母”，故选B。

答案：B

11．解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“For the new parents across all fields，16% of women were working part­time and 15% had left the workforce，as compared with just 2% and 3%，respectively，for men.”可知，在所有领域的新手父母们中，有16%的女性是兼职工作的，15%的人离职。由此计算，2018年全职工作的新手母亲所占比率为[100%－(16%＋15%)]＝69%，故选A。

答案：A

12．解析：写作意图题。根据最后一段的最后一句“These sharp differences make clear that，even though the reduction rate for fathers is higher than expected，mothers still face particular career challenges.”可知，这些明显的差异表明，母亲仍然面临着特定的职业挑战。由此可推断，作者想通过列举这些明显的差异来强调母亲们很难平衡家庭与工作，故选B。

答案：B