高考英语一轮复习小题强化练习专题17阅读理解之推理判断题讲解与练习（含解析）

专题17  阅读理解之推理判断题讲解与练习

Part 1整体感知

一、推理判断题主要考查学生：（1）推断隐含意义的能力。

（2）推断作者的观点或态度的能力。

   （3）推断写作目的的能力。

（4）推断文章的出处的能力。

（5）推断上下文内容的能力。

1.细节推理判断题该类型题干主要命题特征：1.题干主要包括六个动词：infer（推断），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出结论）和assume（假定，设想）。

此类题目常见出题方式：

1. It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the text that _______.
2. Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?
3. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed?
4. The attitude of the author towards somebody/sonething is _______.
5. What’s the author’s attitude toward…?
6. The main purpose of this text is_____.
7. From the passage we can conclude that_______.

2.掌握表述作者观点态度的形容词、动词

（1）表示积极的词：support（支持），supportive（支持的），approve（赞成），approving（赞同的），for（支持），in favor of（支持），optimistic（乐观的），positive（积极的），objective（客观的），helpful（有帮助的），admiring（赞赏的），serious（严肃的），enthusiastic（热情的），pleasant（愉快的），polite（礼貌的），concerned（关切的），humorous（幽默的），unbiased（无偏见的），confident（自信的），impressive（给人印象深刻的）等。

（2）表示消极的词汇：disgusted（厌恶的），disgusting（令人厌恶的），critical（批评的），negative（否定的），suspicious（怀疑的），intolerable（无法忍受），disappointed（失望的），biased（有偏见的），compromising（有失体面的），uninterested（不感兴趣的），worried（担心的），hostile（敌对的），ironic（讽刺的），sarcastic（挖苦的），bitter（令人不快的），cynical（愤世嫉俗的），sentimental（伤感的），emotional（情绪激动的），sceptical（怀疑的），opposed（强烈反对的），angry（气愤的），doubt（怀疑）等。

（3）表示中立的词：indifferent（冷淡的；漠不关心的），inpersonal（客观的），impartial（不偏袒的），factual（事实的），objective（客观的），neutral（中立的）等。

二、正确选项特征

1. “立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。

2. 选项中一般不出现绝对概念，如only，never，all， absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some， may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。

三、干扰选项特征

1.只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当作间接推理；

2.主观臆断：没有基于原文进行推断，而是根据常识推断；

3.过度推断：作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做出评论，而一些选项却主观地进行推断。如提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。

4.错误推断：某些细节看似从原问推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置和手段变目的等；

Part 2 解题方法

方法1. 根据特定信息进行推断

   在阅读中作判断，一定要以材料提供的事实为依据，作出的推断要合乎情理。有些简单的推理判断题，可根据题干提供的信息，到原文中去抓关键信息，然后进行分析、推理、判断。

典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读D节选）

We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

32. What does the author think of new devices?

A. They are environment-friendly.      B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.      D. They go out of style quickly.

根据节选段的最后一句“That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.”可知，做同样的事，过时的电子设备比新设备耗能更多。由此可推断，作者认为新设备更节能、更环保，故答案为A。

方法 2. 从字里行间悟出作者的言外之意。

1. …The young man quickly answered,“Yes, sir.”

从quickly和“Yes, sir.”可以推论出，说话者似乎态度谦卑，甚至有点诚惶诚恐。

2. “…Lots of people think I’m just a green kid. I’ll show them.”

Green原意为“绿色的”，由此引申为“不成熟的”，这里可译作“毛孩子”。从“I’ll show them.”可推论出两层意思：1.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们做个样子看看。”（表示很自信）；2.“许多人认为我只是一个毛孩子，我要给他们一点颜色让他们看看。”（威胁的口气）

3. The old man staggered(摇摇晃晃地走)along the sidewalk. He grabbed at the picket fence to keep from falling. His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.
4. 粗心地学生可能会从“staggered（摇摇晃晃）”，“grabbed…from falling”推论出这个老头喝醉了。显然这种推论缺乏足够的证据，因为学生忽略了“His torn gray overcoat swayed open in the winter wind.”这一事实。事实上，作者描绘了一幅凄惨的画面。合理的推论应该是：这位老人上了年纪，身体很虚弱。

方法 3.  利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断

  文章是作者抒发感情、表达观点的一种方式。因此很多文章，尤其是记叙文和议论文，其语境都有一定的褒贬性，来反映主人公的特定心理和情绪状态以及作者的写作意图。掌握好文章的语境褒贬性就能在把握主旨的基础上对文章进行准确的逻辑判断。

典题例证（2019.全国卷I D节选）

During the rosy years of elementary school（小学）, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.

32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?

A. Unkind.    B. Lonely.   C. Generous.    D. Cool.

解析：根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的洋娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的；酷的。故选C。

方法4.根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处

判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式。

典题例证（2010.全国卷III阅读B节选）

B

Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.

Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.

27. From which is the text probably taken?

A. A biology textbook.               B. A health magazine.

C. A research paper.                 D. A travel brochure.

解析：根据节选第一段中的“These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.”并结合节选第二段描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果可以断定这篇文章可能来自健康杂志。答案为B.

Part 3 阅读理解仿真组合练

A

Research published in the journal High Temperature found that an hour-long soak in hot water produced similar blood sugar responses to 60 minutes of moderate physical activity.

Sound too good to be true? While the research on these effects is still initial (初步)，there is a plausible explanation for this.

"It seems that activities that increase heat shock proteins (热体克蛋) may help to improve blood sugar control and offer an alternative to exercise," the lead study author Steve Faulkner wrote. “These activities—such as soaking in a hot tub or taking a sauna (桑拿) — may have health benefits to people who are unable to exercise regularly. to an hour- long session of cycling or an hour-long session in a 40℃bath.

The scientists discovered that both groups were better able to control their blood sugar levels in the 24 hours following their soak were approximately 10 percent lower than those of the participants who exercised.

Researchers say this implies that “passive heating" (a means of rising your body temperature) could assist in lowering blood sugar levels. Passive heating can affect proteins in the body called heat shock proteins, which helps regulate blood sugar. People with diabetes (糖尿病) tend to have lower levels of heat shock proteins. Passive heating can raise these levels.

It's critical to point out a few limitations of the study. For starters, the experiment only monitored men, so it's difficult to say if the same effect would happen in women. It also only included 14 volunteers, which was an extremely small sample size. More research needs to be conducted before scientists can come to any official conclusion. And, of course, you should still continue exercising regularly.

That being said, the study does offer some more promising insights (见解) into the healing effects of hot water.

1. What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

A. Strange. B. Ridiculous.

C. Reasonable. D. Confusing.

2. What can we know about the research by the U. K.'s team?

A. Cycling made no difference to blood sugar levels.

B. People with diabetes usually have higher levels of heat shock proteins.

C. 14 lean and 14 overweight men were involved in the research.

D. A 24-hour tracking and monitoring was carried out after the one-hour activities.

3. How should scientists improve this study?

A. By extending the study period.

B. By changing the research method.

C. By including women in the research.

D. By adding more scientists involved in the investigation.

4. Which of the following best expresses the author's main point of view?

A. When you run a fever you get passive heating.

B. Passive heating can raise levels of heat shock proteins.

C. The research is of significance in spite of some imperfection.

D. You need either a hot bath or regular exercise to keep healthy.

B

The annual marathon in my town occurred as scheduled. My job was to follow behind the runners in an ambulance in case any of them needed medical attention. As the athletes began to pace themselves, the front runners started to disappear. It was then that my eyes were drawn to the woman in blue running shorts and a baggy white T-shirt.

I knew we were already watching our “last runner”. Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned out. Her legs were so crippled and bent that it seemed impossible for her to walk, let alone run a marathon.

The driver and I watched in silence as she slowly moved forward. We would move forward a little bit, then stop and wait for her to gain some distance. Then we’d slowly move forward a little bit more. As I watched her struggle to put one foot in front of the other, I found myself breathing for her and urging her forward. I wanted her to stop, and at the same time, I prayed that she wouldn’t.

Finally, she was the only runner left in sight. I sat on the edge of my seat and watched with respect and amazement as she pushed forward with sheer determination through the last miles. When the finish line came into sight, the cheering crowds had long gone home. Yet, standing straight and proud waited a man. He was holding one end of a ribbon tied to a post. She slowly crossed through, leaving both ends of the ribbon fluttering (飘动) behind her.

I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is.

5．What words can best describe the woman?

A．Proud and determined. B．Strong-willed and honorable.

C．Modest and courageous. D．Diligent and considerate.

6．What does the underlined word “crippled” in paragraph 2 mean?

A．Disabled. B．Healthy. C．Perfect. D．Strong.

7．What has the author learnt from the woman?

A．Don’t depend on others when facing hardships.

B．Nothing is too tough to accomplish if one is brave enough.

C．The disabled can also run a marathon despite their walking difficulty.

D．It’s not winning but finishing the thing we start that really matters.

8．What could be the best title for the text?

A．A Humorous Stranger. B．An Unforgettable Job.

C．The Last Runner. D．The Annual Marathon.

C

Your colleague’s sharp comment keeps replaying in your mind. Two of your students are trapped in a “he said/she said” battle. When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing”，the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively. According to a research, when people adopt self-distancing while discussing a difficult event, they make better sense of their reactions, experience less emotional suffering, and display fewer signs of stress.

But what might self-distancing look like in action? Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conflict where they are each focusing on their own feelings. One is thinking，“I can’t believe he did that to me.” And another insists, “She really hurt my feelings.” However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect him?”

Although this approach may sound too simple to be effective, studies indicate that a change in point of view can have a powerful effect on the way people think, feel, and behave. Here are several different techniques you can try.

First，consider how a thoughtful friend might respond after quietly observing their situation. Besides, avoid using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they, and they were able to see the stressful event as challenging rather than threatening. Finally, ask yourself, “How would I feel about this one week from now or ten years from now?” This form of mental time travel may be effective because our attention is directed away from our immediate, concrete circumstances.

9. What is self-distancing?

A. Getting stuck in negative emotions. B. A stressful situation.

C A study on relieving emotional stress. D. Reflecting on yourself objectively.

10. Paragraph 2 is developed by____.

A. example B. definition

C. classification D. process

11. Which of the following statement uses the techniques of self-distancing?

A. I’m angry with him.

B. How I wish I could go back to the past!

C. How did these two people get to this point?

D. He grabbed my notes, and then, and then...

12. What is the best title for the passage?

A. Why Self-distancing Matters

B. The Application of Self-distancing

C. Breaking the Cycle of Negative Reflection

D. Ways to Reflect on Emotional Reactions

D

Some of the most attractive pictures to come out of the Alaska earthquake are the photos that show slope (斜坡）failures, in which parts of formeriy solid hills caved in，tore or let loose. And if there happened to be a road or building on top of the slopes that failed，the result was horrible.

    Slopes can fail without earthquakes, as the result of pouring rain qr w：eathering. But the shaking caused by a quake — particularly a large one like what occurred near Anchorage on Friday — can either speed up the process or create entirely new failures that wouldn't have otherwise happened.

     Several slope failures were documented in the； Anchorage area in the hours after the earthquake Friday, the most interesting of which was on Vine Road southwest of Wasilla. It’3 as if someone.came along with a large destroying ball and dropped it on Vine Road, which wrinkled like a broken egg.

    Scientists seemed surprised at how many slope failures occurred as a result of the 7.0-magnitude (震级）quake. The center of the quake was deep，at 27 miles below the surface — a key reason why the damage in Anchorage was relatively light. Such an earthquake would be expected to produce shaking over a large area, but probably with reasonably modest top ground accelerations, Friday/s earthquake would certainly be felt, but the surface of Earth wouldn't be moving badly enough to produce widespread landslides.               

     Photos from Alaska show a lot of lateral (横向的）spread, in which the ground tears open. Whatever is on top of the ground at the place it tears in half is also torn in half afterwards, like highways or buildings. The buildings surrounding the spread are also at risk of damage because of the  force of the ground spreading out away from the tear. There’s also documentation of block spread，in  which part of the ground breaks off a hill and slides away mostly perfect.

13.What do we know about slope failures?

A. They may cause earthquakes.

B.They usually happen with a road on top.

C.They always happen with earthquakes.

D.They may pull parts of the hills apart

14.What can we infer from Paragraph 2?

A. Earthquakes have great effect on slope failures.

B. Most slope failures occur after the pouring rain.

C. Earthquakes result in slope failures immediately.

D. Slope failures occur mainly with large earthquakes.

15. What did the scientists think of the Alaska earthquake Friday?

A. It produced shaking over a large area.

B. It caused fewer slope failures than expected.

C. It wasn’t felt for its deep center.

D. It didn，t produce landslides. 

16. In which circumstance can we find the ground slides down a hill almost unbroken?

A.Land slides.    B.Slope failures.    C.Lateral spread.   D.Block spread.

A【答案】1. C    2. D    3. C    4. C

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，该研究显示，在热水中浸泡一小时，会和60分钟适度体力活动产生类似的血糖反应。浸泡热水能更好地控制血糖水平。

【1题详解】

词义猜测题。根据第三段中的"It seems that activities that increase heat shock proteins (热体克蛋) may help to improve blood sugar control and offer an alternative to exercise," the lead study author Steve Faulkner wrote.可知，提升热体克蛋白水平的活动似乎可以帮助改善血糖控制，并提供一种锻炼的替代方案。由此推知，there is a plausible explanation for this.意为“对此有一个合理的解释”。故选C。

【2题详解】

细节理解题。根据第四段第二句" The participants were either assigned to an hour-long session of cycling or an hour-long session in a 40℃ bath和第五段第一句中的 The scientists discovered that both groups were better able to control their blood sugar levels in the 24 hours following the activities.可知，参与者在活动中分别被分配了一个小时的任务，任务结束后的24小时内，科学家们对他们的情况进行了跟踪监测。故选D。

【3题详解】

推理判断题。根据第七段中的" For starters, the experiment only monitored men和only included 14 volunteers, which was an extremely small sample size."可知，这项研究有很多不足之处，实验仅跟踪监测了男性的情况，未涉及女性，且实验样本量很小。由此可知，该研究应增加女对象的研究。故选C。

【4题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的That being said, the study does offer some more promising insights(见解) into the healing effects of hot water.可知，作者认为，尽管这项研究有不足之处，但它确实为热水的治疗效果提供了一些更有前景的见解。故选C。

B 5．B    ．A  7．D  8．C

【解析】

本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述作者作为工作人员参加马拉松比赛，目睹一位脚有问题的女人坚持跑完马拉松的过程，并且这个最后一位跑步者一直激励作者以后生活的道路。

5．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段I sat on the edge of my seat and watched with respect and amazement as she pushed forward with sheer determination through the last miles.可知，我坐在座位边上，带着敬意和惊讶看着她坚定地向前走了最后几英里。以及最后一段I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things                are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is. 可知我不知道这个女人的名字，但从那天起，她就成了我生活的一部分——我经常依赖的一部分。对她来说，这不是打败其他赛跑者或赢得奖品的问题。这是关于完成她已经开始做的事情。当我认为事情太困难或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的时候，我就会想到最后一个跑步者。然后我意识到我面前的任务是多么的简单。由此可推知，作者认为，这个女人虽然一位脚有问题，但是意志坚强地走完了最后几英里，且她的行为也让作者一直铭记，成立作者生活的一部分，说明作者觉得这个有残疾的女人是值得尊敬的。故选B。

6．词义猜测题。根据上文Her feet were turned in, yet her left knee was turned out.她的脚朝里，但左膝朝外。以及后文bent that it seemed impossible for her to walk, let alone run a marathon.可知这个女人的腿弯曲，似乎不可能走路，更不用说跑马拉松了。由此可知，这个女人腿有残疾，故划线单词意思为“残疾的”。A. Disabled.残疾的；B. Healthy.健康的；C. Perfect.完美的；D. Strong.强壮的。故选A。

7．推理判断题。根据最后一段I don’t know this woman’s name, but that day she became a part of my life — a part I often depend on. For her, it wasn’t about beating the other runners or winning a prize. It was about finishing what she had set out to do. When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is. 可知我不知道这个女人的名字，但从那天起，她就成了我生活的一部分——我经常依赖的一部分。对她来说，这不是打败其他赛跑者或赢得奖品的问题。这是关于完成她已经开始做的事情。当我认为事情太困难或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的时候，我就会想到最后一个跑步者。然后我意识到我面前的任务是多么的简单。由此可以推断作者从这个女人身上学到的，不是胜利而是坚持到底才是最重要的，故选D。

8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中When I think things are too difficult or I get those “I-just-can’t-do-it,” I think of the last runner. Then I realize how easy the task before me really is.可知当我认为事情太困难或者我得到那些“我只是不能做”的时候，我就会想到最后一个跑步者。然后我意识到我面前的任务是多么的简单。结合本文主要讲述作者作为工作人员参加马拉松比赛，目睹一位脚有问题的女人坚持跑完马拉松的过程，并且这个最后一位跑步者一直激励作者以后生活的道路。所以C选项“最后一位跑步者”为短文最佳标题，更吸引读者，故选C。

C 【答案】9. D    10. A    11. C    12. C

【解析】

本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是一种有助于打破消极循环的技巧——自我疏远。

【9题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“the ability to take a step back and view yourself more objectively”可知，自我疏远指的是客观地反思自己，故D项正确。

【10题详解】

推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Consider a typical “he said/she said” student conflict where they are each focusing on their own feelings.”及“However, if you ask them to take the self-distancing, they might step outside of themselves and ask broader questions: “Why was he so hurt in this situation?” or “How did her anger affect him?””可知，本段以学生冲突为例说明了自我疏远在实际行动中的应用，因此本段是通过举例的手法展开的，故A项正确。

【11题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Besides, avoid using the pronoun “I”. Focus on using third-person pronouns, he, she, they,”可知，避免使用代词“我”，专注于使用第三人称代词他、她或他们，故C项（这两个人是怎么走到这一步的？）正确。

【12题详解】

主旨大意题。结合本文内容，尤其是根据第一段中的“When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing””可知，当你反思自己的情绪反应时，你有时会陷入消极情绪的循环，如果是这样，答案可能是一种叫自我疏远的技巧，由此可知本文介绍的是打破消极循环的技巧——自我疏远，故C项正确。

【点睛】说明文的主旨大意题的难度较大，抓住文章第一段是关键，例如本篇第4题，根据第一段中的“When you reflect on your emotional reactions, you sometimes get caught up in cycles of negative feelings, which can make you feel even worse. If so, the answer may lie in a skill called “self-distancing””可知，当你反思自己的情绪反应时，你有时会陷入消极情绪的循环，如果是这样，答案可能是一种叫自我疏远的技巧，由此可知本文介绍的是打破消极循环的技巧——自我疏远，而不是自我疏远的应用或自我疏远的重要性。

D   【答案】13. D    14. A    15. B   16. D

 本文是一篇说明文。通过照片描述了阿拉斯加地震后 的景象，介绍了地震对山体滑坡所造成的影响。

13. D【解析】细节理解题。第一段第一句slope failures后面的定语从句 “in which parts of formerly solid hills caved in, tore or let loose. ”对其做了解释，山体滑坡时， 以前很结实的山体也会塌陷、撕裂或松动，所以应选 D项。

14. A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，没有地震也会发生山体滑坡，如暴雨、风化等，地震会加速滑坡的过程，或者造成原本不会发生的滑坡，所以地震对山体滑坡有很大的影响。

30. B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句可知，科学家 们对于阿拉斯加地震所引起的山体滑坡数量很吃惊。 由于这次地震的震源很深，破坏相对较轻，疚段最后一句提到地表的移动没有严重到造成大面积山体滑坡的程度。由此推知，这次地震引起的山体滑坡数量比预想 的要少。               

16. D【解析】细节琿解题。根据全文最后一句可知，在块状扩散的情况下，部分地面脱离山丘，非常完整地滑落，所以答案为D项。