高中英语人教版 (新课标)必修3&4Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars优质导学案及答案

精讲

年级：高一年级   科目：英语   类型：同步

知识点：基础词汇

Ⅰ.核心单词

1．________(n.)系统；体系；制度    2．________(n.)学说；理论

3．________(n.)大气层；气氛     4．________(n.&vt.)拉(力)；拖；牵引力

5．________(vi.&vt.)(使)浮动；(使)漂浮；(n.)漂浮物

6．________(adj.)猛烈的→________(n.)暴力→________(adv.)猛烈地

7．________(prep.)不同；不像→________(反义词)(prep.)像→________(v.&n.)不喜欢

8．________(adj.)有害的→________(n.)害处(vt.)对……有害

9．________(vi.)存在；生存→________(n.)存在

10．________(vt.&vi.)(使)迷惑；(使)为难(n.)谜；难题→________(adj.)迷惑不解的

——词不离句，句不离段

With the development of astronomy，people know more about the fundamental theory of climate，atmosphere and the globe. Now more and more satellites and spaceships are sent into space where there's no oxygen and gravity.

II.重点短语

1．及时；终于__________________   2．轮到某人；接着______________________

3．阻止；制止__________________   4．感到高兴；感到振奋___________________

5．突发；爆发__________________   6．watch out for __________________________

7．lay eggs _____________________   8．give birth to ___________________________

9．now that _____________________   10．block out ____________________________

Ⅲ.经典句式

1．“twice as＋形容词原级＋as”倍数表达法之句型

But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried __________________ on the earth and fell over.

而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。

2．make/have...＋it＋adj./n.＋to do(it作形式宾语，不定式或从句作真正宾语)

This produced a chain reaction，which __________________.

  这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。

3．now that“由于；既然”，引导原因状语从句，有时that可以省略。

“Oh，dear，”I cried，“walking does need a bit of practice ________________ gravity has changed.”

“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”

4．whether...or not是否……。

The earth became so violent that it was not clear ______________the shape would last ______________.

地球变得如此激烈动荡以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。

 [词 汇 精 解]

1 exist vi.存在，在于

(教材原句)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.

它们也产卵，并且在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。

(1)exist in存在于……之中  exist on靠……为生 There exists/existed...某地有……；存在……

(2)existence n．存在；生存      come into existence产生；成立；开始存在

①(2013·重庆·阅读理解C)We do know，however，that they existed over 5,500 years ago in ancient  Asia.然而，我们确实知道，他们在古亚洲5 500多年前就存在了。

②They can't ______________ the money he's earning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。

③As is known to us，China________________ as an independent country in 1949.

众所周知，在1949年中国以一个独立的国家存在了。

2 puzzle n．谜；难题  vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难

(1)be in a puzzle不知如何是好     be in a puzzle about...对……迷惑不解

(2)puzzle over/about苦思冥想；绞尽脑汁

①Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.他们为什么干那件事仍然让我费解。

②But his curiosity was difficult to control and this new computer really puzzled him.但是他的好奇 心难以控制，这台新电脑也确实使他费解。

③I've been trying to____________ why she's so upset.我一直想试图搞清楚她为什么如此烦恼。

④_________________suggested she didnt't understand what I said.她脸上迷惑的表情表明她不明白我说的话。

3 pull  n．&vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力

(教材原句)As the rocket rose into the air，we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earth's gravity.

随着火箭升空，我们被重重地向后推在座位上，因为我们在尽力地逃离地球的引力。

pull away(汽车等)开走      pull down拆毁；摧毁

pull in(车辆)进站停靠；靠边停靠   pull out驶出；拉出，拔出

pull through康复；痊愈

①(2013·福建·阅读理解A)When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom，they found the ring.

当他们拉开我旧卧室的地毯时，发现了这个戒指。

②We waved as the train____________________. 火车驶出车站时我们挥手告别。

③The police car signaled to us to ________________. 警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。

【助记】

推拉的方向对比

4 in time 及时；终于

(教材原句)They were in time to produce carbon，nitrogen，water vapour and other gases.它们最终产生了碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体。

on time 按时；准时   in no time 立刻；马上  at no time 绝不    

at a time 每次，一次   at one time 一度；曾经  at times 有时

all the time 一直，始终   for the time being 暂时  take one's time 从容不迫

①He might get here in time，but I can't be sure.他可能及时来到这里，不过我不能确定。

②Luckily，I quickly adapted and everything was back ______________.

所幸我很快就适应了，不久一切都走上了正轨。

③______________，half the land on the earth's surface was covered by forest.

曾经，地球表面有一半的土地被森林所覆盖。

④At no time________________be permitted here.这里绝不允许吸烟。

5 prevent...from 阻止；制止

(教材原句)They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere，which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.

他们把过多的二氧化碳排放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。

prevent/stop/keep...from doing sth阻止……做某事 protect...from保护……不受……的侵袭；挡住；防御

keep...doing sth使……一直做某事

①His advice prevented me from making a serious mistake.他的忠告使我免于犯一个严重的错误。

②(2011·四川·阅读理解B)However，you have to sign a 25­year agreement with the supplier，which  could____________(阻止你改变)the roof.

③Lacey has a back injury that may______________ playing in tomorrow's game.

莱西背上受了伤，这可能使他打不了明天的比赛。

【点津】

prevent/keep/stop sb from doing sth的主动式中，只有keep后面的from不能省略，而在被动式中三个短语的from都不能省略。

6 cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋

cheer sb up使某人振作起来   cheer sb on(比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油

Cheers！[口语](用于祝酒)干杯！

①(2011·湖北卷)Feeling blue about the world？Cheer up.对世界感到沮丧吗？振作起来。

②The audience stood up to ________________，the Vancouver Canucks.

  观众们站起来为他们的球队温哥华加人队欢呼加油。

③The news________________.这消息使他高兴起来。

7 now that既然

(教材原句)．..walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.

……重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。

常用的引导原因状语从句的连词还有：because，since，as，in that，seeing that，considering that等。

①Now that you have finished your work，you'd better have a rest.

既然你的工作已经完成了，你最好休息一下吧。

②______________，you can make up your mind by yourself. 既然你已经长大了，你可以自己做决定了。

【点津】　now that相当于since，是连词词组，用来引导原因状语从句，口语中经常省略that，只用now，这时now已经失去了“现在”的含义。

用now that，since，for，because填空

③It must be morning________the birds are singing.一定是清晨了，因为鸟儿在叫。

④________________you are busy，let me do it for you.既然你忙，就让我帮你做吧。

⑤________you can't answer the question，I'll ask someone else.

既然你回答不出这个问题，我就问别人了。

⑥We couldn't go out________it was too cold.因为天气太冷，我们不能外出。

8 break out突发；爆发

(教材原句)We watched，amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth's gravity increased.我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层起火燃烧。

break off 折断；突然停止；暂停     break into 闯入；破门而入

break down 分解；发生故障；失败；毁掉   break away 脱离；放弃；逃跑

break in 打断；闯入

①Should another world war break out，what would become of human beings?

万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？

②(2012·江苏·阅读理解C)Researchers around the globe have developed polymers(聚合物)and other materials that______________(开始分解)when they absorb either ultraviolet(UV，紫外线)or               visible light.

③The elevators in this building ____________.这幢楼里的电梯总出故障。

[句 式 诠 释]

1 make＋宾语＋宾语补足语

(教材原句)This produced a chain reaction，which made it possible for life to develop.

这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命得以发展了。

①The two girls are so alike that strangers________one from the other.

这两个女孩长得很像，陌生人很难把她们区分开。

②(改编于陕西卷单选)No matter where he is，he______________to go for a walk before breakfast.

无论他在哪里，早饭前散散步成了他的常规。

③I hate ________________people speak with their mouths full. 我讨厌人们说话时嘴里有满满的东西。

2 twice as far as...倍数的表达方法，意为“是……的两倍远”。as far as...“远到……”。

(教材原句)But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as  on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。

英语里常见的倍数表达法有：

表示“A是……的多少倍”

The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as the present one.

正在建造的下届亚运会的新体育馆将是目前这个的三倍大。

①There are__________________in our library________________in yours.

我们图书馆里的书比你们图书馆里的书多五倍。

②The world's population has grown to more than________ what it was in 1 800.

目前世界人口与1 800年相比已经增长到当时的六倍多。

【参考答案】

Ⅰ.核心单词

1. system　2. theory　3. atmosphere　4. pull 5. float　6. violent；violence；violently　

7. unlike；like；dislike　8. harmful；harm　9. exist；existence　10. puzzle；puzzled

Ⅱ.重点短语

1. in time　  2.in one's turn　  3.prevent...from　 4.cheer up　  5.break out　

6.当心；提防　 7.下蛋　   8.产生；分娩　  9.既然　  10.挡住(光线)

Ⅲ.经典句式

1.twice as far as    2．made it possible for life to develop

3．now that     4．whether；or not

[词 汇 精 解]

1　②exist on　③came into existence  2　③puzzle out　④Her puzzled look on her face

3　②pulled out of the station　③pull in 4　②in no time　③At one time　④will smoking

5　②prevent you from changing　③prevent him from

6　②cheer on their team　③cheered him up

7　②Now (that)you have grown up　③for ④Now that　⑤Since　⑥because

8　②begin to break down　③are always breaking down

[句 式 诠 释]

1　①find it difficult to tell　②makes it a rule ③it when

2　①five times more books；than　②six times

精练

年级：高一年级   科目：英语   类型：同步 

知识点：词汇应用  难度 基础

总题量：3               预估总时间:30 min

Ⅰ选择填空

1．(2014·绍兴一中模拟)________a certain doubt among the workers as to the necessity of the work.

A．It existed    B．There existed  C．There had    D．It had

2．The girl looked at me with a________expression.Maybe that problem was quite ________．

A. puzzled；puzzling       B. puzzling；puzzled

C. puzzled；puzzled      D. puzzling；puzzling

3．(2014·宁波部分高中高三质检)His injuries are extremely serious，but he's expected to________．

A．pull in   B．pull through  C．pull up   D．pull over

4．(2012·江苏，29)—Thank God，you're safe！

—I stepped back，just________to avoid the racing car.

A．in time    B．in case  C．in need    D．in vain

5．(2014·杭州高三模拟)All possible means________been taken to prevent the river________．

A．have；polluting     B．has；polluted

C．has；from polluting    D．have；being polluted

6．(浙江卷)If they win the final tonight，the team are going to tour around the city________ by their  enthusiastic supporters.

A．being cheered    B．be cheered  C．to be cheered    D．were cheered

7．(2014·金华高中毕业生检测)Roger had a GPS device fitted in his car________he lost his way in  the city.

A．so that   B．now that   C．in case    D．as if

8．________we lost the game，it's no use complaining that we are not having much luck.

A．In order that    B．Now that  C．As if    D．Such that

9．(江西卷)You can't predict everything.Often things don't ________ as you expect.

A．run out   B．break out  C．work out    D．put out

10．(2014·杭州七校第二次联考)It is shown that men have________as women do on average while driving  according to recent statistics.

A．twice as many serious accidents   B．serious accidents as twice many

C．twice serious accidents as many   D．serious accidents as many twice

11．(2013·安徽卷)It's said that the power plant is now________large as what it was.

A．twice as    B．as twice   C．twice much    D．much twice

12．(四川卷)New technologies have made________possible to turn out new products faster and at a  lower cost.

A．that    B．this    C．one    D．it

II.完成句子

1．His back injury may______________in tomorrow's game.(prevent)

他背部的伤可能使他参加不了明天的比赛。

2．This ruler is______________/twice longer than that one/three times the length of that one.(as...as...)

这把尺子是那把尺子的三倍长。

3．________________，you should not depend on your parents.(now that)

既然你已经长大了，就不应该依靠你的父母了。

4．I'm taking Tom out______________．(cheer)我要带汤姆到外面转转，让他振作起来。

5．His laziness______________to achieve success.(make it＋adj.＋to do) 他的懒惰使他不可能成功。

III．语法填空

Animal experts in Croatia say a bear has learned how to trick people to let him in by knocking at the door.

They believe the 220-kilogram brown bear 1　　　　(probable) learned the trick while nudging (轻推) a door to get it to open.

　　Experts have a guess that the nudging was mistaken by the owners 2　　　　

knocking and that the bear，3　　　　(please) with the result，repeated the trick.

　　The Loknar family from Gerovo in 4　　　　(west) Croatia said the bear had knocked at their door three times and they were now refusing 5　　　　(answer) the door.

　　“We jumped out of the window as he came in through the door and 6　　　　(go) into the kitchen to take some food for 7　　　　 first time,”Mum Nevenka Loknar told a reporter from a local newspaper.“I opened the door and saw him8　　　　(stand) there and I didn't believe my 9　　　　(eye) at first. Then I ran for it as he walked in as if it was the most normal thing in the world.”

　　Bears are a common thing in the woods around here，but no one has ever heard of a bear 10　　　　 knocks at the door.

【参考答案】

Ⅰ选择填空

1　B　[句意：对于做这份工作的必要性，工人们存在一定的疑惑。there exists/existed...“有；存在”；相当于there be...结构。]

2　A　[句意：这个女孩满脸迷惑地看着我，也许那个问题很让人迷惑。a puzzled expression“迷惑的表情”；puzzling“令人迷惑的”。]

3　B　[考查动词短语辨析。句意：他的伤很严重，但有望恢复。pull in“驶向路边停下；进站”；pull through“恢复健康”；pull up“停下”；pull over “停靠在路边”。根据句意选B项。]

4　A　[考查介词短语。句意：——谢天谢地，你安然无恙！——我退回去了，恰好及时避开了飞驰的汽车。A项表示“及时”，符合题意。B项表示“以防万一”；C项表示“需要”；D项表示“徒劳地”。]

5　D　[句意：采取了所有的方法来阻止河水污染。means单复数词形，被all修饰故为复数，河水被污染应用被动语态，故选D。]

6　C　[句意：如果他们今晚赢了决赛，队员们将游览全城，去接受热情的支持者的欢呼。考查非谓语动词不定式表将来或目的，故选C项。]

7　C　[句意：罗杰让人在车上安装了GPS设备，以防在城里迷路。in case引导条件状语从句，表示“以防；万一”。符合句意。]

8　B　[考查状语从句。句意：既然我们输掉了比赛，抱怨我们运气不好是没有用的。根据句意可知这里要用now that引导原因状语从句，意思是“既然；由于”。]

9　C　[句意：你不可能预测所有事情，通常事情并不像你所想象的那样发生。A项“用完”，B项“突然爆发”，C项“成功地发展”，D项“扑灭，生产”。故选C项。]

10　A　[考查倍数表达法。句意：最近的数据表明，男士在开车时发生的严重事故平均是女士的两倍。此处用的是倍数表达方式“倍数词＋as many＋名词．..as...”。]

11　A　[句意：据说现在这个发电厂是过去的两倍大。考查倍数表达法“倍数＋as＋原级＋as”，故选A项。]

12　D　[考查代词。句意：新的技术已经让以更低的成本更快地生产出新的产品成为可能。根据句意可知，it在句中作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。  ]

Ⅱ.完成句子

1. prevent him from playing    2．three times as long as that one

3．Now that you have grown up   4．to cheer him up

5．makes it impossible for him

III．语法填空

[语篇解读]本文讲述克罗地亚的熊学会了敲门进入人们房子的故事。

1.probably　分析句子结构可知，此处要用副词修饰动词learned。probable的副词形式为probably。

2.for　be mistaken for为固定搭配，意为“误以为……”。

3.pleased　pleased “满意的”，修饰的是the bear，表示“熊对结果很满意”。

4.western　此处要用形容词修饰Croatia。west的形容词形式为western，意为“西部的，西方的”。

5.to answer　refuse to do sth.意为“拒绝做某事”，为固定搭配。

6.went　分析句子结构可知，此处是and连接的并列谓语动词，空格处时态应与jumped一致，故填过去式went。

7.the　for the first time 意为“第一次”，为固定短语。

8.standing　分析句子结构可知，此处是“see+宾语+宾补”结构，宾语him与stand之间为主动关系，并且动作正在进行，故用现在分词形式standing。

9.eyes　believe one's eyes意为“相信某人的眼睛”。

10.that/who　分析句子结构可知，此处bear为定语从句的先行词，上文已拟人化，将其看作“人”。从句缺少主语，用that或who引导。