2021届高考一轮复习梳理点拨学案：人教版必修5Unit1Greatscientists

第一部分　教材重点全程攻略

 Book 5

Unit 1  Great scientists

基础自主检测

1.“观点；态度”的高频形容词

①positive 积极的

②negative 消极的

③subjective 主观的

④objective 客观的

⑤doubtful 怀疑的

⑥critical 批评的

2.名词用作动词的高频词汇集锦

①handle n. 把手→vt. 处理

②nurse n. 护士→vt. 护理；

照顾

③face n. 脸→vt. 面对

④bridge n. 桥→vt. 在……架桥；把……联系起来

⑤water n. 水→vt. 浇水

3.后缀­ment构成的抽象名词一览

①movement 运动

②excitement 兴奋

③disappointment 失望

④settlement 定居点

⑤treatment 对待；待遇

⑥judgment 判断力

一 动词＋介/副词

1．put forward 提出

2．expose ... to 使显露；暴露

3．look into 调查

4．link ... to ... 将……和……联系或连接起来

5．lead to 通向；导致

二 be＋形容词＋介词

6．(be) strict with  ... 对……严格的

三 其他

7．apart from 除……之外；此外

8．draw a conclusion 得出结论

9．be to blame 应受谴责；应负责任

10．make sense 讲得通；有意义

1．动词＋n.＋to 必备短语集锦

①expose  ... to 使显露；暴露

②add ... to ...  把……加到……上

③compare ... to 把……比作

④devote ... to 贡献给；把……用于

2．由link ... to ...  联想到的

①connect ... with ...  与……相联系……

②tie ... to ...  把……拴到……

③mix ... with ...  把……与……混合

④combine ... with ...  把……与……结合

⑤apply ... to ...  把……应用到……

_________________________________________________________________

1．neither ... nor ... “既不……也不……”

Neither (既不) its cause nor (也不) its cure was understood.(教材P2)

2．every time作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“每次/每当……”

So many thousands of terrified people died every_time_there_was_an_outbreak (每次爆发霍乱时)．(教材P2)

3．不定式作目的状语/suggest意为“建议”时，从句用虚拟语气，即“should＋do”，其中should可以省略

To_prevent (为防止) this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be_examined (应被检测)．(教材P3)

4．“only if＋状语/状语从句”位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装

Only_if (只有) you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make_sense (说得清楚)．(教材P7)

5．“with＋宾语＋宾补”复合结构

He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with_the_planets_going_round_it (行星围绕着它转) and only the moon still going round the earth.(教材P7)

6．现在分词作状语/who引导定语从句

The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying (声称) it was against God's idea and people who_supported_it (支持这种想法的人) would be attacked.(教材P7)

单句语法填空

1．John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, 　　　　 he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.

答案：that

2．But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people

 　　　　 (expose) to cholera.

答案：exposed

3．He knew that cholera would never be controlled 　　　　 its cause was found.

答案：until

4．He became interested in two theories that possibly explained 　　　　

cholera killed people.

答案：how

5．He was 　　　　 (determine) to find out why.

答案：determined

6．First he marked on a map the exact places ________ all the dead people had lived.

答案：where

7．It seemed that the water was ________ (blame)．

答案：to blame

8．With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty ________ polluted water carried the germs.

答案：that

9．________ (prevent) this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies ________ (examine)．

答案：To prevent; (should) be examined

10．The water companies ________ (instruct) not to expose people to ________ (pollute) water any more.

答案：were instructed; polluted

考点步步冲关

1 attend　vt. 照顾；护理；出席；参加

John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. (P2)

约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。attend school/church 上学/去教堂

attend a meeting/lecture/wedding/party 参加会议/听演讲/出席婚礼/参加聚会

attend to 处理；照料

[名师点津]　attend 侧重“参加”之意。attend to 作“处理”讲时，与do/deal with 近义；作“照顾”讲时，与take care of, look after 近义。

即时练1

单句写作

①你如果提前告诉我的话，我就会去参加你的婚礼了。

If you had told me beforehand, I ________________.

②首要任务是照顾伤者。

The main thing is to ________________ the injured.

③我也许会迟到，我有一两件事要处理。

I may be late—I have got one or two things ____________.

答案：①would have attended your wedding　②attend to

③to attend to

2 expose　vt. 暴露；揭露；使曝光

But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. (P2)

但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。expose sth. /sb. /oneself (to ... ) (向……)显露或暴露某事物/某人/某人自己；使某事物/某人/某人自己面临……

be exposed to 暴露于……；接触……

expose sb. to sth. 使某人接触到某物

expose sb. as sth. 揭发某人为……

[名师点津]　及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式；在expose ... to ...  以及be exposed to结构中，to为介词，其后要用名词、代词或动名词作宾语。

即时练2

单句语法填空

①Some people think we shouldn't expose  children to ________ (play) computer games.

②________ (expose) to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin.

③If ________ (expose) to the outside surroundings, they'll be stronger and better prepared for their future.

答案：①playing　②Being exposed　③exposed

句型转换

④She has the courage to expose herself to the dangers.

→She has the courage to ______________ the dangers.

答案：be exposed to

3 absorb　vt. 吸收；吸引；使专心；理解

The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. (P2)

第二种看法认为人们是在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。

(1)absorb ... from ...  从……中吸收……

absorb ... into ...  把……吸收入……

(2)absorbed adj. 全神贯注的

(be) absorbed in ...  全神贯注于……

[名师点津]　be absorbed in (doing) sth.结构在句中作状语、定语时，常用其过去分词形式absorbed in ...。类似的结构还有：

①be lost in ...  陷入……；专心致志于……

②be caught in ...  被困在……

③be buried in ...  埋头于……

④be devoted to ...  致力于……；专心于……

⑤be occupied in ...  忙于……

⑥be involved in ...  专注于……；使卷入……

即时练3

单句语法填空

①Plants absorb carbon dioxide ________ the air and moisture ________ the soil.

②It takes a few minutes to absorb alcohol ________ the bloodstream.

③________ (absorb) in his work, he simply forgot to have supper and sleep.

答案：①from; from　②into　③Absorbed

单句写作

④一缕微弱的光线从墙上的小孔中透过来，他专心致志于读书中。

A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he ______________________.

答案：was absorbed in his reading

4 blame　vt. 谴责；责备　 n. 过失；责备

It seemed that the water was to blame. (P2)

看来水是罪魁祸首。

(1)blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人

blame sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人

be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)应承担责任；该受责备

(2)accept/shoulder/take the blame for ...  对……负责；为……承担责任

put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人

[名师点津]　be to blame 为主动形式表示被动意义，因此不能再用被动语态。

即时练4

单句语法填空

①She blamed her husband ________ the failure of their marriage.

②She blamed the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.

③She laid the blame ________ the failure of their marriage ________ her husband.

答案：①for　②on　③for; on

用blame/charge/accuse的适当形式填空

④It is obvious that you are to ________ for the accident.

⑤She was said to have been ________ with drunk driving.

⑥I was told that he was ________ of murder.

答案：④blame　⑤charged　⑥accused

5 contribute　vt.& vi. 捐献；贡献；捐助

to contribute (P4)

捐献

(1)contribute sth. to/towards ...  向……捐献某物

contribute to 有助于；导致；为……作贡献；为……捐款；向……投稿

(2)contribution n. 捐款；捐献；贡献；投稿

make a contribution/contributions to 对……作出贡献；为……捐款

[名师点津]　表示“引起，导致；有助于”的词语有contribute to, result in, bring about, lead to, cause等。

[一言辨异]　Many people contributed money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about it and contributed it to China Daily.

许多人给这个可怜的小男孩捐了款，这使他重返校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的故事并把它投给了《中国日报》。

即时练5

单句语法填空

①Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make a ________ (contribute) to the class.

②Everyone is willing to contribute food and clothes ________ the homeless people.

答案：①contribution　②to

单句写作——句式升级

③他对这所大学贡献如此之大，以至于新图书馆以他的名字命名。

a．普通表达：

______________________________________________ the new library was named after him.(such ... that ... 状语从句)

b．高级表达：

______________________________________________ that the new library was named after him. (such ... that ...  倒装句)

答案：a.He made such a great contribution to the university that　b．Such a great contribution to the university did he make

put aside 节省；储存；留出；撇开

put away 放好；存(钱)

put off 延期；推迟

put out 熄灭；出版；伸出

put down 写下；记下

put up 举起；张贴；建造；提供食宿

put up with 容忍；忍受

put on 穿上；演出

即时练1

写出下列句中put forward的含义

①As for the problem you put forward in your last letter, I think it is a wise choice for you to buy an e­dictionary.________

②I think he is fit for the position; therefore, I'll put him forward as a candidate.________

③Put your watch forward; it's five minutes slow.________

④They have put forward the date of their wedding by one week.________

答案：①提出　②推荐　③拨快　④将……提前

用put相关短语的适当形式填空

⑤We're trying to ____________ a few hundred dollars every month toward our vacation.

⑥Now the electric fan is not in use. Let's ________ it __________.

⑦Two good bursts from the extinguisher and the fire was ______________.

答案：⑤put aside　⑥put; away　⑦put out

(1)apart from具有下列两层含义：

①相当于besides。指“除……之外，另外还有”，强调“另外还有”；

②相当于except for。指“除……外”，是在对某人或物整体上肯定的同时，特别指出其不足之处。

(2)take ... apart 将……拆开

tell sb. /sth. apart 分辨出某人/某物

即时练2

单句写作

①除了最后一道题，我全做完了。

I've finished __________________ the last question.

②他们在伦敦有一座房子，此外在西班牙还有一栋别墅。

________________ the house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.

③他们长得太像了，很难把他们区分开来。

They are so alike, and it's difficult to ______________.

答案：①apart from/except for　②Apart from/Besides　③tell them apart

neither ... nor ...“既不……也不……”，连接句中两个相同成分，连接主语时，谓语动词遵循“就近一致”原则。

即时练1

单句语法填空

①Not only John and Tom but also their sister, Mary, ________ (take) great interest in the piano lessons.

②Neither my wife nor I myself ________ (be) able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.

答案：①takes　②was

单句写作——句式升级

③今晚亨利不去看电影，他的女朋友海伦也不去。

a．普通表达：

Henry won't see a film tonight. His girlfriend Helen won't, ________.

b．高级表达：

________ Henry ________ his girlfriend Helen will see a film tonight.

答案：a.either　b．Neither; nor

(1)every time 作连词引导时间状语从句，相当于whenever，表示“每当……”。

(2)名词词组作连词用而且能引导时间状语从句的还有：

each time 每当……的时候

next time 下次……时

the＋序数词＋time 第……次时

the＋瞬间名词(moment/minute/instant) 一……就……

即时练2

单句改错

①We may feel funny at the first time we see the picture, but after feeling funny we must be ashamed and angry.

_________________________________________________________________

②They rushed out on the moment they heard the shout for help.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：①去掉at　②去掉on

单句写作

③______________________ (每次他到家) at the end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.

④________________ (下次你来北京), be sure to let me know in advance.

答案：③Every time/Whenever he arrived home　④Next time you come to Beijing

(1)“only＋状语”(副词、介词短语、状语从句)位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。但“only＋主语”位于句首时不用倒装。

(2)if only “但愿；要是……就好了”引导的状语从句使用虚拟语气，表达对现在、将来或与过去事实相反的愿望。

即时练3

单句语法填空

①If only it ________ (be) possible for me to see her once more.

②Only an hour ago ________ the teacher find out why he was absent.

③Only the teachers ________ (allow) to use the computer room.

④Only ________ you are modest can you make progress.

答案：①were　②did　③are allowed　④if

过去分词作定语和表语

过去分词作定语

1．单个的过去分词作定语时，常位于它所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词之后，但单个过去分词修饰something, everything等不定代词时，也要后置。

①From the stomach the disease attacked the body quickly and soon the infected person died.

这种病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，很快这个受感染的人死亡了。

②The question discussed at the meeting was very important.

在会议上讨论的那个问题很重要。

2．过去分词与现在分词作定语时的区别

③The girl standing under the tree is very beautiful.

站在树下的那个女孩很漂亮。(表主动、进行)

④Have you read the novel written by Dickens?

你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？(表被动、完成)

过去分词作表语

1．过去分词与v.ing形式作表语的区别

v．ing作表语时，表示特征，修饰物，意为“令人……”；过去分词作表语时，表示状态，修饰人，意为“感到……”

⑤After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.

那次旅行之后，我们全家对露营产生了浓厚的兴趣。

⑥The story is so interesting that nobody dislikes it.

这个故事如此有趣，人人都喜欢它。

2．过去分词作定语和表语的区别

定语：置于名词之后或之前表示动作完成、被动。

表语：置于系动词之后，说明主语的状态。

即时练

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time ________ (spend) with his students.

答案：spent

2．What was the name of the man ________ (arrest) by the police?

答案：arrested

3．After the heavy rain, many cars got ________ (catch) in the mud.

答案：caught

4．The children were all ________ after they heard the ________ news that their team had won the game.(inspire)

答案：inspired; inspiring

5．Mrs White showed her students some old maps ________ (borrow) from the library.

答案：borrowed

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．The captain divided the remained water among the thirsty passengers.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：remained→remaining

2．His confusing facial expression signals  that he doesn't know the truth.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：confusing→confused

3．That woman is always complaining about one thing or another and she  never feels satisfying.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：satisfying→satisfied

4．If painting were to consist of merely copying the same lines, it would become bored.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：bored→boring

5．Tom sounds very interesting in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：interesting→interested

基础达标演练

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The reason for short­sightedness is complicated and there is still no cure ________ it.

答案：for

2．The famous film director lost his temper for ________ (expose) to so many entertainment reporters and their questions about his private life.

答案：being exposed

3．All the evidence suggests that the problem ________ (improve) in recent years.

答案：has improved

4．I'm cautious ________ what I say because careless remarks are likely to hurt others' feelings.

答案：about

5．Tom announced his resignation ________ staff members on Wednesday.

答案：to

6．When deeply ________ (absorb) in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.

答案：absorbed

7．Last week I got a new job in a big firm, and I found it very ________ (challenge)．

答案：challenging

8．As nobody here knows what is wrong with the machine, we must send for an engineer ________ (handle) the problem.

答案：to handle

9．He ________ (suspect) of stealing the ring at the party last night, and the police were looking into the matter.

答案：was suspected

10．I'd like to thank all of you who contributed to ________ (build) the hospital.

答案：building

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．I always have so many things to attend when I come back to the company after a trip abroad.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：attend后加to

2．The plan was put forward at yesterday's meeting was quite practical.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：去掉plan后的was

3．She would rather have her room paint milk­white than sky­blue.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：paint→painted

4．Although defeating in the match, we didn't lose heart.

_________________________________________________________________

答案：defeating→defeated

5．Did he tell you anything important the last time when he saw you?

_________________________________________________________________

答案：去掉when

Ⅲ.教材微写作

A．根据提示完成句子

1．我的语文老师怀特先生对我要求很严格。(be strict with)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：My Chinese teacher Mr White is very strict with me.

2．他经常提出问题让我在课上回答。(put forward)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：He often puts forward questions for me to answer in class.

3．此外，他还建议我在学完课文后得出自己的结论。(conclusion)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：Apart from this, he suggests that I should draw my own conclusions after learning the text.

4．我从阅读中吸收了很多在课上学不到的知识。(absorb)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：I have absorbed much knowledge from reading that I can't learn from textbooks.

5．每次我遇到困难想放弃的时候，他总是鼓励我不要放弃。(every time)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：Every time I want to give up when meeting difficulties, he always encourages me not to.

6．他经常说：“只有勇敢面对挑战，才能获得成功。”(challenge)

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

答案：He often says，“Only when you face challenges bravely can you achieve success.”

B．将以上句子连成一篇逻辑严密的短文，注意书写规范

答案：My Chinese teacher Mr White is very strict with me, and he often puts forward questions for me to answer in class. Apart from this, he suggests that I should draw my own conclusions after learning the text. In this way, I have absorbed much knowledge from reading that I can't learn from textbooks. What's more, every time I want to give up when meeting difficulties, he always encourages me not to. He often says, “Only when you face challenges bravely can you achieve success.”