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2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮复习外研新课改省份专用讲义：语法专题五动词的时态与语态
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专题五动词的时态与语态
一般时态
一般时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态
一般将来时
表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态
过去将来时
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作
所谓一般时态，表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。
We have meals three times a day.
我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)
He is always ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)
When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.
我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)
1．一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加s或es，其变化规则如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加s
helps, eats, rises, reads
以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词
加es
discuss→discusses
teach→teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ies
carry→carries
fly→flies
(2)一般现在时的用法
一般现在时除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态外，还可表示：
①客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
②用于here, there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
2．一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加ed
pack→packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ied
carry→carried
marry→married
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字
母加ed
plan→planned
chat→chatted
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加d
like→liked
provide→provided
(2)一般过去时的用法
一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①want, hope, think, intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原……”之意。
I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。
He didn't intend to hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。
②wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为，但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。
I wondered if you could do me a favour.
我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。
③used to＋动词原形，表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)
3．一般将来时
(1)一般将来时的构成
①shall＋动词原形(第一人称)
②will＋动词原形(各种人称)
(2)一般将来时的用法
一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①will＋动词原形
will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来，有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。
Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。
—Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
—No. I will go and visit him right now.
——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
——不知道。我现在就去看他。
②be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在电视上讲话。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be about to＋动词原形/be on the point of＋动名词
“be about to＋动词原形”及“be on the point of＋动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(＝and at that time)引出的分句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
④有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。
I'm leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。
⑤某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at eight o'clock.
我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。
⑥be to＋动词原形
用法
例句
表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”
She is to get married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。
表示“按照职责、义务、规定等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought to
You are to report it to the police.
你应该报警。
表示注定要发生的事情
Your plan is to be a failure.
你的计划注定要失败。
4．过去将来时
(1)过去将来时的构成
should/would＋动词原形
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said he would be here at nine o'clock.
他说他将在九点钟到这里。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：started 根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
②(2018·浙江6月高考)I ________ (shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：was shocked 根据后面的learnt可知，此处应使用一般过去时态，又因I与shock是被动关系，故用被动语态。
③(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband _______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
解析：searched 根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, but once I started the car, my mind ________ (go) blank.
解析：went 此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer ________ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
解析：comes 此处主句是一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，且从句主语为第三人称单数，故应填comes。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school ________(come) first.”
解析：comes 此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词come应该使用一般现在时。
⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and ________ (become) a new member of the school music club.
解析：became 句中的become和前面的entered是并列谓语，形式上应保持一致，故become应使用一般过去时。
⑧(2016·浙江10月高考)“Daddy, I'm so glad to see you，” I ________ (whisper), “I'm in town for the writer's class, but I just couldn't miss your show.”
解析：whispered 此处是说作者说话声音很低，故用一般过去时态。
进行时态
1.进行时态的构成
(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时，它们的形式分别为：
(2)现在分词的构成形式：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加ing
try→trying
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不发音的e结尾的动词
去掉e，加ing
hate→hating
date→dating
2．进行时态的用法
(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这里上班，我只是来帮忙，直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)
I am reading the book; I will finish it in a week.
我正读那本书，一周后我就会读完了。(未完成性)
(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。
We are making preparations for the final examination these days.
这些天我们在为期末考试做准备。(此时此刻不一定在做)
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
He is always thinking of others first.
他总是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake.
他总是犯同样的错误。
(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working 句意：去年我拜访苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
②(2017·天津高考改编)I ________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving 句意：我正开车去伦敦，这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing ... when ...“正在做……，这时突然……”。
③(2014·重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didn't know he_______(come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come 句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知，昨天才知道他将要来，所以要用过去将来时，此处既可以用进行时表示将来，也可用would come。
完成时态
1．现在完成时
(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。
Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past few years.
在过去的几年里杭州发生了巨大的变化。
(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。
He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
(3)在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is＋the first/second ... time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.
这是我喝过的最好的茶了。
(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。
He has come to Beijing since last year.(×)
He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√)
部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：
买buy→have 借borrow→keep
结婚get married→be married 认识get to know→know
离开leave→be away 回来come back→be back
生病fall ill→be ill 死亡die→be dead
关闭turn off→be off 打开turn on→be on
动身leave for →be off to 变成become→be
返回return→be back 开始begin→be on
睡觉go to bed→sleep 穿put on→have on/wear
来/去come/go→be in/away 参加join→be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold→have a cold
入睡go to sleep→be asleep
到达get to/arrive in (at)/reach→be in/stay
2．过去完成时
(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。
She had learned some English before she came to our school.
她在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。
(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示过去的某一时间”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了三年英语了。
(3)表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
(4)用于某些固定句型中：
①Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely ... when ...和No sooner ... than ...句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
②It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
③That/It/This was the first/second ... time＋that从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.
那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。
3．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice.
解析：has grown 由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三人称单数名词，故填has grown。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)You probably ________ (use) caffeine since childhood.
解析：have used/have been using 根据后面的“since childhood”可知，此处应使用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态。
③(2018·北京高考改编)China's highspeed railways ______ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
解析： have grown 句意：在过去的几年，中国的高铁已从9 000 千米延长到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last＋时间段”作状语，句子应用现在完成时态。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I ________ (grow) not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.
解析：have grown 根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知，空处应该使用现在完成时。
⑤(2014·浙江高考改编)Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she_______(see) most of the guests before.
解析：had seen 句意：索菲娅环视了所有的面庞，她有印象——绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。根据谓语动词looked, had和时间状语before可知，是过去的事情，而“以前见过”应该发生在这些动作之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
完成进行时态
1．考纲对完成进行时态要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时，其形式为：have/has＋been＋doing。
2．现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作，它既具备现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。
He has been learning English for 6 years.
他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)
It has been raining for 3 days.
已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
被动语态
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
被动语态与时态结合，形成各种时态下的被动语态：
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般式
am/is/are done
was/were done
will/shallbe done
would/should
be done
进行式
am/is/are
being done
was/were
being done
完成式
have/has
been done
had
been done
will/shall
have been
done
would/
should have
been done
1.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her)．
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
(4)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。
We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
(5)当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。
People say he is a smart boy.
→He is said to be a smart boy.
→It is said that he is a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
→Paper was known to be made in China first.
→It is known that paper was made in China first.
[名师指津] 类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...
2．不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。
(2)表示归属的动词或短语，如have, own, belong to等。
(3)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(4)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(5)宾语是同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。
3．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)当连系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始，结束，关，停，转，启动”等意义时。
The flowers smell sweet.
花儿散发着芳香。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(2)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等动词表示“发生，关闭，制定”等意思时。
The lamps on the wall turned off.
墙上的灯熄灭了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·天津高考改编)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired 句意：我的洗衣机这周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣机正在被修理，因此用现在进行时的被动语态。
②(2018·江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried 句意：上个月，我被派往这个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out发生在I was sent之前，所以要用过去完成时，且plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines_______ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
解析：were used 此处讲的是过去的事情，主语“Steam engines”和use之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah ________(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
解析：has been told/was told 句意：有人告诉过萨拉，她可能成为英国的一名新超模，下一年能挣一百万美元。根据句意可知句子谓语应该使用现在完成时的被动语态。再由从句中的谓语动词“could be”可知，此处也可使用一般过去时的被动语态。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.
解析：was allowed 根据空格前一句的时态及allow sb.to do sth.这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式。
⑥(2016·北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts________(reward) with success in the end.
解析：will be rewarded 句意：学生们一直刻苦学习功课，他们的努力最终将会获得成功作为回报。根据句意和语境可知，前一分句使用现在完成进行时，表示动作持续到现在；后一分句应该使用一般将来时，且动词reward与主语efforts之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应该使用被动语态。
⑦(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies ________ (show) that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
解析：have shown 空处表示已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时态。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．During the 30 days before he was put to death, his friends and pupils were_allowed (allow) to visit him in his prison.
2．In a word, mass media will_be (be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.
3．When we got to the spot, the injured had_been_sent (send) to the hospital.
4．We've got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is_being_used/is_used (use) in the classroom.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people are_suffering (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cookstoves in the home.
6．In US high school, everything is_recorded (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations.
7．Though the interview went(go) well, it was impressed on him again that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
8．This was the first time I had_experienced (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
9．Another point that should never be ignored is (be) that handwriting is the key to getting a much higher score.
10．However, there are also some problems with this teaching method. As we haven't_mastered (not master) enough English words, sometimes we may find it difficult to follow the teacher.
11．I am a member of the English Club, which was (be) set up by the Student Union three years ago.
12．I believe I will_improve (improve) my English by doing so and learn more about her country.
13．In order to make my dream come true, I worked parttime to save money while I was_studying (study) at college.
14．There is no doubt that more than one change has_taken (take) place in my school.
15．I have_been_told (tell) that one more volunteer will be needed this year and I think you are suitable for the job.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．如果你想上重点大学，你的英语必须很优秀。(go, a key college, excellent)
If_you_are_to_go_to_a_key_college,_your_English_must_be_excellent.
2．我的表弟已经回家了。他是上星期回家的。他已经走了一个星期了。他在这里待了一个月。(cousin, go back, stay)
My_cousin_has_gone_back_home._He_went_home_last_week._He_has_been_away_for_a_week._He_stayed_here_for_a_month.
3．他2018年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。(move, live)
He_moved_here_in_2018_and_he_has_lived_here_ever_since.
4．到目前为止，我们都没有收到她的消息。(hear from, up to now)
Up_to_now,_we_haven't_heard_from_her.
5．我没有听懂我们的老师说的什么，因为我刚才在考虑别的事情。(catch, think about, something else)
I_don't_catch_what_our_teacher_said,_because_I_was_thinking_about_something_else.
6．多读些英语文章来扩大词汇量，因为，词汇在语言学习上是非常重要的。(enlarge, language learning)
Do_more_English_reading_to_enlarge_your_vocabulary,_for_it_is_very_important_in_language_learning.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·滨州模拟)The question was once asked of a __1__ (success) businessman, “How have you done so much in your lifetime？” He replied, “I have dreamed. I have turned my mind loose __2__ (imagine) what I wanted to do. Then I went to bed and __3__ (think) about my dreams. In the night I dreamed about my dreams. And when I awoke in the morning, I saw the way to make my dreams real. While other people were saying, ‘You can't do that, and it is __4__ (possible). I was well on my way to __5__ (achieve) what I wanted, as Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of __6__ US said: ‘We grow great by dreams.’”
All big men are dreamers. Some of us let these dreams die, __7__ others protect them and take care __8__ them through bad days until they bring them to the sunshine and light which comes always to those who __9__ (sincere) hope that their dreams will come true. So please, don't let anyone steal your dreams, or try to tell you they are too unrealistic.“Sing your __10__ (song), and dream your dreams; hope your hope and pray your prayer.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章用成功商人的例子告诉我们要拥有梦想并要坚持自己的梦想。
1．successful 修饰名词应用形容词形式。
2．to imagine 作目的状语应用动词不定式短语。
3．thought 此处叙述的是过去的事情，且和“went to bed”并列，因此用thought。
4．impossible 根据上文“You can't do that”可知用impossible作表语。
5．achieving 句中的to为介词，因此此处应使用动名词形式。
6．the 此处指美国，故用the US。
7．but/while 空格前后两个分句之间为转折或对比关系，故用but/while。
8．of take care of“照顾”，是固定搭配。
9．sincerely 修饰动词hope应用副词形式。
10．songs song为可数名词，根据句中的“dreams”可知此处应用复数形式。
一般时态
一般时态
一般现在时
一般过去时
分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态
一般将来时
表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态
过去将来时
表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作
所谓一般时态，表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。
We have meals three times a day.
我们一日吃三餐。(现在的习惯)
He is always ready to help others.
他总是乐于助人。(现在的状态)
When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.
我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)
1．一般现在时
(1)一般现在时的构成
一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加s或es，其变化规则如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加s
helps, eats, rises, reads
以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词
加es
discuss→discusses
teach→teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ies
carry→carries
fly→flies
(2)一般现在时的用法
一般现在时除了可以表示现在的经常性、习惯性动作或存在的状态外，还可表示：
①客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。此用法即使出现在过去语境中，也用一般现在时。
The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。
②用于here, there开头的倒装句中，一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。
2．一般过去时
(1)一般过去时的构成
一般过去时用动词的过去式表示，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加ed
pack→packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为ied
carry→carried
marry→married
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字
母加ed
plan→planned
chat→chatted
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加d
like→liked
provide→provided
(2)一般过去时的用法
一般过去时除了可以表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①want, hope, think, intend等动词的一般过去时往往表示“过去原……”之意。
I thought he was an honest man.我原以为他是个老实人。
He didn't intend to hurt you.他本来没打算伤害你。
②wonder的一般过去时有时也可表示现在的行为，但口气要比用一般现在时更加委婉、客气。
I wondered if you could do me a favour.
我不知道你能否帮我一个忙。
③used to＋动词原形，表示过去的习惯性动作而现在已经不再发生了。
We used to spend our vacation in the mountains.
我们以前常常在山里度假。(暗示现在不再在山里度假了)
3．一般将来时
(1)一般将来时的构成
①shall＋动词原形(第一人称)
②will＋动词原形(各种人称)
(2)一般将来时的用法
一般将来时除了可以表示将来的动作或存在的状态外，还有以下用法：
①will＋动词原形
will可用来表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势。will表示将来，有时含偶然性、临时性决定的意思。
Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。
—Do you know Mr. Smith has come to our town?
—No. I will go and visit him right now.
——你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？
——不知道。我现在就去看他。
②be going to＋动词原形
“be going to＋动词原形”多用在口语中，表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在电视上讲话。
Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
看这些乌云，要下雨了。
③be about to＋动词原形/be on the point of＋动名词
“be about to＋动词原形”及“be on the point of＋动名词”表示“立即的将来(immediate future)”，因此，这两种结构不与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和并列连词when(＝and at that time)引出的分句连用。
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。
The plane is on the point of taking off.
飞机马上就要起飞了。
④有些动词如come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start等，其现在进行时表示按计划、安排近期将要发生的动作。
I'm leaving for Beijing next month.下个月我要去北京。
⑤某些动词的一般现在时可以表示按计划、安排将要做的事情，这种用法常常用于介绍火车时刻表、飞机时刻表、作息安排表等内容。
We must hurry up. The first class begins at eight o'clock.
我们必须快点。第一节课将在八点开始。
⑥be to＋动词原形
用法
例句
表示“按计划或安排即将要做的事”
She is to get married next month.
她将于下个月结婚。
表示“按照职责、义务、规定等应该做某事”，相当于should, ought to
You are to report it to the police.
你应该报警。
表示注定要发生的事情
Your plan is to be a failure.
你的计划注定要失败。
4．过去将来时
(1)过去将来时的构成
should/would＋动词原形
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said he would be here at nine o'clock.
他说他将在九点钟到这里。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
解析：started 根据破折号前的内容可知，此处说的是2005年发生的事情，应用一般过去时。
②(2018·浙江6月高考)I ________ (shock) when I learnt she hadn't cooked once in all that time.
解析：was shocked 根据后面的learnt可知，此处应使用一般过去时态，又因I与shock是被动关系，故用被动语态。
③(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband _______ (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.
解析：searched 根据后面的“but turned up nothing”可知，此处描述的是过去发生的行为，故要用一般过去时。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, but once I started the car, my mind ________ (go) blank.
解析：went 此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，所以用一般过去时。
⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer ________ (come), they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!
解析：comes 此处主句是一般将来时，when引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来，且从句主语为第三人称单数，故应填comes。
⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school ________(come) first.”
解析：comes 此句是直接引语，陈述客观事实，根据前面句子的谓语可知，动词come应该使用一般现在时。
⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and ________ (become) a new member of the school music club.
解析：became 句中的become和前面的entered是并列谓语，形式上应保持一致，故become应使用一般过去时。
⑧(2016·浙江10月高考)“Daddy, I'm so glad to see you，” I ________ (whisper), “I'm in town for the writer's class, but I just couldn't miss your show.”
解析：whispered 此处是说作者说话声音很低，故用一般过去时态。
进行时态
1.进行时态的构成
(1)考纲对进行时态要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时，它们的形式分别为：
(2)现在分词的构成形式：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加ing
try→trying
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不发音的e结尾的动词
去掉e，加ing
hate→hating
date→dating
2．进行时态的用法
(1)进行时态表示某一时刻或阶段内正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.
我并不在这里上班，我只是来帮忙，直到新秘书来了(我就走)。(暂时性)
I am reading the book; I will finish it in a week.
我正读那本书，一周后我就会读完了。(未完成性)
(2)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事，但此时此刻动作不一定正在进行，常与these days, this week等时间状语连用。
We are making preparations for the final examination these days.
这些天我们在为期末考试做准备。(此时此刻不一定在做)
(3)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用。
He is always thinking of others first.
他总是先想到他人。
He is always making the same mistake.
他总是犯同样的错误。
(4)有些动词的进行时态可以表示将来。(见一般将来时的用法)
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·北京高考改编)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
解析：was working 句意：去年我拜访苏珊的时候，她已经辞去了那份高薪的工作，正在社区当志愿者。根据句意可知，此处强调过去的时间点正在进行的动作，因此用过去进行时。
②(2017·天津高考改编)I ________(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：was driving 句意：我正开车去伦敦，这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing ... when ...“正在做……，这时突然……”。
③(2014·重庆高考改编)James has just arrived, but I didn't know he_______(come) until yesterday.
解析：was coming/would come 句意：詹姆斯刚到，但是我直到昨天才知道他要来。根据句意可知，昨天才知道他将要来，所以要用过去将来时，此处既可以用进行时表示将来，也可用would come。
完成时态
1．现在完成时
(1)表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去的动作或状态。常用的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years(在过去的几天/年里)，since then, up to now, so far(至今)等。
Great changes have taken place in Hangzhou in the past few years.
在过去的几年里杭州发生了巨大的变化。
(2)表示过去发生已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，注意这时说话者说话的重心在过去的事情对现在造成的影响上。常用的状语有：already, just (刚刚), yet, before等。
He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)
他已经关掉灯了。
(3)在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is＋the first/second ... time”之后的定语从句中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
This is the best tea (that) I have ever drunk.
这是我喝过的最好的茶了。
(4)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语；若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。
He has come to Beijing since last year.(×)
He has lived in Beijing since last year.(√)
部分非延续性动词(短语)和延续性动词(短语)之间的转换：
买buy→have 借borrow→keep
结婚get married→be married 认识get to know→know
离开leave→be away 回来come back→be back
生病fall ill→be ill 死亡die→be dead
关闭turn off→be off 打开turn on→be on
动身leave for →be off to 变成become→be
返回return→be back 开始begin→be on
睡觉go to bed→sleep 穿put on→have on/wear
来/去come/go→be in/away 参加join→be a member of
感冒take/get/catch a cold→have a cold
入睡go to sleep→be asleep
到达get to/arrive in (at)/reach→be in/stay
2．过去完成时
(1)过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作前已完成的动作或存在的状态(即表示“过去的过去”)。
She had learned some English before she came to our school.
她在来我们学校前已学过一些英语了。
(2)表示过去某一时间的动作或状态持续到过去的另一时间，还可能持续下去，常用的时间状语有：by/until/before/by the end of＋“表示过去的某一时间”。
By then he had learned English for 3 years.
到那时，他已学了三年英语了。
(3)表示愿望、打算的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
(4)用于某些固定句型中：
①Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely ... when ...和No sooner ... than ...句型中， when和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。
Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。
②It was/had been＋一段时间＋since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
我们有10年没那么高兴过了。
③That/It/This was the first/second ... time＋that从句。that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时。
It was the third time (that) he had left the key at home.
那是他第三次把钥匙落在家里了。
3．将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为“by＋将来的某个时间”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
到明年的这个时候，你们就都成为大学生了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice.
解析：has grown 由时间状语Since 2011可知此处语境表示的是从过去的某个时间开始，一直持续到现在，故用现在完成时。且主语the country 是第三人称单数名词，故填has grown。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)You probably ________ (use) caffeine since childhood.
解析：have used/have been using 根据后面的“since childhood”可知，此处应使用现在完成时态或现在完成进行时态。
③(2018·北京高考改编)China's highspeed railways ______ (grow)from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.
解析： have grown 句意：在过去的几年，中国的高铁已从9 000 千米延长到25 000千米。“during/over/in the past/last＋时间段”作状语，句子应用现在完成时态。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I ________ (grow) not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years.
解析：have grown 根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知，空处应该使用现在完成时。
⑤(2014·浙江高考改编)Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she_______(see) most of the guests before.
解析：had seen 句意：索菲娅环视了所有的面庞，她有印象——绝大多数的客人以前她都见过。根据谓语动词looked, had和时间状语before可知，是过去的事情，而“以前见过”应该发生在这些动作之前，即“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
完成进行时态
1．考纲对完成进行时态要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时，其形式为：have/has＋been＋doing。
2．现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合，表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作或表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作，它既具备现在完成时的特征，又具备现在进行时的特征，如：它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点。
He has been learning English for 6 years.
他学英语已经六年了。(从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学)
It has been raining for 3 days.
已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)
被动语态
被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身时也常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
被动语态与时态结合，形成各种时态下的被动语态：
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般式
am/is/are done
was/were done
will/shallbe done
would/should
be done
进行式
am/is/are
being done
was/were
being done
完成式
have/has
been done
had
been done
will/shall
have been
done
would/
should have
been done
1.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。
The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her)．
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
(4)情态动词，be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。
We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
(5)当句子的谓语为say，believe，expect，think，know，write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：①谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主语补足语。②用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。
People say he is a smart boy.
→He is said to be a smart boy.
→It is said that he is a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
→Paper was known to be made in China first.
→It is known that paper was made in China first.
[名师指津] 类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...
2．不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。
(2)表示归属的动词或短语，如have, own, belong to等。
(3)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(4)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(5)宾语是同源宾语、动词不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。
3．主动形式表示被动意义
(1)当连系动词feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始，结束，关，停，转，启动”等意义时。
The flowers smell sweet.
花儿散发着芳香。
This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料容易洗。
(2)当break out, take place, shut off, turn off, work out等动词表示“发生，关闭，制定”等意思时。
The lamps on the wall turned off.
墙上的灯熄灭了。
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·天津高考改编)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
解析：is being repaired 句意：我的洗衣机这周正在被修理，因此我不得不手洗我的衣服。洗衣机正在被修理，因此用现在进行时的被动语态。
②(2018·江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.
解析：had been carried 句意：上个月，我被派往这个村子，去看了看过去两年里这个发展计划执行得怎么样了。carry out发生在I was sent之前，所以要用过去完成时，且plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用过去完成时的被动语态。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines_______ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
解析：were used 此处讲的是过去的事情，主语“Steam engines”和use之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah ________(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.
解析：has been told/was told 句意：有人告诉过萨拉，她可能成为英国的一名新超模，下一年能挣一百万美元。根据句意可知句子谓语应该使用现在完成时的被动语态。再由从句中的谓语动词“could be”可知，此处也可使用一般过去时的被动语态。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base，where ticket money helps pay for research.I________(allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600acre centre.
解析：was allowed 根据空格前一句的时态及allow sb.to do sth.这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式。
⑥(2016·北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts________(reward) with success in the end.
解析：will be rewarded 句意：学生们一直刻苦学习功课，他们的努力最终将会获得成功作为回报。根据句意和语境可知，前一分句使用现在完成进行时，表示动作持续到现在；后一分句应该使用一般将来时，且动词reward与主语efforts之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应该使用被动语态。
⑦(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies ________ (show) that global warming has already become a very serious problem.
解析：have shown 空处表示已经完成的动作，故用现在完成时态。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．During the 30 days before he was put to death, his friends and pupils were_allowed (allow) to visit him in his prison.
2．In a word, mass media will_be (be) all the more important in the future and their function will enormously expand.
3．When we got to the spot, the injured had_been_sent (send) to the hospital.
4．We've got to remember this group wants to look at how the Internet is_being_used/is_used (use) in the classroom.
5．The World Health Organization warns that millions of people are_suffering (suffer) from indoor air pollution at the present time, which results from the use of dangerous fuels and cookstoves in the home.
6．In US high school, everything is_recorded (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and final examinations.
7．Though the interview went(go) well, it was impressed on him again that compared with the other candidates he didn't have the ability to get the job.
8．This was the first time I had_experienced (experience) sandstorms and I don't ever want to be in one again.
9．Another point that should never be ignored is (be) that handwriting is the key to getting a much higher score.
10．However, there are also some problems with this teaching method. As we haven't_mastered (not master) enough English words, sometimes we may find it difficult to follow the teacher.
11．I am a member of the English Club, which was (be) set up by the Student Union three years ago.
12．I believe I will_improve (improve) my English by doing so and learn more about her country.
13．In order to make my dream come true, I worked parttime to save money while I was_studying (study) at college.
14．There is no doubt that more than one change has_taken (take) place in my school.
15．I have_been_told (tell) that one more volunteer will be needed this year and I think you are suitable for the job.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．如果你想上重点大学，你的英语必须很优秀。(go, a key college, excellent)
If_you_are_to_go_to_a_key_college,_your_English_must_be_excellent.
2．我的表弟已经回家了。他是上星期回家的。他已经走了一个星期了。他在这里待了一个月。(cousin, go back, stay)
My_cousin_has_gone_back_home._He_went_home_last_week._He_has_been_away_for_a_week._He_stayed_here_for_a_month.
3．他2018年搬到这里，自那之后他一直住在这里。(move, live)
He_moved_here_in_2018_and_he_has_lived_here_ever_since.
4．到目前为止，我们都没有收到她的消息。(hear from, up to now)
Up_to_now,_we_haven't_heard_from_her.
5．我没有听懂我们的老师说的什么，因为我刚才在考虑别的事情。(catch, think about, something else)
I_don't_catch_what_our_teacher_said,_because_I_was_thinking_about_something_else.
6．多读些英语文章来扩大词汇量，因为，词汇在语言学习上是非常重要的。(enlarge, language learning)
Do_more_English_reading_to_enlarge_your_vocabulary,_for_it_is_very_important_in_language_learning.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·滨州模拟)The question was once asked of a __1__ (success) businessman, “How have you done so much in your lifetime？” He replied, “I have dreamed. I have turned my mind loose __2__ (imagine) what I wanted to do. Then I went to bed and __3__ (think) about my dreams. In the night I dreamed about my dreams. And when I awoke in the morning, I saw the way to make my dreams real. While other people were saying, ‘You can't do that, and it is __4__ (possible). I was well on my way to __5__ (achieve) what I wanted, as Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of __6__ US said: ‘We grow great by dreams.’”
All big men are dreamers. Some of us let these dreams die, __7__ others protect them and take care __8__ them through bad days until they bring them to the sunshine and light which comes always to those who __9__ (sincere) hope that their dreams will come true. So please, don't let anyone steal your dreams, or try to tell you they are too unrealistic.“Sing your __10__ (song), and dream your dreams; hope your hope and pray your prayer.”
语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。文章用成功商人的例子告诉我们要拥有梦想并要坚持自己的梦想。
1．successful 修饰名词应用形容词形式。
2．to imagine 作目的状语应用动词不定式短语。
3．thought 此处叙述的是过去的事情，且和“went to bed”并列，因此用thought。
4．impossible 根据上文“You can't do that”可知用impossible作表语。
5．achieving 句中的to为介词，因此此处应使用动名词形式。
6．the 此处指美国，故用the US。
7．but/while 空格前后两个分句之间为转折或对比关系，故用but/while。
8．of take care of“照顾”，是固定搭配。
9．sincerely 修饰动词hope应用副词形式。
10．songs song为可数名词，根据句中的“dreams”可知此处应用复数形式。
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