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2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮复习外研新课改省份专用讲义：语法专题四介词与介词短语
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专题四介词与介词短语
介 词
(一)方位介词
1．图解常见的方位介词
2．along, through, across, over
介词
用法
例句
along
表示“沿着”某一路径行进
I saw them running together along the road yesterday.
昨天我看见他们沿着马路一起跑。
through
意为“穿过”，表示从内部空间通过
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.
长城从西向东蜿蜒而行，横穿沙漠，越过高山，穿过峡谷，最后抵达大海。
across
表示“横穿”，强调从某一物体的表面通过
over
意为“越过”，表示从……上方过去
3．at, on, to, in
介词
用法
例句
at
其后一般接较小的地点。接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点
My elder sister lives at 105 Beijing Road.
我姐姐住在北京路105号。
on
表示两地接壤
Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi; Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.
广东在广西的东南方向，福建在江苏南边，它们都位于中国。
to
表示两地不接壤
in
其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内
4．between, among
(1)between在……之间(指两者)，常和and连用。
The building stands between the park and the small river.
那栋楼位于公园和小河之间。
(2)among在……之间(指三者或三者以上)。
We'll visit a town among the mountains.
我们将要参观一个被群山环绕的小镇。
[名师指津] 如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。
Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
(二)时间介词
1．in, after
in表时间，常表示“在……之内”，有时in还有“在……之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：(1)所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；(2)后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。
My father will be back in three days.
我父亲将在三天以后回来。
My father will be back after three o'clock.
我父亲将在3点后回来。
My father came back after three days/three days later.
我父亲是三天后回来的。
2．for, from, since
介词
用法
for
接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久
from
接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短
since
接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用
Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.
布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。
Tom has been doing his homework since seven o'clock.
汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。
3．during, through, over
(1)during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。
He often falls asleep during the class.
课堂上他常常打瞌睡。
(2)through：在……期间；从……开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同)。
Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his father's illness.
在他父亲生病期间，汤姆坚强地撑起了养家的压力。
(3)over：在(做)……期间；此外， over还有“贯穿(一时间段)”的意思，相当于during。
We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。
(三)表示工具、手段、方式的介词
1．by, in, on
三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。
(1)不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。
(2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。
(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York on this plane, go to school on my bike等。
[名师指津] 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。
2．with, in
(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
(2)in
Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。
The artist wrote in ink/pencil(＝with a pen/a pencil)．
那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。
(3)注意以下固定短语：
on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播
用这/那种方式
(四)表示原因的介词
介词
用法
with
多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因
for
多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用
from
常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因
of
用于某些形容词后，后接与感情相关的人或事
over
常用于带有感情色彩的动词如：cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因
Her face went red with anger.她气得脸都红了。
The West Lake is famous for its scenery.
西湖以它的景色而闻名。
(五)其他常考的介词
1．except, except for, but, besides, apart from
介词
意义
用法
except
除……外
指整体里面排除部分，其宾语为前面的整体概念词的同类语(一类人或物)
except for
除了……
表示除去整体中的一部分，指对非同类事物的排除，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正了句子的主要意思
but
除……之外
常与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, all, who等连用，此时可与except换用。后接名词、代词或不定式
besides
除……外
(尚)有
句中常有other, others, also, else等词，相当于in addition to
apart from
除……(别无)，
除……外(尚)有
可用来替换besides, except, except for等
He answered all the questions except the last one.
除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。
The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。
No one but Karl went there.
除卡尔外，没有人去那里。
2．against的用法
含义
例句
反对；违背；
与……相反
Are you for or against the plan?
你是赞成还是反对该计划？
触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。
与……竞争
We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.
我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。
防备，抵御
They took measures against the fire.
他们采取了防火措施。
以……为背景，衬托
The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.
在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。
3．beyond的用法
含义
例句
超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及
The whole problem was quite beyond him.
整个问题他根本无法理解。
(在空间上)在……的那一边，远于
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.
机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
(时间)晚于；迟于
The disco went on until beyond midnight.
迪斯科舞会一直持续到午夜以后。
4．by的用法
含义
例句
(时间)不迟于，在……之前
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.文件需要在下周五前准备好。
(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近
On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用于结构“by＋the＋单数可数名词”
Parcel post is charged by weight and mileage, without reference to contents.
包裹邮递按重量和路程收费，不管所装何物。
(表示程度、数量)相差
The price of oil fell by a further 2 dollars a barrel.油价每桶又下降了两美元。
经过，经由
He walked right by me without even saying hello.他径直从我身边走过，甚至连招呼都不打。
靠，用，通过(某种方式、手段)
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
5．with的用法
含义
例句
和……一起，和，同，跟
Put this bag with the others.
把这个包和其他的包放在一起。
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随时节而变化。
具有，带有
The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.
服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。
由于，因为
Seeing the dog, he trembled with fear.
看到这只狗，他吓得发抖。
(表示方式)用
What will you do with the tool?
你会用这件工具做什么？
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for 此处应使用介词for 表示目的。
②(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few months of exercise in your teens would be enough ________ the rest of your life.
解析：for 表示“适合于……需要(或目的)，对于”，用介词for。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in 名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture ________ myself, I realize how fast time flies.
解析：of this picture of myself“我自己的照片”，of表示所属关系。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)Drinking my iced coffee I ran my fingers along the streets ________ the hotel to the opera hall.
解析：from from ... to ...“从……到……”属于一个固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
解析：with with one's hands “用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。
⑦(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
解析：for 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, ________ the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
解析：with with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。
常见介词的搭配
(一)介词与动词构成的搭配
take advantage of 利用
thank sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人
have an effect on 对……有影响
separate ...from 把……与……分开
make a list of 列出一张……的单子
play with 同……一起玩；玩弄
say goodbye to 对……说再见
contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成
provide sb. with sth. 提供某人某物
hold up 举起
rely on 依靠
refer to 提及；参考；查阅
pass by 经过
care about 关心；介意
feel like 想要
call for 需要
pay for 为……付款
apply for 申请
begin with 以……开始
(二)介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
2．其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
3．on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
4．其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
5．by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
6．in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
7．其他以in开头的介词短语
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假使 in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念…… in support of 为支持……
8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
9．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期
out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
10．under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下
under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中
11．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述 beyond expression/words难以表达
(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配
next to紧挨着 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
owing to因为 but for要不是
regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定
to and from往返，来来回回 in between在中间，在两者之间
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and________ work.
解析：from to and from“往返，来回，来来往往”。to and from work“上下班”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle ________ the road.
解析：of in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s ...
解析：to go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on 句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams ________ becoming rich in a short period of time.
解析：of 固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。
⑧(2016·浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit ________ the top of the fridge.
解析：on on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。
⑨(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
解析：at at the same time意为“同时”，是固定短语。
⑩(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
解析：for 根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange ...for ...表示用牛奶换其他的食物。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in science class.
2．Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library for a book about it.
3．But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young.
4．But this summer I find myself at a loss. I'm not quite interested in Balzac.
5．The global journey is led by an expedition leader, Steve Moore, in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.
6．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name, not case number.
7．Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems.
8．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
9．There was one in particular I'd always wanted.
10．First, talk to someone you trust about how you feel.
11．The London drivers know the shortest way possible without even looking at a map.
12．There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, as a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.
13．The result is a pure shot of afternoon in the park, making one feel cheerful and peaceful all at once.
14．Sometimes, human beings are too cruel to their best friends — animals.
15．I agree to his suggestion on condition that he drops all charges.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。(compare, physical and mental health)
As_for_parents,_nothing_can_be_compared_with_their_children's_physical_and_mental_health.
2．得知你在英语学习上有一些困难，我很难过。(have trouble with)
I_am_sorry_to_learn_that_you_are_having_trouble_with_your_English_learning.
3．你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)
You_should_apologize_to_the_people_present_for_what_you_have_just_done.
4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(begin, familiar)
The_performance_began_with_a_piece_of_classical_music_which_was_familiar_to_people_in_their_fifties.
5．我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。(mistake, look)
I_often_mistake_Wang_Hai_for_his_twin_brother_because_they_look_so_similar/very_much_alike._
6．同时，我要把保护环境整洁健康看作是我的职责。(regard, keep)
At_the_same_time,_I_will_regard_it_as_my_duty_to_keep_our_environment_clean_and_healthy.
Ⅲ.语法填空
I've been a volunteer at Radio Lollipop since May. It is one of the best __1__ (experience) that I've had in the last few years.
Radio Lollipop is an international charity organization __2__ (found) in 1979 to provide care, comfort, games and entertainment for children in hospital. The service is provided __3__ (entire) by volunteers who have been specially selected and trained to make a child's stay in hospital more interesting and less __4__ (frighten)．
I help out regularly on Monday evenings after work at the Royal Hospital. My task is to deliver a smile to the children at the wards (病房) __5__ might be there for a few days or even a couple of months. __6__ is hard to find children on Monday, as the cinema at the hospital is open on that day. Most of them tend __7__ (be) there.
I am __8__ (thank) for this opportunity to help children at the hospital and make their stays more pleasant. The experience also __9__ (help) me deal with the difficulties and challenges that I've been faced with in my own life. I am now more positive in helping others and realize that everyone goes __10__ some pain and suffering from time to time.
1．experiences 根据语境“这是我过去几年最好的经历之一”可知本空应用名词复数。
2．founded 被修饰词“charity organization”与found之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
3．entirely 修饰谓语“is provided”应用副词entirely。
4．frightening 空格处与and 前的interesting为并列成分，同为形容词作宾语补足语，故填frightening。
5．who/that 先行词为“the children”，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who/that。
6．It it作形式主语，代替真正的主语：动词不定式短语“to find children on Monday”。
7．to be tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”，因此本空填动词不定式to be。
8．thankful be thankful for“因……而感激”。
9．helps 根据语境，本句应用一般现在时态，因主语为“The experience”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
10．through go through“经历；经受”。
介 词
(一)方位介词
1．图解常见的方位介词
2．along, through, across, over
介词
用法
例句
along
表示“沿着”某一路径行进
I saw them running together along the road yesterday.
昨天我看见他们沿着马路一起跑。
through
意为“穿过”，表示从内部空间通过
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea.
长城从西向东蜿蜒而行，横穿沙漠，越过高山，穿过峡谷，最后抵达大海。
across
表示“横穿”，强调从某一物体的表面通过
over
意为“越过”，表示从……上方过去
3．at, on, to, in
介词
用法
例句
at
其后一般接较小的地点。接地名时，常将此地视为空间的一点
My elder sister lives at 105 Beijing Road.
我姐姐住在北京路105号。
on
表示两地接壤
Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi; Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.
广东在广西的东南方向，福建在江苏南边，它们都位于中国。
to
表示两地不接壤
in
其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内
4．between, among
(1)between在……之间(指两者)，常和and连用。
The building stands between the park and the small river.
那栋楼位于公园和小河之间。
(2)among在……之间(指三者或三者以上)。
We'll visit a town among the mountains.
我们将要参观一个被群山环绕的小镇。
[名师指津] 如果指三个及三个以上的人或物中的每两个之间，仍然要用between。
Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
(二)时间介词
1．in, after
in表时间，常表示“在……之内”，有时in还有“在……之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：(1)所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；(2)后面必须是一段时间。这两个条件缺一不可，否则用after或later。
My father will be back in three days.
我父亲将在三天以后回来。
My father will be back after three o'clock.
我父亲将在3点后回来。
My father came back after three days/three days later.
我父亲是三天后回来的。
2．for, from, since
介词
用法
for
接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久
from
接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短
since
接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用
Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost fifteen years after his retirement.
布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。
My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.
我的妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。
Tom has been doing his homework since seven o'clock.
汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。
3．during, through, over
(1)during指某个动作或状态在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续地发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。
He often falls asleep during the class.
课堂上他常常打瞌睡。
(2)through：在……期间；从……开头到结尾(所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同)。
Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his father's illness.
在他父亲生病期间，汤姆坚强地撑起了养家的压力。
(3)over：在(做)……期间；此外， over还有“贯穿(一时间段)”的意思，相当于during。
We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。
(三)表示工具、手段、方式的介词
1．by, in, on
三个词都可以表示旅行的方式。
(1)不涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词前不带冠词。如：by sea, by water, by land, by air等。
(2)涉及交通工具的名词前用by，名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。如：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。
(3)当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如：travel to New York on this plane, go to school on my bike等。
[名师指津] 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel等。
2．with, in
(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.我们用眼睛看，用耳朵听，用腿走路。
(2)in
Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。
The artist wrote in ink/pencil(＝with a pen/a pencil)．
那个艺术家用钢笔/铅笔写字。
(3)注意以下固定短语：
on/over the telephone/radio通过电话/广播
用这/那种方式
(四)表示原因的介词
介词
用法
with
多用于表示情绪的形容词或身体动作或状态的动词之后，表示某种心理或心理状态的原因
for
多与表示感情的抽象名词或动名词及reason, famous等词连用
from
常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接原因
of
用于某些形容词后，后接与感情相关的人或事
over
常用于带有感情色彩的动词如：cry, quarrel, laugh, sigh等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因
Her face went red with anger.她气得脸都红了。
The West Lake is famous for its scenery.
西湖以它的景色而闻名。
(五)其他常考的介词
1．except, except for, but, besides, apart from
介词
意义
用法
except
除……外
指整体里面排除部分，其宾语为前面的整体概念词的同类语(一类人或物)
except for
除了……
表示除去整体中的一部分，指对非同类事物的排除，它所叙述的事实或细节部分地修正了句子的主要意思
but
除……之外
常与nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, all, who等连用，此时可与except换用。后接名词、代词或不定式
besides
除……外
(尚)有
句中常有other, others, also, else等词，相当于in addition to
apart from
除……(别无)，
除……外(尚)有
可用来替换besides, except, except for等
He answered all the questions except the last one.
除最后一个问题没有回答外，其余所有问题他都回答了。
The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.这篇作文写得很好，只是有些拼写错误。
No one but Karl went there.
除卡尔外，没有人去那里。
2．against的用法
含义
例句
反对；违背；
与……相反
Are you for or against the plan?
你是赞成还是反对该计划？
触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠
Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。
与……竞争
We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.
我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。
防备，抵御
They took measures against the fire.
他们采取了防火措施。
以……为背景，衬托
The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.
在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。
3．beyond的用法
含义
例句
超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及
The whole problem was quite beyond him.
整个问题他根本无法理解。
(在空间上)在……的那一边，远于
The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.
机场在离城镇二十英里外的地方。
(时间)晚于；迟于
The disco went on until beyond midnight.
迪斯科舞会一直持续到午夜以后。
4．by的用法
含义
例句
(时间)不迟于，在……之前
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.文件需要在下周五前准备好。
(位置)靠近，在……旁边/附近
On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以……计算”，常用于结构“by＋the＋单数可数名词”
Parcel post is charged by weight and mileage, without reference to contents.
包裹邮递按重量和路程收费，不管所装何物。
(表示程度、数量)相差
The price of oil fell by a further 2 dollars a barrel.油价每桶又下降了两美元。
经过，经由
He walked right by me without even saying hello.他径直从我身边走过，甚至连招呼都不打。
靠，用，通过(某种方式、手段)
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
5．with的用法
含义
例句
和……一起，和，同，跟
Put this bag with the others.
把这个包和其他的包放在一起。
(表示同时或同一方向)随着
Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随时节而变化。
具有，带有
The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.
服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。
由于，因为
Seeing the dog, he trembled with fear.
看到这只狗，他吓得发抖。
(表示方式)用
What will you do with the tool?
你会用这件工具做什么？
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·浙江6月高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum's home ________ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
解析：for 此处应使用介词for 表示目的。
②(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few months of exercise in your teens would be enough ________ the rest of your life.
解析：for 表示“适合于……需要(或目的)，对于”，用介词for。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.
解析：in 名词degree意为“学位”，后面应该跟介词in，表示“在……方面”。a degree in engineering or architecture意为“工程学或建筑学学位”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture ________ myself, I realize how fast time flies.
解析：of this picture of myself“我自己的照片”，of表示所属关系。
⑤(2016·浙江10月高考)Drinking my iced coffee I ran my fingers along the streets ________ the hotel to the opera hall.
解析：from from ... to ...“从……到……”属于一个固定搭配。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.
解析：with with one's hands “用某人的手”。介词with意为“用”。
⑦(2016·四川高考)The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
解析：for 句意：熊猫妈妈对小熊猫的照顾会持续两年多。“for＋时间段”表示持续一段时间。
⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Unfortunately, ________ the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
解析：with with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着……的发展”。
常见介词的搭配
(一)介词与动词构成的搭配
take advantage of 利用
thank sb. for sth. 为某事感谢某人
have an effect on 对……有影响
separate ...from 把……与……分开
make a list of 列出一张……的单子
play with 同……一起玩；玩弄
say goodbye to 对……说再见
contribute to 贡献；有助于；促成
provide sb. with sth. 提供某人某物
hold up 举起
rely on 依靠
refer to 提及；参考；查阅
pass by 经过
care about 关心；介意
feel like 想要
call for 需要
pay for 为……付款
apply for 申请
begin with 以……开始
(二)介词与名词构成的搭配
1．at＋n.表示状态
at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态
at war 在战争中 at work 在工作
2．其他以at开头的介词短语
at the beginning of 在……的开始
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the risk of 冒……的危险
at the mercy of 在……支配下；任由……摆布
3．on＋n.表示状态
on exhibition/show 在展出
on fire 着火
on sale 出售，打折
on the way 在途中
on the decrease/increase 在减少/在增加
on holiday/vacation 在度假
4．其他以on开头的介词短语
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on no account/condition 决不
5．by＋n.表示方式
by accident 偶然地 by air/plane 乘飞机
by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地
by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地
6．in＋n.表示方式
in cash 用现金付款 in depth 在深度上
in detail 详细地 in height 在高度上
in length 在长度上 in English 用英语
7．其他以in开头的介词短语
in no time立刻 in no way 决不
in place of 代替 in possession of 拥有，占有
in addition to 另外 in charge of 掌管……
in return 作为回报 in spite of 尽管
in exchange for 作为交换 in favor of 支持，赞成
in case of 万一；如果；假使 in honour of 为向……表示敬意
in memory of 为了纪念…… in support of 为支持……
8．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit 有益处的 of help 有帮助的
of importance 重要的 of significance 有意义的
of use 有用的 of value 有价值的
9．out of＋n.表示状态
out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 失去控制 out of date 过期
out of order 发生故障 out of sight 看不见
out of the question 不可能 out of work 失业
10．under＋n.表示被动
under attack 遭到袭击 under pressure 在压力下
under treatment 在治疗中 under control 处于控制之中
11．with＋n.表示方式
with delight/joy 高兴地 with difficulty 困难地
with ease轻而易举地 with fear 害怕地
with pleasure 乐意地
12．beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”
beyond compare无与伦比 beyond reach够不到
beyond description难以描述 beyond expression/words难以表达
(三)介词与其他词构成的搭配
next to紧挨着 instead of代替
apart from除……之外 according to根据
along with随着 together with连同
owing to因为 but for要不是
regardless of不管，不顾 up to直到；由……而定
to and from往返，来来回回 in between在中间，在两者之间
[命题点感悟]
单句语法填空
①(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching ________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
解析：for search for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。
②(2018·浙江11月高考)One cup of coffee ________ the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.
解析：in in the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。
③(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and________ work.
解析：from to and from“往返，来回，来来往往”。to and from work“上下班”。
④(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle ________ the road.
解析：of in the middle of “在……中间”，是固定搭配。
⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s ...
解析：to go back to为固定短语，意为“回到，追溯到”。
⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.
解析：on 句意：我们中的很多人一天中早晨的注意力要比晚些时候更集中。be focused on“专心于，集中于”，为固定短语。
⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle says that he never dreams ________ becoming rich in a short period of time.
解析：of 固定短语dream of doing sth.意为“梦想做某事”。
⑧(2016·浙江高考)While they chatted, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit ________ the top of the fridge.
解析：on on the top of为固定搭配，意为“在……的上面/顶端”。
⑨(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day；________ the same time, they warm up again for the night.
解析：at at the same time意为“同时”，是固定短语。
⑩(2015·广东高考)He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby ________ other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.
解析：for 根据语境可知，他去附近的镇里卖牛奶，或用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用短语exchange ...for ...表示用牛奶换其他的食物。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in science class.
2．Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library for a book about it.
3．But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young.
4．But this summer I find myself at a loss. I'm not quite interested in Balzac.
5．The global journey is led by an expedition leader, Steve Moore, in memory of his father，a firefighter who died of lung cancer at the age of 63.
6．Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients by name, not case number.
7．Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek to food safety problems.
8．If you could exchange lives with someone for a short time, would you like to do that?
9．There was one in particular I'd always wanted.
10．First, talk to someone you trust about how you feel.
11．The London drivers know the shortest way possible without even looking at a map.
12．There had been a terrible accident on the highway and, as a result, there was a long line of traffic for at least six miles.
13．The result is a pure shot of afternoon in the park, making one feel cheerful and peaceful all at once.
14．Sometimes, human beings are too cruel to their best friends — animals.
15．I agree to his suggestion on condition that he drops all charges.
Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句
1．对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。(compare, physical and mental health)
As_for_parents,_nothing_can_be_compared_with_their_children's_physical_and_mental_health.
2．得知你在英语学习上有一些困难，我很难过。(have trouble with)
I_am_sorry_to_learn_that_you_are_having_trouble_with_your_English_learning.
3．你该就刚才的所作所为向在场的人道歉。(apologize)
You_should_apologize_to_the_people_present_for_what_you_have_just_done.
4．演出以一段五十多岁的人耳熟能详的经典音乐开始。(begin, familiar)
The_performance_began_with_a_piece_of_classical_music_which_was_familiar_to_people_in_their_fifties.
5．我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。(mistake, look)
I_often_mistake_Wang_Hai_for_his_twin_brother_because_they_look_so_similar/very_much_alike._
6．同时，我要把保护环境整洁健康看作是我的职责。(regard, keep)
At_the_same_time,_I_will_regard_it_as_my_duty_to_keep_our_environment_clean_and_healthy.
Ⅲ.语法填空
I've been a volunteer at Radio Lollipop since May. It is one of the best __1__ (experience) that I've had in the last few years.
Radio Lollipop is an international charity organization __2__ (found) in 1979 to provide care, comfort, games and entertainment for children in hospital. The service is provided __3__ (entire) by volunteers who have been specially selected and trained to make a child's stay in hospital more interesting and less __4__ (frighten)．
I help out regularly on Monday evenings after work at the Royal Hospital. My task is to deliver a smile to the children at the wards (病房) __5__ might be there for a few days or even a couple of months. __6__ is hard to find children on Monday, as the cinema at the hospital is open on that day. Most of them tend __7__ (be) there.
I am __8__ (thank) for this opportunity to help children at the hospital and make their stays more pleasant. The experience also __9__ (help) me deal with the difficulties and challenges that I've been faced with in my own life. I am now more positive in helping others and realize that everyone goes __10__ some pain and suffering from time to time.
1．experiences 根据语境“这是我过去几年最好的经历之一”可知本空应用名词复数。
2．founded 被修饰词“charity organization”与found之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
3．entirely 修饰谓语“is provided”应用副词entirely。
4．frightening 空格处与and 前的interesting为并列成分，同为形容词作宾语补足语，故填frightening。
5．who/that 先行词为“the children”，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who/that。
6．It it作形式主语，代替真正的主语：动词不定式短语“to find children on Monday”。
7．to be tend to do sth.“倾向于做某事”，因此本空填动词不定式to be。
8．thankful be thankful for“因……而感激”。
9．helps 根据语境，本句应用一般现在时态，因主语为“The experience”，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数。
10．through go through“经历；经受”。
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