2020高考英语新增分方案大一轮复习外研新课改省份专用讲义：语法专题十并列句与状语从句

专题十并列句与状语从句

并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短语)连在一起。

1．转折/对比并列连词连接的并列句

常见的表示转折关系的并列连词包括but, while(而)等。其中，while连接并列句时，两分句之间是对比关系。

It often rains in the south, while it seldom rains in the north.

在南方经常下雨，然而在北方很少下雨。

2．联合并列连词连接的并列句

常用的表示平行或对等关系的联合并列连词有and, not only ... but (also), neither ...nor等。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.

他不仅说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。

3．选择并列连词(or, either ... or, not ...but ...等) 连接的并列句

Would you like to leave or would you like to stay?

你是想走还是想留？

4．因果并列连词(for, so等)连接的并列句

He must have been caught in the rain, for he is wet all over.

他一定淋雨了，因为他全身都湿了。

5．特殊并列连词及并列句

(1)when可用于并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：

①be about to do sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”

②be on the point of doing sth. when ...“正要做某事，这时突然……”

③be doing sth. when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”

④had done sth. when ...“刚做了某事，这时突然……”

He was about to go to school when a strong wind began to blow.

他正要去上学，这时突然刮起了大风。

(2)“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。

Give me a chance, and I'll give you a wonderful surprise.

给我一个机会，我会还你一个奇迹。

[命题点感悟]                          

单句语法填空

①(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, ________ once I started the car，my mind went blank.

解析：but/yet　此处表示“我认为我已经明白了教练的指令，但是车一启动，我的脑子却一片空白”。由此可知，前后分句之间是转折关系。

②(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I have grown not only physically, ________ also mentally in the past few years.

解析：but　not only ...but also ...是固定短语，意为“不但……而且……”。

③(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables ________ high quality oil are used for cooking.

解析：and　根据语境可知，新鲜的蔬菜与高品质的油二者之间为并列关系。

④(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home, it is comfortable ________ there is no need to spend money.

解析：and　第二句句意：我们如果待在家里，会感觉舒适，还不花钱。根据句意可知，“comfortable”与“no need to spend money”之间是并列关系，故用and。

⑤(2015·广东高考)One day, the cow was eating grass ________ it began to rain heavily.

解析：when　be doing sth.when ...“正在做某事，这时突然……”。

1．时间状语从句

(1)when, while与as引导的时间状语从句

Metals expand when they are heated.

金属受热时膨胀。

While/When I was reading, he came in.

我正在看书时，他进来了。

The students sang as they walked.

学生们边走边唱。

As a young man (＝ When he was a young man), he was fond of hunting.

他年轻时喜欢打猎。

(2)before与since引导的时间状语从句

①before与since的常用句式

It will be half a year before I come back.

我半年之后才回来。

It won't be long before we meet again.

用不了多久我们就会再见面。

It was three days before he came back.

三天后他才回来。

②since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的是自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词或状态动词，所表示的就是自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。

It's two years since we arrived here.

我们到这儿两年了。

It's three years since we lived here.

我们不住在这里有三年了。

(3)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句

①引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...等。

Directly you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.

你一感觉疼痛就必须去找医生。

We will leave the minute you are ready.

你一准备好，我们就出发。

②hardly/scarcely ... when/before, no sooner ... than ...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner ...和hardly/scarcely ...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。

Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.

他一听到这个消息就哭了。

No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.

我们刚到火车站火车就开了。

(4)until与till引导的时间状语从句

①until与till引导时间状语从句的区别

I had waited a long time till/until he came back.

他回来时我已等了很长时间。

It was not until he told me about it again that I had any idea of it.

直到他又告诉我一遍我才明白。

②not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。

Not until he comes will we start our discussion.

直到他来了我们才能开始讨论。

③until/till用于肯定句时主句的谓语动词是延续性动词，用于否定句时主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词。

They waited till/until I returned.

他们一直等到我回来。

(5)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)

①其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after, whenever, every time, each time, next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。

Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.

每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮助我们。

②by the time引导的时间状语从句如果用一般现在时，主句则用将来完成时；从句如果用一般过去时，主句则用过去完成时。

By the time you come back, we will have finished the job.

到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成了这项工作。

By the time we got there, the rain had stopped.

到我们到达那儿时，雨已经停了。

2．条件状语从句

(1)引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if, unless, as/so long as, in case (万一), once, on condition that, provided/providing (that), supposing/suppose (that)等。

You'll be late unless you get up earlier.

除非你早点起床，否则你会迟到的。

Supposing that they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help？假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁呢？

They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we return it before the weekend.他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们必须在周末以前归还。

(2)在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。

In case there is a fire, what will we do first?

万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？

3．让步状语从句

(1)although, though,  as与while引导的让步状语从句

①although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序； though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。

Although/Though he may be troubled, he always presents a calm smiling face.

尽管他可能会遇到麻烦，但他总是露出平静的微笑。

Much as/though I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.虽然我已经去过很多地方，但我从未见过像约翰这么能干的人。

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

尽管他还是一个孩子，但他却懂很多。

Try as he may, he never succeeds.

尽管他很努力，但他从未成功过。

②although与though都可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。

③though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。

I have got a cold. It is nothing much, though.

我感冒了，不过不太严重。

④while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。

While I admit that there are problems, I don't agree that they cannot be solved.

尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些

问题不能解决。

(2)even if与even though引导的让步状语从句

①even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。

②even if与even though引导让步状语从句时，可用虚拟语气，也可以用陈述语气。

I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.

我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。

Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.

即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。

(3)“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句

①“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋­ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。

Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.

无论他说什么，不要相信他。

②whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句，但“no matter＋疑问词”不可以。

(4)whether ... or (not) ...引导的让步状语从句

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

不管你相信与否，这是真的。

4．原因状语从句

(1)because/as/since/now that

The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.

那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。

I can't go with you, as I have a lot of work to do.

我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。

Now that/Since everyone is here, let's begin our meeting.

既然大家都在这儿，我们开始开会吧。

(2)when (既然), seeing that (鉴于，由于)，considering that (考虑到), in that (因为)等也可以引导原因状语从句

The book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry and that one about history.

这本书不同于那本书，因为这本是关于化学的而那本是关于历史的。

It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.

既然步行五分钟就能到那里，你却乘出租车，真够愚蠢的。

5．结果状语从句

(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ...。在非正式语体中，由so ... that ..., such ... that ...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构：

Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.

＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.

迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。

It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.

天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。

He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.他挣这么少的钱，以至于他养不起家。

[名师指津]　为了强调形容词和副词，当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。

So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult questions.

他是一个如此聪明的学生，以至于能够解出所有难题。

(2)such ... that ...引导的状语从句与such ... as ...引导的定语从句的区别。

首先观察两个句子：

①He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.(like后少宾语，as要在从句中充当成分，故该句为定语从句)

他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。

②He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.(从句中不缺成分，故该句为状语从句)

他是一个如此聪明的孩子，以至于人人都喜欢他。

6．其他状语从句

We must camp where we can get water.

我们必须在能找到水的地方露营。

I'll speak slowly so that you can make sense of what I said.

我会说得慢一些以便让你听懂我说的话。

The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.

那个老太太对待那个男孩就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。

He is taller than any other student in our school.

他比我们学校的任何一个学生都高。

[名师指津]　①so that与in order that引导目的状语从句时，常与can, could, may, might连用，in order that引导的目的状语从句可以置于主句前或后，但so that引导的从句只能置于主句后。

②what引导的比较状语从句的句式：A is to B what C is to D．A对B而言正如C对D一样。

Air is to us what water is to fish.

空气之于我们就如同水之于鱼一样(重要)。

 [命题点感悟]                        

单句语法填空

①(2018·北京高考改编)________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.

解析：If　句意：如果我们不阻止气候变化，世界上的许多动植物将会消失。根据句意可知，此处应该用 if 引导条件状语从句，表示主句内容发生的条件。

②(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so nervous ________ I could hardly tell which direction was left.

解析：that　此处是so ...that ...句型，表示“如此……以至于……”。

③(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time，________ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.

解析：as/when　句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(或：当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句意可知，as/when引导时间状语从句。

④(2016·四川高考)The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.________ it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.

解析：When/If　第二句句意：当它哭的时候/如果它哭了，熊猫妈妈会来回摇晃它，轻轻拍打，给它安慰。根据句意可知，when (当……时)和if (如果)用在此处都合适。

⑤(2015·陕西高考)My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor ________ I was packing them up.

解析：when/while　句意：我所犯的唯一的错误就是当我打包它们(饼干)的时候，掉在了地上一些。when/while“当……的时候”，在此处引导时间状语从句。

⑥(2015·浙江高考)________ I was only a child when I studied in that classroom, I will never forget it.

解析：Although/Though　句意：尽管在那个教室学习时我仅仅是一个孩子，但我永远忘不了它。根据句意可知，此处表示让步，故用although或though。

⑦(2014·辽宁高考)Unbelievable! Oh ...，________ you don't mind, I'll stop and take a deep breath.

解析：if　句意：……如果你不介意，我要停下来做一下深呼吸。根据句意可知，应填if引导条件状语从句。

⑧(2014·大纲卷)And it is wise to have as many good friends ________ we can.

解析：as　as many ...as we can为固定句式，as引导比较状语从句。

[专题过关训练]                                                              

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．But you don't know that when I started senior English in the beginning, I found it difficult and quite different from what we had learned in junior school.

2．Now I have made such great progress in my English study that I am more interested in learning it than before.

3．Bravely as/though the players fought, they had no chance of winning.

4．When hunger strikes, we can reach for a healthy, nutritious meal, or we can choose the junk food of high sugar.

5．It was _so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters.

6．So if you want to eat less, some suggest that eating from blue plates should help.

7．If/When/While you are travelling abroad, here are the tips you need to make your trip much easier.

8．What we are about to do is perfectly legal. But please don't discuss it with anyone.

9．When I was 10, once my parents were away on business, and/so I had to stay at home alone for a day.

10．There is only a little rain and the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.

11．Although/Though the answer seemed a little strange, nobody but I doubted it.

12．Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at College Week Live.

13．Shaking hands is the most popular way to greet each other when people meet.

14．They said this was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.

15．It's good to arrive early so you can get settled before classes start.

Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句

1．他正沿着马路骑车上学，这时，一辆小汽车超车抢道，把他撞倒了。(ride, cut in, knock sb. down)

He_was_riding_along_the_road_when_a_car_cut_in_and_knocked_him_down.

2．我一听到这个消息，就急不可待地想告诉我父母。(can't wait to, the moment)

I_couldn't_wait_to_tell_my_parents_the_moment_I_heard_the_news.

3．虽然数学老师给我解释了许多遍，但是我还是不明白。(although, understand)

Although_the_maths_teacher_explained_it_to_me_several_times,_I_still_couldn't_understand_it.

4．既然你不得不整天待在教室里，你还是全身心地投入到学习上为好。(now that, might as well, put one's heart into)

Now_that_you_have_to_stay_in_the_classroom_all_day,_you_might_as_well_put_your_heart_into_your_studies.

5．当你读书的时候，你最好在你不理解的地方做个标记。(make a mark)

When_you_are_reading,_you'd_better_make_a_mark_where_you_don't_understand.

6．他看起来好像前一天夜里没有睡觉一样。(look, sleep a wink)

He_looked_as_if_he_hadn't_slept_a_wink_the_night_before.

Ⅲ.语法填空

(2019·潍坊模拟)A mouse, because of a(n) __1__ (luck) chance, made close friends with an evil frog. One day, __2__ frog played a trick on the mouse by __3__ (tie) a foot of the mouse to his own. At first, both of them joined together and the frog __4__ (lead) his friend toward the pool in which he lived, and didn't stop __5__ he reached the side of the water. Then the frog suddenly jumped into the water and the mouse was pulled in with __6__ (he). The frog enjoyed the water and swam in it around, happily crying __7__ if he had done a great deed. The unhappy mouse died soon in the water, and his dead body floated around on the surface, __8__ (fasten) to the foot of the frog. A hawk saw the dead mouse, suddenly flew down towards it, caught it and flew away. The frog, still tied to the foot of the mouse, was also carried of as a __9__ (prison), and he __10__ (eat) by the hawk.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了一个有关老鼠和青蛙的故事，说明了一个道理，即害人终害己。

1．unlucky　设空处前为不定冠词，后为名词，由此可推断设空处应为形容词作定语，根据语境可知这只老鼠运气不佳，故填unlucky。

2．the　设空处后的名词frog是第二次被提到，表示特指，故填定冠词the。

3．tying　介词(by)后需用动名词形式作宾语，故填tie的动名词形式tying。

4．led　根据上下文以及“and didn't stop”可知设空处应该用一般过去时，故填led。

5．until　本句使用了“not ... until ...”句型，意为“直到……才……”。

6．him　后来那只青蛙突然跳进水里，那只老鼠也随之被拉进水中。介词后需用代词的宾格形式，根据提示词he可知设空格处填him。

7．as　好像他做了一件大事似的。as if“好像”。

8．fastened　主语与空格处之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故填fastened。

9．prisoner　根据设空处前的不定冠词，可推知设空处应为名词，故填prisoner。

10．was eaten　设空处讲的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时；he与eat之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。