2021高三全国统考英语（话题版）一轮学案：第2编专题十三构词法
展开专题十三 构词法
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，62)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been ________ (poor) studied.
答案：poorly 修饰动词studied应用形容词poor的副词形式poorly。
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，68)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to ________ (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
答案：strengthen 在不定式符号to后面用动词原形。
3．(2018·浙江高考，62)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ________ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
答案：affordable be动词后应接形容词。affordable “付得起的”。
4．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，43)And, even if I weren't ________ (excite) enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me.
答案：excited 系动词后面应用形容词，此处修饰人，故填excited。
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，55)________ (fortunate), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.
答案：Fortunately 副词作状语修饰整个句子，故用Fortunately。
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，59)I still can't believe what a ________ (coincident) it was.
答案：coincidence 不定冠词a后面应接名词，故填coincidence。
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，48)In her ________ (excited), she didn't seem to realize that she was sharing the baby's photos with a complete stranger.
答案：excitement her后应接名词，故填excitement。
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，69)However, be ________ (care) not to go to extremes.
答案：careful 名词加后缀ful变成形容词，作表语或定语。此句用于be careful (not) to do sth.结构。
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，70)It is ________ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
答案：certainly 此处应用副词修饰形容词fun, certain加后缀ly构成其副词形式。
10．(2017·江苏高考，29，改编)Only five years after Steve Jobs' death, smartphones defeated ________ (convention) PCs in sales.
答案：conventional 此处应用形容词修饰名词PCs。名词后加后缀al变成形容词，故填conventional。
常用的英语构词法
一 名词加后缀构成形容词
二 动词加后缀构成形容词
三 动词加后缀构成名词
四 名词加后缀构成相应意义的抽象名词
五 形容词加后缀构成副词
ly | actually 实际上；事实上 entirely 完全地；全然地；整个地 exactly 确实如此；恰好；确切地 frequently 常常；频繁地 gradually 逐渐地；逐步地 personally 就个人而言；亲自地 selflessly 无私地；忘我地 sincerely真诚地；真挚地 unfortunately不幸地 |
六 形容词加后缀构成名词
ness | brightness 明亮；亮度；聪颖 darkness 黑暗；漆黑 fitness 健康 happiness 幸福；快乐 illness 疾病 kindness 仁慈；好意 sadness 悲哀；悲伤 seasickness 晕船 sickness 疾病；恶心 |
七 形容词加后缀构成动词(一)
en | blacken 使变黑 brighten 使更明亮；使更有希望 ripen 使成熟；成熟 shorten 缩短；使变短 deepen 使……加深；变深 sharpen 使变得锋利 weaken(对某事的决心)动摇；减弱；(使)变弱 harden 变硬；硬化 widen 拓宽 |
ize | modernize 使现代化 realize 实现 |
ify | simplify 简化 diversify 使……多样化 |
八 形容词加前缀构成动词(二)
en前缀，表示“使得……，使成为……” | enlarge 扩大 enable 使能够 enrich 使富裕；充实；改善 |
九 常见的表示特定含义的前缀
re(重复，再) | rearrange 重新整理 reappear 再现 rebuild 重建 reconfirm 再证实 recount 重新计算 recover 重新获得 |
anti(反，抗拒) | antiwar 反战的 antipollution 防止环境污染的 antisocial 反社会的 |
bi(二，双) | bilingual 双语的 bilateral 双边的 |
ex(以前的) | expresident 前总统 exhusband 前夫 exserviceman 退役军人 |
十 表示“人”的名词后缀
ist | archaeologist 考古学家 artist 艺术家 chemist 药剂师；化学家 cyclist 骑自行车的人 dentist 牙科医生 journalist 记者；新闻工作者 novelist 小说家 pianist 钢琴家；钢琴演奏者 scientist 科学家 tourist 旅行者；观光者 typist 打字员 violinist 小提琴演奏者 |
an/ian | American 美国人 Australian 澳大利亚人 European 欧洲人 Russian 俄国人 Asian 亚洲人 musician 音乐家 politician 政治家 librarian 图书管理员 historian 历史学家 |
十一 常用的否定前缀
un(不，非) ＋形容词 | unable 不能的；不会的 unbearable 难以忍受的；不能容忍的 uncertain 不确切的；无把握的 uncomfortable 不舒服的；不舒适的 unfair不公正的；不公平的 unusual 不同寻常的；独特的 |
dis | dislike 不喜欢 disagree 不同意 disbelief 不信；怀疑 disorder 失调；紊乱 disappearance 消失 disagreement 分歧；不一致 |
il， im， in， ir | illegal 违法的 illiterate 不通顺的；文盲 immoral 不道德的 impossible 不可能的 inaccurate 不准确的 incorrect 不正确的 irregular 不规则的 irresistible 不可抵抗的 |
non否 定前缀 | nonstop 中途不停的；直达的 nonviolent 非暴力的 nonsmoker 不吸烟的人 nonprofit 非营利的 |
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)________ (consequent), power walking, in addition to a healthy diet, helps manage your weight.
答案：Consequently 分析句子成分可知，设空处放在句首，修饰整个句子，作状语，应用其副词形式。
2．Speech is the fastest method of ________ (communicate) between people.
答案：communication 介词of之后要用名词形式communication作宾语。
3．(2019·四川省成都外国语学校学期初考试)A new habit is not about performance; it's about ________ (consistent) taking action.
答案：consistently 修饰后面的动词短语taking action，使用副词作状语，故填consistently。
4．Chinese scientists ________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
答案：recently 修饰谓语动词应用副词形式。形容词recent＋ly构成副词。
5．The college years are supposed to be a time for important ________ (grow) in autonomy (自主性) and the development of adult identity.
答案：growth 前面有形容词important修饰，此处应填名词growth和后面的development构成并列关系。
6．She went through a period of emotional ________ (adjust) after her marriage broke up.
答案：adjustment 空格前有形容词emotional修饰，故应填名词。
7．As a volunteer of environmental protection, I am writing to raise your ________ (aware) of protecting the environment.
答案：awareness 在形容词性物主代词your后面，用名词形式。句意：作为环保志愿者，我书面倡议大家提高环保意识。
8．(2019·四川省眉山一中办学共同体月考)Travelers can see these ________ (amaze) natural structures from the air or underwater.
答案：amazing 应用形容词修饰后面的natural structures，作定语，指令人惊叹的自然风景。amazing “令人惊叹的”。
9．(2019·山东省烟台一中高三质量检测)It's a chance for you to learn more about traditional Chinese culture. I am sure it will ________ (broad) your horizons.
答案：broaden 句意：这是一个让你更多地学习中国传统文化的机会。我确信它会扩大你的视野。根据空格前面的will可知，后面应该使用动词，而broad是一个形容词，故填broaden。
10．(2019·深圳耀华实验学校高三第一次月考)Life is just a blank cloth—you can paint a beautiful scene, or you can paint black ghosts (鬼) and ________ (danger) people.
答案：dangerous 修饰后面的名词people，使用形容词作定语，指“危险的人们”，故填dangerous。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperate.
________________________________________________________________
答案：cooperate→cooperative 此处用形容词作表语。由派生构词法可知，v.＋ive构成形容词。
2．The fruits are small in size, but juicy and taste.
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答案：taste→tasty 形容词small, juicy和句子最后一个词为并列表语，故句末的词应改为其形容词形式。由派生构词法可知，v.＋y构成形容词。
3．Let's make joint efforts to create a green and harmony environment. Your cooperation would be much appreciated.
________________________________________________________________
答案：harmony→harmonious 修饰后面的名词environment，用形容词形式。
4．Now let's express our thanks to Hayden for his great contribute to us and our school.
________________________________________________________________
答案：contribute→contribution 在形容词性物主代词his后面，用名词形式。
5．Although he could understand few words, he was still amazing to see the colorful costumes and the unique way of performing.
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答案：amazing→amazed 说明人的感受，用amazed。
