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2021高三全国统考英语（话题版）一轮学案：第1编话题五Book1Unit5NelsonMandela—amodernhero
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话题五 历史、社会与文化
[对应教材] Book 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero Book 4 Unit 1 Women of achievement
Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics Book 4 Unit 5 Theme parks
Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land Book 4 Unit 3 A taste of English humour
Book 4 Unit 4 Body language Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists
Book 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity Book 8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“历史、社会与文化”是高中课程标准中“人与社会”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“不同民族文化习俗与传统节日；对社会有突出贡献的人物；重要国际组织与社会公益机构；法律常识与法治意识等；物质与非物质文化遗产；社会热点问题；重大政治、历史事件，文化渊源；社会进步与人类文明”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了解历史与社会的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生对历史、社会与文化有所了解。感受传统文化的魅力；从对社会具有突出贡献的人物身上学习奋发向上的精神；增强法治意识；爱惜物质文化遗产，立志为社会进步和人类文明做贡献。
[高考探究]
“历史、社会与文化”这个话题常与阅读理解、完形填空、七选五、语法填空等相结合进行考查，分值占有较大的比例。例如：
话题五
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
历史、社会与文化
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读B篇
中国文化和美学对国际时尚的引领作用
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
美国报纸大众化的发展过程
2018全国卷Ⅰ
阅读B篇
关于减少食物浪费的一档英语节目
续表
话题五
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
历
史
、
社
会
与
文
化
2018全国卷Ⅰ
阅读C篇
介绍了人类语言随社会的发展而减少的现象
2018全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
中国建筑大师王澍获得建筑界的诺贝尔奖的原因及意义
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读A篇
介绍了美国旧金山的四条旅游路线
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读B篇
一家老电影院关停前夜的故事
2016全国卷Ⅰ
阅读A篇
过去100年里四位很有影响力的杰出女性
2016全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
沉默在不同文化里的具体含义
2016全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
介绍了英国苹果节上各式各样的苹果及活动
2015全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
“心理咖啡馆”的具体功能、作用和社会意义
2016全国卷Ⅲ
语法填空
筷子的由来以及使用地域和发展
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图一 Book 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
图二 Book 4 Unit 1 Women of achievement
图三 Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics
图四 Book 4 Unit 5 Theme parks
图五 Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land
图六 Book 4 Unit 3 A taste of English humour
图七 Book 4 Unit 4 Body language
图八 Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists
图九 Book 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity
图十 Book 8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图一：概要写作
①Before meeting Mandela, Elias was a poor black worker. He needed to get a passbook because he wanted to continue doing his work. At that time black people in South Africa could not vote. They couldn't get jobs they wanted. Besides, they had to live in the poorest areas.
②At the age of 12, Elias met Mandela. Mandela told him how to get the correct papers so that he would not be out of work. He was so greatly moved by his kindness that he joined the ANC Youth League. Besides, he helped Mandela blow up some government buildings.
Elias was happy to help because he knew it would help them achieve their dream of making black and white people equal.
图二：概要写作
①Jane Goodall has studied the wildlife for many years in Africa. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimps' behaviors. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only her mother came to help her. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, ②one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other. For 40 years, Jane has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. ③She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.
图三：概要写作
②Frederick William Ⅰ， the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his great gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. ①This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber had a beautiful yellowbrown colour. The design for the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. The Amber Room was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took a team of the country's best artists ten years to make. ③The Amber Room was considered one of the wonders in the world. However, the Nazi German army stole it in 1941. ④After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.
图四：概要写作
There are various kinds of theme parks in the world with a specific theme for each.
①The most familiar one is probably Disneyland, where you can travel through space, visit a pirate ship or meet your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character. If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!
②Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world. Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.
③If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you. To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!
图五：概要写作
②Dr Yuan was born in Beijing in 1930. ①With a sunburnt face and a slim, strong body, he looks more like a farmer than a scientist. After graduation in 1953, he devoted his life to finding ways to grow more and more rice. At that time, hunger was a serious problem in many parts of the country. Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of fields. Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. ③Successful as he is, he cares little about money and fame. ②As for his hobbies, he likes listening to violin music and playing mahjong, swimming and reading. ④His dream is to produce more rice to feed more people in the world.
Such is Yuan Longping, a simple man with great achievements.
图六：概要写作
①Charlie Chaplin was a humorous actor, who entertained people in nonverbal humour. ②Born in poverty, he became famous focusing a particular form of acting in entertaining silent movies. ③He was a charming character, wellknown throughout the world. He played a poor and homeless person, wearing large trousers, wornout shoes and a small round black hat and carrying a walking stick. The character was a social failure in the movies, but he was loved by all the people. By overcoming difficulties, being kind to people unkind to him, making a sad situation entertaining and eating a boiled shoe, Charlie Chaplin made us happy and excited. ④In a word, he is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.
图七：概要写作
①Yesterday, I went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. ②I was very surprised to see Tony kiss Julia on the cheek! Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer, which made me embarrassed. Only when I get to know more international friends do I learn that not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. ③These actions are not good or bad. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
图八：概要写作
①The text tells us how John Snow found out the cause of the deadly disease cholera through scientific research. ②When he found people exposed to cholera, John Snow tried to solve this problem. Then, before thinking of a method, he asked a question that possibly explained how cholera killed people. As he knew, cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. In 1854 when cholera broke out, he began to collect information and found the evidence. After analyzing the information, he found that the polluted water seemed to be to blame. To find supporting evidence, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined. ③Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
图九：概要写作
①California is the most multicultural state in the USA. It is not surprising when you know the history of California.
②In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. However, some survived these terrible times. In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain, which is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. In the early 1800s, Russian hunters began settling in California. In 1848, gold was discovered in California, attracting people from all over the world. Today, ChineseAmericans live in all parts of California. Other immigrants include Italian, Danish, Jewish and Japanese people. In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.
③As for its future, there will be simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
图十：概要写作
①An archaeologist and students think it reasonable to assume some of the earliest people lived in Zhoukoudian, due to the fact that they have found human and animal bones and tools in those caves. ②They could have used fireplaces to make fires to keep them warm, cook food and scare wild beasts away. Seeing the needle made of bone, the students think it was used to make clothes from animal skins. To their surprise, a primitive necklace made of shells was found, which made them draw the conclusion that all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. ③As for why they are called hunters and gatherers, it's because they didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals.
1．Actually, only by getting moving and constantly adjusting the plan can we achieve our final goal.
事实上，只有通过不断地行动，不断地调整计划，我们才能达到我们的最终目标。
2．Whenever we talk about the Dragon Boat Festival, we can't help thinking of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet in the Warring States Period.
每当提到端午节，我们都情不自禁想到屈原，战国时期一个伟大的爱国诗人。
3．When it comes to great educators, Confucius should be put in the first place, who was a famous thinker, educator and philosopher in Chinese history, adding colourful elements to Chinese culture.
谈到伟大的教育家，孔子应该排在首位，他是中国历史上一位著名的思想家、教育家和哲学家，丰富了灿烂的中华文明。
4．As for my favourite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.
至于我最喜欢的中国历史人物，那一定是魏源，晚清时期一个伟大的思想家。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)quality (n.) 质量；品质；性质→quantity (形近词) (n.) 数量
(2)active (adj.) 积极的；活跃的→actively (adv.) 积极地→activity (n.) 活动
(3)devote (vt.) 献身；专心于→devoted (adj.) 忠实的；深爱的→devotion (n.) 关爱；奉献；忠诚
(4)vote (vt.& vi.) 投票；选举 (n.) 投票；选票；表决→voter (n.) 投票人；选举人
(5)attack (vt.) 进攻；攻击；抨击 (n.) 攻击；抨击；疾病发作→attach (形近词) (vt.) 把……附(在……上)；重视
(6)equal (adj.) 相等的；平等的→equality (n.) 平等；相等→equally (adv.) 同样地；相等地；公平地→unequal (adj.) 不平等的；不公平的
(7)escape (vt.& vi.) 逃脱；逃走；避开；泄漏→escaped (adj.) 逃跑了的
(8)educate (vt.) 教育；训练→educated (adj.) 受过教育的；有教养的→education (n.) 教育→educator (n.) 教育工作者→educational (adj.) 教育的；有关教育的
(9)beg (vi.) 请求；乞求→begged (过去式/过去分词)→beggar (n.) 乞丐
(10)reward (n.) 报酬；奖金 (vt.) 酬劳；奖赏→rewarding (adj.) 值得的；有益的；有回报的
(11)opinion (n.) 意见；看法；主张
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)mean (adj.) 吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的
(2)found (vt.) 建立；建设
(3)peaceful (adj.) 和平的；平静的；安宁的
(4)hopeful (adj.) 怀有希望的；有希望的
(5)violence (n.) 暴力；暴行
(6)unfair (adj.) 不公正的；不公平的
(7)relative (n.) 亲戚；亲属
(8)terror (n.) 恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖时期；恐怖活动
(9)cruelty (n.) 残忍；残酷
(10)president (n.) 总统；会长；校长；行长
[单句语法填空]
1．I believe my ________ (educate) and experience will prove I am qualified for the work in your company.
答案：education
2．Fortunately, Natalie's family ________ (escape) to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridges closed.
答案：escaped
3．It was by ________ (vote) that they made the decision who would be the vice president of the English club in our school.
答案：voting
4．Parents should ________ (active) urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
答案：actively
5．To be honest, there are many learned teachers who are always ________ (devote) to their teaching work in our school.
答案：devoted
6．She hoped the different racial groups in the area could live together in ________ (peace) coexistence.
答案：peaceful
7．Under his teacher's ________ (guide), he has developed into an accomplished pianist.
答案：guidance
8．Learning to deal with the social world is ________ (equal) important.
答案：equally
9．Whenever people around got into trouble, they were ________ (will) to turn to her for help, which made her into a person respected by all her neighbors.
答案：willing
10．The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$25,000 and ________ (sentence) to up to 3 years in prison.
答案：sentenced
联想积累
1．表示“人物特点”的形容词全扫描
①active 积极的；活跃的
②generous 慷慨的
③warmhearted 热心肠的
④creative 富有创造力的
⑤devoted 有献身精神的
⑥energetic 有活力的
⑦enthusiastic 充满热情的
⑧ambitious 有雄心壮志的
2．后缀“ent”形容词与“ence”名词大集合
①violent 暴力的 violence 暴力
②silent 沉默的 silence 沉默
③different 不同的 difference 差异
④patient 有耐心的 patience 耐心
⑤confident 自信的 confidence 信心
⑥evident 明显的 evidence 证据
⑦intelligent 聪明的 intelligence 智力
⑧independent 独立的 independence 独立
1．out_of_work 失业
2．as_a_matter_of_fact 事实上
3．in_trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
4．turn_to 求助于
5．lose_heart 丧失勇气或信心
6．come to power 上台；当权
7．set up 建立；设立
8．be sentenced to 被判处……(徒刑)
9．blow up 使充气；爆炸
10．in one's opinion 在某人看来
[选词填空]
devote to， in trouble， turn to， lose heart， set up， as a matter of fact
1．He was a loving father because he was strict with his daughter and encouraged her when she was ________.
答案：in trouble
2．I feel that I've been given a second life to ________ something that is meaningful and enormous.
答案：devote to
3．In 1963 the UN ________ the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
答案：set up
4．I still want to have my parents to ________ whenever I need help.
答案：turn to
5．You shouldn't________ even if you are in the face of difficulty. Instead, you should keep trying.
答案：lose heart
6．________， doing sports can teach us to be considerate, cooperative and optimistic.
答案：As a matter of fact
联想积累
1．“动词＋to”短语荟萃
①devote ... to 致力于；献身于 ②object to 反对
③refer to 谈到；涉及；参阅 ④point to 指向
⑤turn to 求助于
⑥stick/hold/keep to 坚持；忠于
⑦see to 处理；料理 ⑧come to 共计
⑨belong to 属于
⑩attend to 处理；专心于；照料
⑪add to 增添 ⑫agree to 同意
2．“out of＋名词”短语大全
①out of work 失业
②out of breath 上气不接下气
③out of condition 身体不好；情况欠佳
④out of control 失去控制
⑤out of danger 脱离危险
⑥out of date 过时的
⑦out of debt 不欠债
⑧out of luck 运气不好；不凑巧
⑨out of mind 心不在焉
⑩out of order 次序紊乱；损坏了
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很糟。
the first time “第一次”，可以引导时间状语从句。every time/each time“每一次”，也可以引导时间状语从句。
______________________________________ (第一次遇见) the craftsman, I was deeply impressed by his exquisite craftsmanship.
答案：The first time I came across
直击重点 突破考点
① devote vt. 献身；专心于(P33)
(1)单句语法填空
①In fact, my granny devoted most of her time ________ papercutting when young.
②________ (devote) to building our motherland into a strong country, he returned home after graduation.
③We were deeply moved by his ________ (devote) to the cause of education.
答案：①to ②Devoted ③devotion
(2)单句改错
Donald Trump also held a town hall meeting devoting to health care in southwestern Virginia.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：devoting→devoted
(1)devote ... to ... 把……奉献于……
devote oneself to 献身于；致力于
(2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的；关于……的
be devoted to (doing) sth. 专心于某事；奉献于某事
(3)devotion n. 关爱；关照；奉献；忠诚
② equal adj. 相等的；平等的；胜任的 n. 同等的人；相等物 v. 等于；抵得上(P34)
单句写作
①All people ____________， deserving the same rights as each other.
所有人都是平等的，应享有同等权利。
②He sets a good example to us. As an allaround athlete, he ____________.
他给我们树立了好榜样。作为一个全能运动员，他无与伦比。
答案：①are equal ②has no equal
(1)be equal to ＋ n．/doing 等于；与……相等；胜任
be equal in 在……方面相等
be equal with 与……平等
(2)A equals B (in ... ) A(在……方面)比得上B
be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比；无敌
(3)equality n. 平等
equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等；同样
③ escape vt.& vi. 逃脱；逃走 n. 逃脱(P38)
(1)单句语法填空
①He was crossing the street when a man was driving fast towards him and he narrowly escaped ________ (kill)．
②To my relief, both children escaped unharmed ________ the burning building.
答案：①being killed ②from
(2)单句写作
The bullet missed about an inch, therefore, the rabbit had __________________.
子弹未击中兔子，仅差一英寸，因此兔子侥幸逃脱。
答案：a narrow escape
(1)escape from ... 从……逃脱
escape (doing) sth. 逃避(做)某事
(2)a narrow escape 死里逃生
(3)escaped adj. 逃脱的
④ reward n. 报酬；奖金 vt. 酬劳；奖赏(P38)
单句语法填空
①The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will ________ (reward) with success in the end.
②When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and __________ (reward)．
③He wanted to reward the cleaners ________ their efforts.
答案：①be rewarded ②rewarding ③for
(1)give/offer a reward to sb. for sth. 因某事给某人报酬(或赏金)
(2)reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事报答/奖赏某人
be rewarded (with sth.) 得到回报
(3)rewarding adj. 有益的；值得的；报酬高的
① in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中(P35)
单句写作
①It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone ______________.
我们快要回家的时候，我才意识到帮助了有困难的人感觉多么美妙！
②No matter when you ________________ studying, please don't hesitate to ask for our help.
无论什么时候学习有困难，请不要犹豫，一定要来找我们帮忙。
③Some people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may __________________.
有些人总是坚持他们的主张，即使那意味着他们会陷入困境。
答案：①in trouble ②have trouble (in) ③get into trouble
get into trouble 陷入困境；惹麻烦
have trouble (in) doing sth./with sth. 做某事有困难/麻烦
take the trouble to do sth. 不怕费事/不辞劳苦做某事
② turn to 求助于；致力于(P35)
单句写作
①Whenever we have any difficulty, we can ____________ the teacher. She is always there to help.
每当遇到困难，我们可以求助老师。她总会提供帮助。
②Eventually I ______________ the offer given by a foreign university, choosing to study in my favorite university at home.
最后，我拒绝了国外大学的通知，选择在国内一所自己喜欢的大学学习。
③They ______________ to look after their sick father in hospital.
他们轮流照顾生病住院的父亲。
答案：①turn to ②turned down ③took turns
(1)turn to sb. for help 向某人求助
take turns to do ... /in doing ... 轮流做……
in turn 依次；逐个；相应地
by turns 轮流地；交替地
(2)turn down 关小；拒绝
turn away 拒绝……入内；把……打发走
turn up 出现；露面；调大
turn out 证明是；结果是；原来是
turn over 打翻；翻身；移交
turn ... into 把……变成
③ lose heart 丧失勇气或信心(P37)
单句写作
①Though beaten by the opposite team, they didn't ________________.
虽然被对方球队击败，但他们没有丧失信心。
②There is an old saying like this, “Nothing is too hard if you __________.”
俗话说，“心之所愿，无所不成。”
答案：①lose heart ②put your heart into it
(1)put one's heart into 一心扑在……上
learn sth. by heart 背诵；记牢某事
strike ... into sb./sb.'s heart 使……刻骨铭心
lose one's heart to sb. 爱上某人
(2)heart and soul 全心全意地
from the bottom of sb.'s heart 从心底；由衷地
① [教材原句]The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. (P34)
过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
单句语法填空
①The old tower ________ (witness) great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.
②The year 1959 ________ (see) the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world.
③Soon afterwards, we were sent to different families, ________ we enjoyed traditional English food, exchanging our ideas happily on familiar topics.
答案：①has witnessed ②saw ③where
(1)see, find, witness等动词，可以用地点或时间名词作主语，表示某地或某时“经历、发生、目睹”了某事。该句是一个无生命的名词作主语的句式。
(2)当先行词是stage, situation, case, point, position等词且从句缺少状语时，定语从句常用where或in which来引导，表示抽象的地点。
② [教材原句]He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. (P38)
他在午餐后的休息时间以及晚上我们本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习。
单句语法填空
①As the smallest child of his family, Ales is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.
②Do you want to know the reason ________ I recommend climbing Mount Tai to you?
③The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
④I still remember the day ________ which I first came to this school.
答案：①when/during which ②why/for which ③where/in which ④on
(1)此句是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句。
when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the lunch breaks and the evenings，并在从句中充当时间状语。
(2)定语从句除了由关系代词引导外，还可由关系副词when, where, why引导，它们在从句中作状语。
关系副词
用法
when
其先行词常常是表示时间的名词，如：time, day, hour, year等，when代替先行词在从句中作时间状语
where
其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如：place, room, house, street, area等， where在从句中代替先行词作地点状语
why
常用在先行词reason后，代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，也可用for which来代替
选择关系副词作关系词的原则是：从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，然后根据先行词表示的时间，地点和原因来确定when, where, why。
课文回练 升华运用
Do you know the __1__ (form) president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela? He fought for the black people and was __2__ prison for nearly thirty years. He helped black people get the equal rights with white people.
Elias had little education. Because his family couldn't afford __3__ (pay) the school fees, he had to drop out of school. Then he found a job in a gold mine and he worried about __4__ he would be out of work. It was during this difficult period of time __5__ he met Nelson Mandela for the first time, who was a black lawyer and offered __6__ (guide) to poor black people on their legal problems.
At that time, black people had no rights __7__ (vote) and their life was decided by the whites. Nelson Mandela said to Elias that they were put in a position __8__ they had either to accept they were less important, or fight the government. So he decided to use __9__ (violent). Though Elias didn't like violence, he helped Nelson Mandela blow up some government buildings. He knew it was dangerous to do it, but he also knew it was to realize their dream of making black and white people __10__ (equal)．
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
答案：1.former 2.in 3.to pay 4.whether 5.that 6.guidance 7.to vote 8.where 9.violence 10.equal
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Now their peace talks have reached a key stage ________ one side must give in to the other.
答案：where 当先行词是case, position, stage等抽象名词，且引导词在从句中作状语，表示地点时，定语从句使用关系副词where来引导。
2．From my first job at the restaurant, I learned teamwork and ________ (devote)．
答案：devotion 由“teamwork and”可知，此处填名词devotion “奉献；忠诚”，作宾语。
3．When an animal is ________ attack it can run away or fight back.
答案：under under attack “受到攻击”。
4．She started singing to the baby and ________ (reward) with a smile.
答案：was rewarded reward sb. with a smile “对某人报以微笑”，根据句意可知，此处应为被动语态。
5．No one will escape ________ (punish) if he breaks the school rules.
答案：being punished escape being punished “免于惩处”。
6．For one thing, I'm good at English, so I have no difficulty ________ (communicate) with students from other countries.
答案：communicating have no difficulty doing “做某事没有困难”。
7．He hated ________ (cruel) and could never cause physical pain to any man or even to any animal.
答案：cruelty 空格前是动词，此处用名词形式作宾语。
8．Your teacher can give you ________ (guide) on choosing a career and writing a job application.
答案：guidance give sb. guidance on ... “给某人关于……的指导或建议”，故此处填名词guidance “指导”。
9．________ (educate) usually refers to teaching people various subjects, usually at a school or college.
答案：Education 此处应用名词education “教育”作主语。
10．The young man was sentenced to ________ (die) for killing a middle school student.
答案：death be sentenced to death “被判死刑”。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．Although he was ________________ (失业), he decided to start a new business instead of losing heart.
答案：out of work
2．__________________ (事实上), feeling unconfident and nervous is the main reason for failing the exam.
答案：As a matter of fact
3．________________________， you'd better turn to your teacher for help.
当你遇到麻烦时，你最好向你的老师求助。
答案：When you are in trouble
4．___________________________________________________________
我认为，我们应该养成健康的饮食习惯。(in one's opinion)
答案：In my opinion, we should develop healthy eating habits.
5．_________________________________________________________
上学期我们成立了英语社团，使大家有机会展示自己的才艺。
答案：Last term, we set up an English Society, allowing us to display our talents.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·广东省肇庆市高中毕业班第一次检测)I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this __1__ other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and __2__(hold)conversations with imaginary persons, and I think __3__ the very start my literary ambitions __4__ (mix) up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a __5__ (nature) ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this __6__ (create) a sort of private world __7__ I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.
However, __8__ quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about __9__ except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had “chairlike teeth”—a good enough __10__ (express)．
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了自己小时候喜欢写作的原因和感受。
1．and 考查连词。此处指“由于这样那样的原因”，故用连词and。
2．holding 考查非谓语动词。此处和making并列作of的宾语，也用动词ing形式，故填holding。
3．from 考查介词。句意：我想从一开始我的文学抱负就与被孤立和被低估的感觉交织在一起。表示“从……”，故填from。from the very start “从开始”。
4．were mixed 考查动词的时态和语态。句中“my literary ambitions”和动词“mix”是被动关系，宾语从句的谓语用被动语态。与全文时态一致用一般过去时，主语是复数，故填were mixed。
5．natural 考查词性转换。此处修饰名词ability用形容词，故填形容词natural。
6．created 考查动词的时态。句意：我觉得这创造了一种私人世界。在宾语从句中作谓语，根据主句时态felt和全文时态一致，用一般过去时，故填created。
7．where 考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词world，且在定语从句中作地点状语，指在这个世界，用关系副词引导，故填where。
8．the 考查冠词。此处特指认真写作的量，用定冠词the，故填the。
9．it 考查代词。此处指代上句的“my first poem”，用单数代词it。
10．expression 考查词性转换。此处a good enough修饰名词，指“一种足够好的表达”，故填expression。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
答案：
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond ∕ they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
难项分析：
第六处：which前加in或which→where 考查定语从句的引导词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，且关系词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
第七处：sell→selling 考查非谓语动词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
第十处：but→and 考查连词。“我”计划每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是顺承关系，故将but改成and。
话题五 历史、社会与文化
[对应教材] Book 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero Book 4 Unit 1 Women of achievement
Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics Book 4 Unit 5 Theme parks
Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land Book 4 Unit 3 A taste of English humour
Book 4 Unit 4 Body language Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists
Book 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity Book 8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
(一)核心素养下的话题解读
“历史、社会与文化”是高中课程标准中“人与社会”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“不同民族文化习俗与传统节日；对社会有突出贡献的人物；重要国际组织与社会公益机构；法律常识与法治意识等；物质与非物质文化遗产；社会热点问题；重大政治、历史事件，文化渊源；社会进步与人类文明”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了解历史与社会的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生对历史、社会与文化有所了解。感受传统文化的魅力；从对社会具有突出贡献的人物身上学习奋发向上的精神；增强法治意识；爱惜物质文化遗产，立志为社会进步和人类文明做贡献。
[高考探究]
“历史、社会与文化”这个话题常与阅读理解、完形填空、七选五、语法填空等相结合进行考查，分值占有较大的比例。例如：
话题五
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
历史、社会与文化
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读B篇
中国文化和美学对国际时尚的引领作用
2019全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
美国报纸大众化的发展过程
2018全国卷Ⅰ
阅读B篇
关于减少食物浪费的一档英语节目
续表
话题五
卷别
试题类型
文章大意
历
史
、
社
会
与
文
化
2018全国卷Ⅰ
阅读C篇
介绍了人类语言随社会的发展而减少的现象
2018全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
中国建筑大师王澍获得建筑界的诺贝尔奖的原因及意义
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读A篇
介绍了美国旧金山的四条旅游路线
2017全国卷Ⅲ
阅读B篇
一家老电影院关停前夜的故事
2016全国卷Ⅰ
阅读A篇
过去100年里四位很有影响力的杰出女性
2016全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
沉默在不同文化里的具体含义
2016全国卷Ⅲ
阅读C篇
介绍了英国苹果节上各式各样的苹果及活动
2015全国卷Ⅰ
阅读D篇
“心理咖啡馆”的具体功能、作用和社会意义
2016全国卷Ⅲ
语法填空
筷子的由来以及使用地域和发展
(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质
图一 Book 1 Unit 5 Nelson Mandela—a modern hero
图二 Book 4 Unit 1 Women of achievement
图三 Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics
图四 Book 4 Unit 5 Theme parks
图五 Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land
图六 Book 4 Unit 3 A taste of English humour
图七 Book 4 Unit 4 Body language
图八 Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists
图九 Book 8 Unit 1 A land of diversity
图十 Book 8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors
(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作
图一：概要写作
①Before meeting Mandela, Elias was a poor black worker. He needed to get a passbook because he wanted to continue doing his work. At that time black people in South Africa could not vote. They couldn't get jobs they wanted. Besides, they had to live in the poorest areas.
②At the age of 12, Elias met Mandela. Mandela told him how to get the correct papers so that he would not be out of work. He was so greatly moved by his kindness that he joined the ANC Youth League. Besides, he helped Mandela blow up some government buildings.
Elias was happy to help because he knew it would help them achieve their dream of making black and white people equal.
图二：概要写作
①Jane Goodall has studied the wildlife for many years in Africa. Nobody before Jane fully understood chimps' behaviors. Since her childhood she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest. Only her mother came to help her. Her work changed the way people think about chimps. For example, ②one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other. For 40 years, Jane has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. ③She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.
图三：概要写作
②Frederick William Ⅰ， the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his great gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. ①This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber had a beautiful yellowbrown colour. The design for the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. The Amber Room was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took a team of the country's best artists ten years to make. ③The Amber Room was considered one of the wonders in the world. However, the Nazi German army stole it in 1941. ④After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery.
图四：概要写作
There are various kinds of theme parks in the world with a specific theme for each.
①The most familiar one is probably Disneyland, where you can travel through space, visit a pirate ship or meet your favourite fairy tale or Disney cartoon character. If you want to have fun and more than fun, come to Disneyland!
②Dollywood, in the beautiful Smoky Mountains in the southeastern USA, is one of the most unique theme parks in the world. Dollywood shows and celebrates America's traditional southeastern culture.
③If you want to experience the ancient days and great deeds of English knights and ladies, princes and queens, then England's Camelot Park is the place for you. To enter a world of fantasy about ancient England, come to Camelot Park!
图五：概要写作
②Dr Yuan was born in Beijing in 1930. ①With a sunburnt face and a slim, strong body, he looks more like a farmer than a scientist. After graduation in 1953, he devoted his life to finding ways to grow more and more rice. At that time, hunger was a serious problem in many parts of the country. Dr Yuan searched for a way to increase rice harvests without expanding the area of fields. Using his hybrid rice farmers are producing harvests twice as large as before. ③Successful as he is, he cares little about money and fame. ②As for his hobbies, he likes listening to violin music and playing mahjong, swimming and reading. ④His dream is to produce more rice to feed more people in the world.
Such is Yuan Longping, a simple man with great achievements.
图六：概要写作
①Charlie Chaplin was a humorous actor, who entertained people in nonverbal humour. ②Born in poverty, he became famous focusing a particular form of acting in entertaining silent movies. ③He was a charming character, wellknown throughout the world. He played a poor and homeless person, wearing large trousers, wornout shoes and a small round black hat and carrying a walking stick. The character was a social failure in the movies, but he was loved by all the people. By overcoming difficulties, being kind to people unkind to him, making a sad situation entertaining and eating a boiled shoe, Charlie Chaplin made us happy and excited. ④In a word, he is loved and remembered as a great actor who could inspire people with great confidence.
图七：概要写作
①Yesterday, I went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year's international students. The first person to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smith from Britain. ②I was very surprised to see Tony kiss Julia on the cheek! Ahmed Aziz, another international student, was from Jordan. When we met, he moved very close to me as I introduced myself. I moved back a bit, but he came closer, which made me embarrassed. Only when I get to know more international friends do I learn that not all cultures greet each other the same way, nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people. ③These actions are not good or bad. In general, though, studying international customs can certainly help avoid difficulties in today's world of cultural crossroads!
图八：概要写作
①The text tells us how John Snow found out the cause of the deadly disease cholera through scientific research. ②When he found people exposed to cholera, John Snow tried to solve this problem. Then, before thinking of a method, he asked a question that possibly explained how cholera killed people. As he knew, cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. In 1854 when cholera broke out, he began to collect information and found the evidence. After analyzing the information, he found that the polluted water seemed to be to blame. To find supporting evidence, John Snow suggested that the source of all water supplies be examined. ③Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.
图九：概要写作
①California is the most multicultural state in the USA. It is not surprising when you know the history of California.
②In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. However, some survived these terrible times. In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain, which is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. In the early 1800s, Russian hunters began settling in California. In 1848, gold was discovered in California, attracting people from all over the world. Today, ChineseAmericans live in all parts of California. Other immigrants include Italian, Danish, Jewish and Japanese people. In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians.
③As for its future, there will be simply a mixture of many races and cultures.
图十：概要写作
①An archaeologist and students think it reasonable to assume some of the earliest people lived in Zhoukoudian, due to the fact that they have found human and animal bones and tools in those caves. ②They could have used fireplaces to make fires to keep them warm, cook food and scare wild beasts away. Seeing the needle made of bone, the students think it was used to make clothes from animal skins. To their surprise, a primitive necklace made of shells was found, which made them draw the conclusion that all the fields around here used to be part of a large shallow lake. Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on their journeys. ③As for why they are called hunters and gatherers, it's because they didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted animals.
1．Actually, only by getting moving and constantly adjusting the plan can we achieve our final goal.
事实上，只有通过不断地行动，不断地调整计划，我们才能达到我们的最终目标。
2．Whenever we talk about the Dragon Boat Festival, we can't help thinking of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet in the Warring States Period.
每当提到端午节，我们都情不自禁想到屈原，战国时期一个伟大的爱国诗人。
3．When it comes to great educators, Confucius should be put in the first place, who was a famous thinker, educator and philosopher in Chinese history, adding colourful elements to Chinese culture.
谈到伟大的教育家，孔子应该排在首位，他是中国历史上一位著名的思想家、教育家和哲学家，丰富了灿烂的中华文明。
4．As for my favourite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.
至于我最喜欢的中国历史人物，那一定是魏源，晚清时期一个伟大的思想家。
自主排查 夯基固本
Ⅰ 核心单词
(1)quality (n.) 质量；品质；性质→quantity (形近词) (n.) 数量
(2)active (adj.) 积极的；活跃的→actively (adv.) 积极地→activity (n.) 活动
(3)devote (vt.) 献身；专心于→devoted (adj.) 忠实的；深爱的→devotion (n.) 关爱；奉献；忠诚
(4)vote (vt.& vi.) 投票；选举 (n.) 投票；选票；表决→voter (n.) 投票人；选举人
(5)attack (vt.) 进攻；攻击；抨击 (n.) 攻击；抨击；疾病发作→attach (形近词) (vt.) 把……附(在……上)；重视
(6)equal (adj.) 相等的；平等的→equality (n.) 平等；相等→equally (adv.) 同样地；相等地；公平地→unequal (adj.) 不平等的；不公平的
(7)escape (vt.& vi.) 逃脱；逃走；避开；泄漏→escaped (adj.) 逃跑了的
(8)educate (vt.) 教育；训练→educated (adj.) 受过教育的；有教养的→education (n.) 教育→educator (n.) 教育工作者→educational (adj.) 教育的；有关教育的
(9)beg (vi.) 请求；乞求→begged (过去式/过去分词)→beggar (n.) 乞丐
(10)reward (n.) 报酬；奖金 (vt.) 酬劳；奖赏→rewarding (adj.) 值得的；有益的；有回报的
(11)opinion (n.) 意见；看法；主张
Ⅱ 阅读单词
(1)mean (adj.) 吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的
(2)found (vt.) 建立；建设
(3)peaceful (adj.) 和平的；平静的；安宁的
(4)hopeful (adj.) 怀有希望的；有希望的
(5)violence (n.) 暴力；暴行
(6)unfair (adj.) 不公正的；不公平的
(7)relative (n.) 亲戚；亲属
(8)terror (n.) 恐怖；可怕的人；恐怖时期；恐怖活动
(9)cruelty (n.) 残忍；残酷
(10)president (n.) 总统；会长；校长；行长
[单句语法填空]
1．I believe my ________ (educate) and experience will prove I am qualified for the work in your company.
答案：education
2．Fortunately, Natalie's family ________ (escape) to Brooklyn shortly before the city's bridges closed.
答案：escaped
3．It was by ________ (vote) that they made the decision who would be the vice president of the English club in our school.
答案：voting
4．Parents should ________ (active) urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to join sports teams.
答案：actively
5．To be honest, there are many learned teachers who are always ________ (devote) to their teaching work in our school.
答案：devoted
6．She hoped the different racial groups in the area could live together in ________ (peace) coexistence.
答案：peaceful
7．Under his teacher's ________ (guide), he has developed into an accomplished pianist.
答案：guidance
8．Learning to deal with the social world is ________ (equal) important.
答案：equally
9．Whenever people around got into trouble, they were ________ (will) to turn to her for help, which made her into a person respected by all her neighbors.
答案：willing
10．The driver declared guilty may be fined a maximum of HK$25,000 and ________ (sentence) to up to 3 years in prison.
答案：sentenced
联想积累
1．表示“人物特点”的形容词全扫描
①active 积极的；活跃的
②generous 慷慨的
③warmhearted 热心肠的
④creative 富有创造力的
⑤devoted 有献身精神的
⑥energetic 有活力的
⑦enthusiastic 充满热情的
⑧ambitious 有雄心壮志的
2．后缀“ent”形容词与“ence”名词大集合
①violent 暴力的 violence 暴力
②silent 沉默的 silence 沉默
③different 不同的 difference 差异
④patient 有耐心的 patience 耐心
⑤confident 自信的 confidence 信心
⑥evident 明显的 evidence 证据
⑦intelligent 聪明的 intelligence 智力
⑧independent 独立的 independence 独立
1．out_of_work 失业
2．as_a_matter_of_fact 事实上
3．in_trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中
4．turn_to 求助于
5．lose_heart 丧失勇气或信心
6．come to power 上台；当权
7．set up 建立；设立
8．be sentenced to 被判处……(徒刑)
9．blow up 使充气；爆炸
10．in one's opinion 在某人看来
[选词填空]
devote to， in trouble， turn to， lose heart， set up， as a matter of fact
1．He was a loving father because he was strict with his daughter and encouraged her when she was ________.
答案：in trouble
2．I feel that I've been given a second life to ________ something that is meaningful and enormous.
答案：devote to
3．In 1963 the UN ________ the World Food Programme, one of whose purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
答案：set up
4．I still want to have my parents to ________ whenever I need help.
答案：turn to
5．You shouldn't________ even if you are in the face of difficulty. Instead, you should keep trying.
答案：lose heart
6．________， doing sports can teach us to be considerate, cooperative and optimistic.
答案：As a matter of fact
联想积累
1．“动词＋to”短语荟萃
①devote ... to 致力于；献身于 ②object to 反对
③refer to 谈到；涉及；参阅 ④point to 指向
⑤turn to 求助于
⑥stick/hold/keep to 坚持；忠于
⑦see to 处理；料理 ⑧come to 共计
⑨belong to 属于
⑩attend to 处理；专心于；照料
⑪add to 增添 ⑫agree to 同意
2．“out of＋名词”短语大全
①out of work 失业
②out of breath 上气不接下气
③out of condition 身体不好；情况欠佳
④out of control 失去控制
⑤out of danger 脱离危险
⑥out of date 过时的
⑦out of debt 不欠债
⑧out of luck 运气不好；不凑巧
⑨out of mind 心不在焉
⑩out of order 次序紊乱；损坏了
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很糟。
the first time “第一次”，可以引导时间状语从句。every time/each time“每一次”，也可以引导时间状语从句。
______________________________________ (第一次遇见) the craftsman, I was deeply impressed by his exquisite craftsmanship.
答案：The first time I came across
直击重点 突破考点
① devote vt. 献身；专心于(P33)
(1)单句语法填空
①In fact, my granny devoted most of her time ________ papercutting when young.
②________ (devote) to building our motherland into a strong country, he returned home after graduation.
③We were deeply moved by his ________ (devote) to the cause of education.
答案：①to ②Devoted ③devotion
(2)单句改错
Donald Trump also held a town hall meeting devoting to health care in southwestern Virginia.
_______________________________________________________________
答案：devoting→devoted
(1)devote ... to ... 把……奉献于……
devote oneself to 献身于；致力于
(2)devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的；关于……的
be devoted to (doing) sth. 专心于某事；奉献于某事
(3)devotion n. 关爱；关照；奉献；忠诚
② equal adj. 相等的；平等的；胜任的 n. 同等的人；相等物 v. 等于；抵得上(P34)
单句写作
①All people ____________， deserving the same rights as each other.
所有人都是平等的，应享有同等权利。
②He sets a good example to us. As an allaround athlete, he ____________.
他给我们树立了好榜样。作为一个全能运动员，他无与伦比。
答案：①are equal ②has no equal
(1)be equal to ＋ n．/doing 等于；与……相等；胜任
be equal in 在……方面相等
be equal with 与……平等
(2)A equals B (in ... ) A(在……方面)比得上B
be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比；无敌
(3)equality n. 平等
equally adv. 相等地；同等地；均等；同样
③ escape vt.& vi. 逃脱；逃走 n. 逃脱(P38)
(1)单句语法填空
①He was crossing the street when a man was driving fast towards him and he narrowly escaped ________ (kill)．
②To my relief, both children escaped unharmed ________ the burning building.
答案：①being killed ②from
(2)单句写作
The bullet missed about an inch, therefore, the rabbit had __________________.
子弹未击中兔子，仅差一英寸，因此兔子侥幸逃脱。
答案：a narrow escape
(1)escape from ... 从……逃脱
escape (doing) sth. 逃避(做)某事
(2)a narrow escape 死里逃生
(3)escaped adj. 逃脱的
④ reward n. 报酬；奖金 vt. 酬劳；奖赏(P38)
单句语法填空
①The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts will ________ (reward) with success in the end.
②When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and __________ (reward)．
③He wanted to reward the cleaners ________ their efforts.
答案：①be rewarded ②rewarding ③for
(1)give/offer a reward to sb. for sth. 因某事给某人报酬(或赏金)
(2)reward sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事报答/奖赏某人
be rewarded (with sth.) 得到回报
(3)rewarding adj. 有益的；值得的；报酬高的
① in trouble 在危险、受罚、痛苦、忧虑等的处境中(P35)
单句写作
①It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone ______________.
我们快要回家的时候，我才意识到帮助了有困难的人感觉多么美妙！
②No matter when you ________________ studying, please don't hesitate to ask for our help.
无论什么时候学习有困难，请不要犹豫，一定要来找我们帮忙。
③Some people always stick to their views, even if it means that they may __________________.
有些人总是坚持他们的主张，即使那意味着他们会陷入困境。
答案：①in trouble ②have trouble (in) ③get into trouble
get into trouble 陷入困境；惹麻烦
have trouble (in) doing sth./with sth. 做某事有困难/麻烦
take the trouble to do sth. 不怕费事/不辞劳苦做某事
② turn to 求助于；致力于(P35)
单句写作
①Whenever we have any difficulty, we can ____________ the teacher. She is always there to help.
每当遇到困难，我们可以求助老师。她总会提供帮助。
②Eventually I ______________ the offer given by a foreign university, choosing to study in my favorite university at home.
最后，我拒绝了国外大学的通知，选择在国内一所自己喜欢的大学学习。
③They ______________ to look after their sick father in hospital.
他们轮流照顾生病住院的父亲。
答案：①turn to ②turned down ③took turns
(1)turn to sb. for help 向某人求助
take turns to do ... /in doing ... 轮流做……
in turn 依次；逐个；相应地
by turns 轮流地；交替地
(2)turn down 关小；拒绝
turn away 拒绝……入内；把……打发走
turn up 出现；露面；调大
turn out 证明是；结果是；原来是
turn over 打翻；翻身；移交
turn ... into 把……变成
③ lose heart 丧失勇气或信心(P37)
单句写作
①Though beaten by the opposite team, they didn't ________________.
虽然被对方球队击败，但他们没有丧失信心。
②There is an old saying like this, “Nothing is too hard if you __________.”
俗话说，“心之所愿，无所不成。”
答案：①lose heart ②put your heart into it
(1)put one's heart into 一心扑在……上
learn sth. by heart 背诵；记牢某事
strike ... into sb./sb.'s heart 使……刻骨铭心
lose one's heart to sb. 爱上某人
(2)heart and soul 全心全意地
from the bottom of sb.'s heart 从心底；由衷地
① [教材原句]The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all. (P34)
过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。
单句语法填空
①The old tower ________ (witness) great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.
②The year 1959 ________ (see) the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world.
③Soon afterwards, we were sent to different families, ________ we enjoyed traditional English food, exchanging our ideas happily on familiar topics.
答案：①has witnessed ②saw ③where
(1)see, find, witness等动词，可以用地点或时间名词作主语，表示某地或某时“经历、发生、目睹”了某事。该句是一个无生命的名词作主语的句式。
(2)当先行词是stage, situation, case, point, position等词且从句缺少状语时，定语从句常用where或in which来引导，表示抽象的地点。
② [教材原句]He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. (P38)
他在午餐后的休息时间以及晚上我们本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习。
单句语法填空
①As the smallest child of his family, Ales is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.
②Do you want to know the reason ________ I recommend climbing Mount Tai to you?
③The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
④I still remember the day ________ which I first came to this school.
答案：①when/during which ②why/for which ③where/in which ④on
(1)此句是一个含有定语从句的主从复合句。
when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the lunch breaks and the evenings，并在从句中充当时间状语。
(2)定语从句除了由关系代词引导外，还可由关系副词when, where, why引导，它们在从句中作状语。
关系副词
用法
when
其先行词常常是表示时间的名词，如：time, day, hour, year等，when代替先行词在从句中作时间状语
where
其先行词往往是表示地点的名词，如：place, room, house, street, area等， where在从句中代替先行词作地点状语
why
常用在先行词reason后，代替先行词在从句中作原因状语，也可用for which来代替
选择关系副词作关系词的原则是：从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，然后根据先行词表示的时间，地点和原因来确定when, where, why。
课文回练 升华运用
Do you know the __1__ (form) president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela? He fought for the black people and was __2__ prison for nearly thirty years. He helped black people get the equal rights with white people.
Elias had little education. Because his family couldn't afford __3__ (pay) the school fees, he had to drop out of school. Then he found a job in a gold mine and he worried about __4__ he would be out of work. It was during this difficult period of time __5__ he met Nelson Mandela for the first time, who was a black lawyer and offered __6__ (guide) to poor black people on their legal problems.
At that time, black people had no rights __7__ (vote) and their life was decided by the whites. Nelson Mandela said to Elias that they were put in a position __8__ they had either to accept they were less important, or fight the government. So he decided to use __9__ (violent). Though Elias didn't like violence, he helped Nelson Mandela blow up some government buildings. He knew it was dangerous to do it, but he also knew it was to realize their dream of making black and white people __10__ (equal)．
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________ 9.________ 10.________
答案：1.former 2.in 3.to pay 4.whether 5.that 6.guidance 7.to vote 8.where 9.violence 10.equal
基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Now their peace talks have reached a key stage ________ one side must give in to the other.
答案：where 当先行词是case, position, stage等抽象名词，且引导词在从句中作状语，表示地点时，定语从句使用关系副词where来引导。
2．From my first job at the restaurant, I learned teamwork and ________ (devote)．
答案：devotion 由“teamwork and”可知，此处填名词devotion “奉献；忠诚”，作宾语。
3．When an animal is ________ attack it can run away or fight back.
答案：under under attack “受到攻击”。
4．She started singing to the baby and ________ (reward) with a smile.
答案：was rewarded reward sb. with a smile “对某人报以微笑”，根据句意可知，此处应为被动语态。
5．No one will escape ________ (punish) if he breaks the school rules.
答案：being punished escape being punished “免于惩处”。
6．For one thing, I'm good at English, so I have no difficulty ________ (communicate) with students from other countries.
答案：communicating have no difficulty doing “做某事没有困难”。
7．He hated ________ (cruel) and could never cause physical pain to any man or even to any animal.
答案：cruelty 空格前是动词，此处用名词形式作宾语。
8．Your teacher can give you ________ (guide) on choosing a career and writing a job application.
答案：guidance give sb. guidance on ... “给某人关于……的指导或建议”，故此处填名词guidance “指导”。
9．________ (educate) usually refers to teaching people various subjects, usually at a school or college.
答案：Education 此处应用名词education “教育”作主语。
10．The young man was sentenced to ________ (die) for killing a middle school student.
答案：death be sentenced to death “被判死刑”。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．Although he was ________________ (失业), he decided to start a new business instead of losing heart.
答案：out of work
2．__________________ (事实上), feeling unconfident and nervous is the main reason for failing the exam.
答案：As a matter of fact
3．________________________， you'd better turn to your teacher for help.
当你遇到麻烦时，你最好向你的老师求助。
答案：When you are in trouble
4．___________________________________________________________
我认为，我们应该养成健康的饮食习惯。(in one's opinion)
答案：In my opinion, we should develop healthy eating habits.
5．_________________________________________________________
上学期我们成立了英语社团，使大家有机会展示自己的才艺。
答案：Last term, we set up an English Society, allowing us to display our talents.
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·广东省肇庆市高中毕业班第一次检测)I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I hardly saw my father before I was eight. For this __1__ other reasons I was somewhat lonely. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and __2__(hold)conversations with imaginary persons, and I think __3__ the very start my literary ambitions __4__ (mix) up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a __5__ (nature) ability with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this __6__ (create) a sort of private world __7__ I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life.
However, __8__ quantity of serious writing which I produced all through my childhood would not add up to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about __9__ except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had “chairlike teeth”—a good enough __10__ (express)．
1．________ 2.________ 3.________ 4.________
5．________ 6.________ 7.________ 8.________
9．________ 10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了自己小时候喜欢写作的原因和感受。
1．and 考查连词。此处指“由于这样那样的原因”，故用连词and。
2．holding 考查非谓语动词。此处和making并列作of的宾语，也用动词ing形式，故填holding。
3．from 考查介词。句意：我想从一开始我的文学抱负就与被孤立和被低估的感觉交织在一起。表示“从……”，故填from。from the very start “从开始”。
4．were mixed 考查动词的时态和语态。句中“my literary ambitions”和动词“mix”是被动关系，宾语从句的谓语用被动语态。与全文时态一致用一般过去时，主语是复数，故填were mixed。
5．natural 考查词性转换。此处修饰名词ability用形容词，故填形容词natural。
6．created 考查动词的时态。句意：我觉得这创造了一种私人世界。在宾语从句中作谓语，根据主句时态felt和全文时态一致，用一般过去时，故填created。
7．where 考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词world，且在定语从句中作地点状语，指在这个世界，用关系副词引导，故填where。
8．the 考查冠词。此处特指认真写作的量，用定冠词the，故填the。
9．it 考查代词。此处指代上句的“my first poem”，用单数代词it。
10．expression 考查词性转换。此处a good enough修饰名词，指“一种足够好的表达”，故填expression。
Ⅳ.短文改错
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and another animals. Last winter when I went here again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. They also had a small pond which they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. I felt happily that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return for every two years, but he agreed.
答案：
During my last winter holiday, I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I a change there. The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals. Last winter when I went again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of . They also had a small pond ∕ they raised fish. My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by the fish. I felt that their life had improved. At the end of our trip, I told my father that I planned to return every two years, he agreed.
难项分析：
第六处：which前加in或which→where 考查定语从句的引导词。他们还有一个小池塘，里面养着鱼。此处a small pond是先行词，且关系词在后面的定语从句中作地点状语，故用in which或where。
第七处：sell→selling 考查非谓语动词。去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by后用动名词，故用selling。
第十处：but→and 考查连词。“我”计划每两年回来一次，他同意了。此处是顺承关系，故将but改成and。
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