2021届高考英语人教版一轮创新教学案：第1编Book6Unit4　Globalwarming

Unit 4　Global warming


1．It's high time we protected our environment from being polluted.
我们早该保护环境免遭污染了。
2．The moon that night looks the brightest in the whole month. What we love most is the time when the whole family enjoy the full moon together.
那天晚上的月亮是一个月内最亮的。我们最喜爱的是一家人一起赏月的时刻。
3．Seeing the lines of trees, we all had a sense of achievement. Only then did I realize that it's our duty to protect and beautify our environment.
看到一排排的树，我们都有一种成就感。只有在那时我才认识到保护和美化我们的环境是我们应尽的责任。
4．In terms of environmental protection, riding a bike is an effective way. Generally speaking, riding a bike helps promote the harmony between human beings and nature.
就环保而言，骑车是一个有效的办法。一般来说，骑车有助于促进人与自然的和谐。

自主排查 夯基固本

Ⅰ　核心单词
(1)quantity (n.) 量；数量→quality (n.) 质量
(2)tend (vi.) 趋向；易于；照顾 (vt.) 照顾；护理→tendency (n.) 倾向；趋势
(3)oppose (vt.) 反对；反抗；与(某人)较量→opposed (adj.) 反对的；对立的
(4)state (vt.) 陈述；说明→statement (n.) 声明；陈述；表现
(5)range (n.) 种类；范围 (v.) (在一定范围内)变动；变化；排列
(6)glance (vi.) 看一下；扫视 (n.) 一瞥
(7)steady (adj.) 平稳的；持续的；稳固的→steadily (adv.) 平稳地；持续地
(8)widespread (adj.) 分布广的；普遍的
(9)average (adj.) 平均的
(10)circumstance (n.) 环境；情况
Ⅱ　阅读单词
(1)consume (vt.) 消费；消耗；耗尽；吃完
(2)random (adj.) 胡乱的；任意的
(3)phenomenon (n.) 现象 (phenomena pl.)
(4)trend (n.) 趋势；倾向；走向
(5)flood (n.) 洪水；水灾
(6)mild (adj.) 温和的；温柔的；淡的
(7)consequence (n.) 结果；后果；影响
(8)existence (n.) 生存；存在
(9)advocate (vt.) 拥护；提倡，主张
(10)contribution (n.) 贡献
(11)disagreement (n.) 分歧；不一致

　[单句语法填空]
1.It will offer a wide choice of goods for the ________ (consumer)．
答案：consumers
2．The theatre company that they started is still in ________ (exist) today.
答案：existence
3．It is strictly ________ (state) in our law that hunting is forbidden during the non­hunting period.
答案：stated
4．There is a variety of animals ________ (range) from rabbits to tigers in the park.
答案：ranging

5．The number of people having mobile phones is increasing ________ (steady)．
答案：steadily
6．The drug is effective but has a ________ (tend) to cause headaches.
答案：tendency
7．A group of children were ________ (random) divided into two classes.
答案：randomly
8．These experiments were to find the connection between the two ________ (phenomenon)．
答案：phenomena
9．I ________ (subscribe) to an Internet news site years ago.
答案：subscribed
10．They felt that it was wrong ________ (advocate) owning guns.
答案：to advocate

联想积累
1．与“灾难”有关的名词集锦
①flood 洪灾
②drought 旱灾
③disaster 灾难
④catastrophe 大灾难
⑤earthquake 地震
⑥tsunami 海啸
⑦survivor 幸存者
⑧victim 受害者
2．名词变复数的不规则变化小结
①phenomenon→phenomena 现象
②datum→data 数据
③medium→media 媒体
④criterion→criteria 标准
⑤bacterium→bacteria 细菌


1．come_about　　　　发生；造成
2．subscribe_to 同意；赞成；订购
3．quantities_of 大量的
4．go_up 上升；增长；升起
5．result_in 导致
6．be_opposed_to 反对
7．even_if 即使
8．keep on 继续
9．on the whole 大体上；基本上
10．on behalf of 代表……一方；作为……的代言人
11．put up with 忍受；容忍
12．so long as 只要
13．and so on 等等

　[选词填空]
and so on， result in， put up with， come about， go up， on behalf of
1．________ all the guests here, I wish to thank you for giving us this warm reception.
答案：On behalf of
2．With their income ________， more and more villagers can afford an apartment in the cities.
答案：going up
3．We are still wondering how it ________ that the experiment ended in failure.
答案：came about
4．What I can't ________ is that he never cares about others' feelings.
答案：put up with
5．The traffic accident resulted from the driver's carelessness, ________ the death of three people.
答案：resulting in
6．The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton________.
答案：and so on

联想积累
1．“动词＋about”短语荟萃
①come about 发生；产生
②bring about 引起；导致；带来
③think about 考虑
④learn about 得知
2．“动词短语＋with”一览
①end up with 以……结束
②do away with 废除
③get on/along with 和……融洽相处
④come up with 提出；想出
⑤go on with 继续
⑥catch up with 赶上
⑦keep up with 跟上
⑧put up with 忍受


课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
1.Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries.
即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量，在未来几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。
even if “即使”，相当于even though，引导让步状语从句。
The glasses are made from material of good quality. They won't break ______________ to the ground.
这种眼镜采用上乘材料制成。即使掉到地上也不会摔碎。
续表
课文原句
句式梳理
仿写训练
2.It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it—if not, turn it off！
只要你在使用电气设备，你可以让它开着，如果不用就把它关掉。
so long as “只要”，也可以用as long as/on condition that/provided that，引导条件状语从句。
They are tolerable ______________ tomorrow is better.
只要明天更好，它们是可容忍的。

答案：1.even if you drop them　2.as/so long as

直击重点 突破考点

①quantity　n. 量；数量(P26)

(1)单句语法填空
①With more forests being destroyed, quantities of good earth ________ (be) being washed away each year.
②________ large quantity of vegetables have been supplied to the citizens.
答案：①are　②A
(2)单句改错
He wants to buy the books in quantities, so the storekeeper will not charge him much.
_____________________________________________________________
答案：quantities→quantity
(3)单句写作
A large quantity of air conditioners ____________ since the summer came.
入夏以来，大量空调被售出。
答案：have been sold


in quantity＝in large amounts 大量；许多
quantities of 大量；许多
a large/small quantity of ... 大量的……/少量的……

(1)a (large/small) quantity of或quantities of后既可接可数名词复数形式也可接不可数名词。
(2)“a (large/small) quantity of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词与名词保持数的一致；而“quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

②oppose　vt. 反对；反抗；与(某人)较量(P27)

(1)单句语法填空
①The parents strongly opposed their child ________ (go) there alone.
②Frankly speaking, my views are directly ________ (oppose) to those of my friends'.
答案：①going　②opposed
(2)单句写作
He ____________ the suggestion to build a new hall.
他反对修建新礼堂的建议。
答案：opposed/was opposed to


(1)oppose sth./doing sth./sb. doing sth. 反对某事/做某事/某人做某事
(2)opposed adj. 相反的；对立的
be opposed to ... 反对……；与……对立
(3)opposite adj. 相反的；对立的
prep. 与……相对；在……对面
be opposite to 在……对面；与……相反

(1)oppose后跟表示动作的词作宾语时，要用动名词形式。be opposed to结构中，to是介词，其后也要用动词的­ing形式。
(2)表示“反对”的其他表达：disagree with, object to, be against 等。

③range　n. 种类；范围；幅度；界限　v. (在一定范围内)变动；变化；排列(P27)

(1)单句语法填空
The show had a large audience, ________ (range) from children to grandparents.
答案：ranging
(2)单句写作
①The rate for a single room at the hotel ____________ 20 dollars ________ 50 dollars a day.
旅馆的单人房间的价钱从每天20美元到50美元不等。
②They will include introductions to ____________ writing styles, from poetry to play writing.
它们将介绍各种各样的写作风格，从诗歌到戏剧创作。
③At first, this type of work was ________________ of experience, but finally I made it by learning from my teammates.
开始时，这种工作我没经验做不了，但是后来通过向队友学习，我做成了。
答案：①ranges from; to　②a wide range of　③beyond/out of my range


(1)a wide range of ... 范围广泛的；各种各样的
in/within range of sth. 在可及的范围内；在视觉/听觉范围内
beyond/out of range of sth. 超出……的范围；在视觉/听觉范围之外
beyond/out of one's range 超出了某人能承受的范围
(2)range from ... to ... 在……范围内变动
range between ... and ... 在……和……范围内变动

④glance　vi. 看一下；扫视　n. 一瞥(P27)

(1)单句语法填空
①I picked up the phone book and ________ (glance) through it.
②I only had time to glance ________ the newspapers.
答案：①glanced　②at
(2)单句写作
________________， I was attracted by the wall paintings of Dunhuang.
看到它的瞬间，我就被敦煌壁画吸引了。
答案：At first glance


(1)glance at/over/through 一瞥；扫视；浏览；粗略地看
glance on/off (光)在……上闪烁/从……中反射
(2)at first glance 乍一看；最初看到时
have/take a glance (at sb./sth.) (朝某人/某物)一瞥；匆匆看一眼

glance
“一瞥，扫视”；表示有意地、有目的地一望，有时带有“暗暗地看”的含义
He glanced at the clock. It was 9：50 pm. 他匆匆看了看表，时间显示是晚上9：50。
glare
“怒目而视”；强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看
He glared at me like a bull at a red rag. 他像公牛怒视红布一样对我怒目而视。
stare
“盯，凝视”；指出于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而长时间地、直接地注视，常含粗鲁无礼的意味
I stared blankly at the paper in front of me.我茫然地看着前面那张纸。

⑤average　adj. 平均的；普通的　n. 平均水平；平均数　v. 计算出……的平均数；平均为(P29)

(1)单句语法填空
①An average ________ just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year, making it the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
②Susie studies hard and her schoolwork is well ________ average.
答案：①of　②above
(2)单句写作
____________， I spend 2 hours reading every day.
平均来说，我每天花2小时读书。
答案：On average


(1)an average of 平均有(后跟数词)
(2)on average 平均来看；平均
above/below average 在平均水平以上/以下

①come about 发生；造成(P26)

单句写作
①____________________ he should know our plan?
他是怎么知道我们的计划的？
②She has a mental toughness that did not ______________ by chance.
她的坚强精神并不是偶然产生的。
③This morning, I was jogging in the park when I ________________ a foreign couple with a city map.
今天早上，我正在公园慢跑时，突然遇到一对外国夫妇，他们手里拿着一张城市地图。
答案：①How did it come about that　②come about　③came across


How did it come about that ...? ……是怎样发生的？
come across 偶遇；被理解
come into being 形成；产生；出现
come into power 上台执政；当权
come into effect 生效
come out 出版；结果；开花
come up with 提出；想出
when it comes to ... 当谈到……时
come on 跟着来；跟上来；[口]得啦；快点
come to 总计；达到

come about, happen, take place和break out这四个表示“发生，爆发”的词语，都是不及物动词(短语)，不可用于被动语态。

②result in导致(P26)

(1)单句语法填空
As we all know, his hard work resulted ________ his success.
答案：in
(2)单句写作
①Moreover, excessive emissions of carbon dioxide may ______________ less rainfall, global warming and so on.
并且，二氧化碳的过量排放会导致降雨量减少、全球变暖等。
②____________， in order to enrich my social experience, I decided to apply for the job.
结果，为了丰富我的社会经验，我决定申请这份工作。
答案：①result in　②As a result


result from 起因于；由……造成
as a result 结果(作状语，常置于句首，并用逗号和后面句子隔开)
as a result of 由于……的原因

①[教材原句]It is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.(P26)
全球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。

(1)单句语法填空
①It was because of bad weather ________ the football match had to be put off.
②It is I who often ________ (help) the girl with her English.
答案：①that　②help
(2)单句写作
①________________ that I realized that pride and satisfaction came from putting our creative ideas into practice.
正是通过制作飞机模型这一活动，我才认识到自豪和满足来源于把我们创造性的想法付诸实施。
②________________ that organized the students to put on the performance in the Grand National Theater last week?
上周组织学生在国家大剧院进行演出的人是你吗？
答案：①It was through making model planes　②Was it you


该句为强调句型，被强调部分为句子的主语human activity，连接词应用that。当被强调部分为句子的主语，且是人称代词时，应用主格，连接词用that/who。

②[教材原句]It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things made from recycled materials.(P30)
用新材料来做这些东西要花费大量的能源，因此，只要有可能，就买那些用回收材料制成的物品吧。

(1)单句语法填空
________ takes strength and patience to be a long­distance runner.
答案：It
(2)单句改错
That will take him two years to build the house.
_________________________________________________________________
答案：That→It
(3)单句写作
______________________________________ to create our robot.
我们花了将近三个月的时间才把我们的机器人做出来。
答案：It took us nearly three months


(1)It takes/took sb. some time/money/energy to do sth. 某人花费一些时间/金钱/精力做某事
(2)表示花时间或金钱做某事，还可表达为：Sb. spend some time/money on sth./(in) doing sth.

课文回练 升华运用
There is no doubt that it is human activity __1__ has caused this global warming rather than __2__ random but natural phenomenon. All scientists subscribe __3__ the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels. The “greenhouse effect” begins __4__ we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere __5__ (cause) the global temperature to go up.
The burning of more and more fossil fuels has resulted __6__ the increase in carbon dioxide. __7__， the attitudes of scientists are different. Some think that the trend would be a catastrophe. But some are opposed to this view __8__ they predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental __9__ (consequent). Even though we have taken some measures, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades __10__ centuries.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
答案：1.that　2.a　3.to　4.when　5.causing　6.in　7.However　8.and　9.consequences　10.or

基础达标 自主训练
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Father is strongly opposed to ________ (go) shopping on Sunday because the streets and supermarkets are full of people.
答案：going　be opposed to ... “反对……”，其中to为介词，其后应接名词、代词、动名词。
2．The prices of this kind of wine ranged ________ ten yuan ________ 100 yuan per bottle.
答案：from; to　range from ... to ... “在某范围内变化”。
3．Though he is less than one year old, he is strong enough to walk ________ (steady)．
答案：steadily　副词作状语，在句中修饰动词walk。
4．Do you know how the accident came ________？
答案：about　come about “发生”。
5．With Spring Festival approaching, prices of fruit and vegetables have gone ________.
答案：up　go up “上升；增长；升起”。
6．Quantities of money ________ (spend) in bringing up the children since they were married.
答案：have been spent　“a quantity of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词与名词的数保持一致；而“quantities of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。且由since引导的从句可知，主句应用现在完成时；再根据money与spend之间的被动关系，故填have been spent。
7．How many times do you dine out per week ________ average?
答案：on　on average “平均起来；平均来说”。句意：你平均每周在外用餐多少次？
8．Under these ________ (circumstance), what matters most is not only our persistence but also our attitude.
答案：circumstances　under these circumstances “在这些情况下”。
9．The gap between the rich and the poor has a ________ (tend) to become wider and wider.
答案：tendency　由设空前的a可知，应填名词形式，tendency “趋势；倾向”。
10．The heavy snow can easily result ________ many accidents in winter.
答案：in　result in “导致”。
Ⅱ.单句写作
1．Huge ______________ (大量的) high quality crops are exported to Africa.
答案：quantities of
2．We are still dealing with the problems ________ (由……而造成) errors made in the past.
答案：resulting from
3．________________ (只要) we keep playing well, we'll keep winning games.
答案：As long as
4．____________________ our school, I have the honor to invite you to be a judge of our English Speaking Contest.
我代表我们学校，诚邀您担任英语演讲比赛的评委。
答案：On behalf of
5．______________________________________________________________
即使面对困难，你也不应该灰心。(even if)
答案：You shouldn't lose heart even if you are in the face of difficulties/even if you are faced with difficulties.
Ⅲ.语法填空
The Adobe Cliff Dwellings (住所) are some of the most remarkable __1__ (attract) you will find in America. However, __2__ pays to prepare before you take the trip. We're not talking about locking up or getting a home security system, though those are __3__ (certain) good ideas, we're talking about culturally preparing.
You don't need to be a __4__ (history) scholar when it comes to the lives and languages of the ancient Native Americans, but it would help to know a thing or two about the people and their customs. __5__ (know) what their daily lives were like and the challenges they __6__ (be) up against can help you gain some insights as far as __7__ it took to create these great dwellings.
A guided tour is __8__ must if you want to make the most of this trip. Not only will you get __9__ (much) information on the lives of these Native Americans, but you might even get some access to areas that you otherwise might not __10__ (allow) to enter.
Above all else, remember to have an open mind and take lots of pictures, because the cave dwellings are an experience not quite like any other—a definitive entrance to the past.
1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了游客们去The Adobe Cliff Dwellings景点参观时，需要做的一些文化上的准备。
1．attractions　考查词性转换。由some可知，应填名词的复数形式，attraction “吸引人之物”，为可数名词。
2．it　考查代词。出发前做些准备是值得的。it为形式主语，动词不定式为真正主语。
3．certainly　考查词性转换。由句意“那些当然是好主意”可知，空格处在句中作状语，故用副词certainly。
4．historical　考查词性转换。空格处作定语，修饰名词，故使用形容词。historical scholar “历史学学者”。
5．Knowing　考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知，此处需要动词­ing短语作主语。
6．were　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。由and前的“were”可知，动作发生在过去；由主语“they”可知，谓语动词用复数，故用were。
7．what　考查宾语从句的连接词。设空处引导后面的从句且在从句中作宾语，意为“……的东西(事物)”，故用what连接。
8．a　考查冠词。a must表示“必不可少的东西”，符合句意。
9．more　考查副词的比较级。由句意可知，此处表示“更多的信息”，故用more。
10．be allowed　考查动词的语态。动词allow与you之间存在动宾关系，故用被动语态。
Ⅳ.短文改错
How time flies! This is a third year that I have been in this school. In the past two and a half years, our school had organized many activities. What impressed me most is an activity calling “Learning to Farm”. In an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm which we learnt to plant potatoes. Having been in the city for so a long time, we were so happy to go to the countryside. After divided into three groups, we started to work. Some students cut potatoes into pieces, some dug holes, and the others put the pieces of potatoes into the hole, put the earth back and pushed them down hard. We continued doing that until all the work was done. Although we were exhausted, but we felt fulfilled on our way back home.
答案：
How time flies! This is third year that I have been in this school. In the past two and a half years, our school organized many activities. What impressed me most is an activity “Learning to Farm”. an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm we learnt to plant potatoes. Having been in the city for a long time, we were so happy to go to the countryside. After divided into three groups, we started to work. Some students cut potatoes into pieces, some dug holes, and the others put the pieces of potatoes into the ， put the earth back and pushed down hard. We continued doing that until all the work was done. Although we were exhausted, ∕ we felt fulfilled on our way back home.
难项分析：
第二处：had→has　考查动词的时态。当时间状语为In the past ... years时，句子通常用现在完成时。故had应改为has。
第五处：which前加on或which→where　考查定语从句的引导词。本句中，a farm之后的部分为定语从句，修饰先行词a farm，关系词在从句中作状语，表地点，应用关系副词where；where也可以由on which代替。故which前加介词on或者将which改为where。
第十处：去掉but或but→yet　考查连词。从属连词although与并列连词but不能同时出现在一个复合句中，但yet可以。故此处应去掉but或将but改为yet。

课时作业
Ⅰ.完形填空
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa. They __1__ with them lots of waste. The __2__ might damage the beauty of the place. The glaciers (冰川) are disappearing, changing the __3__ of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories, I'm __4__ about the place—other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences.
However, I soon __5__ that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of __6__ among tons of rubbish. I find a __7__ mountain, with toilets at camps and along the paths. The environmental challenges are __8__ but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be __9__.
The best of a Kilimanjaro __10__， in my opinion, isn't reaching the top. Mountains are __11__ as spiritual places by many cultures. This __12__ is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as __13__ go through five ecosystems (生态系统) in the space of a few kilometers. At the base is a rainforest. It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters, __14__ lands of low growing plants. Further up, the weather __15__—low clouds envelop the mountainsides, which are covered with thick grass. I __16__ twelve shades of green from where I stand. Above 4,000 meters is the highland __17__：gravel (砾石), stones and rocks. __18__ you climb into an arctic­like zone with __19__ snow and the glaciers that may soon disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro __20__ its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of peace? I found the opposite to be true.
篇章导读：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了非洲乞力马扎罗山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观情况。
1．A.keep B．mix
C．connect D．bring
答案：D　根据第一段第一句可知，每年大约有4万人试图攀登乞力马扎罗山，所以他们攀登的时候带来(bring)了很多垃圾。
2．A.stories B．buildings
C．crowds D．reporters
答案：C　联系上文中的“about 40,000 people”可知，这些人群(crowds)有可能破坏这个地方的美。
3．A.position B．age
C．face D．name
答案：C　联系上文中的“The glaciers are disappearing”可知，冰川的消失正在改变乞力马扎罗山的面貌(face)。
4．A.silent B．skeptical
C．serious D．crazy
答案：B　联系下文“other destinations are described as ‘purer’ natural experiences”可知，其他目的地被描述为“更纯粹的”自然体验，所以作者对乞力马扎罗山被严重破坏的报道表示怀疑(skeptical)。be skeptical about “对……表示怀疑”。
5．A.discover B．argue
C．decide D．advocate
答案：A　联系下文的“much has changed”可知，作者发现(discover)了乞力马扎罗山的变化。
6．A.equipment B．grass
C．camps D．stones
答案：C　联系下文中的“with toilets at camps”可知，这里报道的是营地(camp)。
7．A.remote B．quiet
C．tall D．clean
答案：D　联系上文“However (然而)”及下文“with toilets at camps and along the paths”可推知，作者看到的是干净的(clean)山。
8．A.new B．special
C．significant D．necessary
答案：C　上文提到乞力马扎罗山有众多游客，而且有很多垃圾，还有令人心烦的诸多报道，由此可知，这里面临的环境挑战是重大的(significant)。
9．A.paying off B．spreading out
C．blowing up D．fading away
答案：A　联系前文的“with toilets at camps and along the paths”可知，坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在奏效(pay off)。spread out “展开”；blow up “爆炸”；fade away “逐渐消失”。
10．A.atmosphere B．experience
C．experiment D．sight
答案：B　联系下文“reaching the top”可知，作者认为乞力马扎罗山最好的爬山体验 (experience)并不是登顶。
11．A.studied B．observed
C．explored D．regarded
答案：D　联系空后的“by many cultures”可知，山在很多文化中被看作是(regard)灵魂之地，be regarded as “被看作是……”。
12．A.view B．quality
C．reason D．purpose
答案：A　前一句指出山在很多文化中被看作灵魂之地，此空前有this限定，紧承前文，进一步陈述该看法(view)在乞力马扎罗山更体现得淋漓尽致，因为攀登者可在数公里的路程中穿越五种生态系统。
13．A.scientists B．climbers
C．locals D．officials
答案：B　联系上文的“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro ...”可知，爬山的人(climbers)可以经历五种生态系统。
14．A.holding on to B．going back to
C．living up to D．giving way to
答案：D　联系上文的“It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters”可知，热带雨林在3,000米处突然中止，取而代之的是生长着低矮植物的土地。give way to意为“被……代替”，符合语境。hold on to “坚持”；go back to “回到”；live up to “不辜负”。
15．A.changes B．clears
C．improves D．permits
答案：A　上文介绍了五种生态系统中的两种，再联系下文的“low clouds envelop the mountainsides”可知，在这里气候又发生了变化(change)。
16．A.match B．imagine
C．count D．add
答案：C　联系空后的“twelve shades of green”可知，作者数出了(count)12种绿色。
17．A.village B．desert
C．road D．lake
答案：B　联系冒号后的“gravel, stones and rocks”可知，4,000米以上是荒漠(desert)。
18．A.Obviously B．Easily
C．Consequently D．Finally
答案：D　上文介绍了从山下到山上的五个生态系统，所以这里说最后(finally)爬到了一个像北极圈一样的区域。
19．A.permanent B．little
C．fresh D．artificial
答案：A　联系空前的“climb into an arctic­like zone”可知，攀登者到了一个像北极圈的地方，所以这里是指常年积雪。permanent意为“永久的，永恒的”，符合语境。
20．A.enjoy B．deserve
C．save D．acquire
答案：B　联系下文的“I found the opposite to be true.”可知，作者在这里进行反问：乞力马扎罗山真的应得(deserve)游人如织，破坏了其平和景象的拥挤山脉这一名声吗？
Ⅱ.阅读理解

(2019·浙江高考)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor (因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources (资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪)．
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕加利福尼亚的大树从20世纪30年代以来大量减少这一主题，探讨出这一现象的原因。
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The seriousness of big­tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
答案：A　主旨大意题。第二段中通过列举一系列数字表明，加利福尼亚州的大树减少的严重性，故A项正确。
2．Which of the following is well­intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
答案：D　推理判断题。文章第三段提到了造成加利福尼亚州的大树减少的三个因素：woodcutters，housing development与aggressive wildfire control。前两个因素直接与大树的减少有关，如果能控制住，大树就不会减少；而第三个因素——控制野火的措施使得加利福尼亚州的森林里满是跟大树争夺资源的小树，初衷是为了控制野火，这是好的，实则对大树不利，故D项正确。
3．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A．Inadequate snowmelt. B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate. D．Dampness of the air.
答案：C　细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“... the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures ...”可知，水资源不足的主要原因就是气温升高，即更加温暖的气候，故C项正确。
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．California's Forests：Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre：Grow More Big Trees in California
答案：A　标题判断题。本文是一篇调查报告，第一段就点出主题：California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s。后面具体分析了加利福尼亚州大树的现状、造成大树减少的原因等，故A项作为标题最合适。

(2020·“皖豫联盟体”高中毕业班第一次考试)City trees grow faster and die younger than trees in rural forestry, a new study finds. Over their lifetimes，then, urban trees will likely absorb less CO2 from the air than forest trees.
As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2. However, CO2 is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning of fossil (化石) fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases into the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.
Studies had shown forests readily absorb CO2，but there hadn't been much data on whether city trees grow, die and absorb CO2 at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out.
To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree's diameter increases as it grows, just as a person's waist size increases as they gain weight. About half the weight of a tree is carbon, research has shown. Most of the rest is water. Over the nine years' tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon from the air as forest trees. However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more CO2.
City trees grew faster because they had less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest，trees tend to grow close together，shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮) in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas­burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了一项新的研究发现：与长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快，但死得更早。
5．What can be known about CO2 from Paragraph 2?
A．It is one of the side effects of greenhouses.
B．It greatly accelerates the process of global warming.
C．It results from the widespread burning of fossil fuels.
D．It prevents the earth from becoming unsuitable to live on.
答案：D　推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“the earth would be freezing or burning hot without CO2”可知，如果没有二氧化碳，地球将会极冷或极热。由此可以推断，二氧化碳可以防止地球变得不适合居住。
6．Why did researchers track the diameters of trees?
A．To know about their growth rates.
B．To find out how much they weigh.
C．To check whether they were healthy.
D．To assess the carbon amounts in them.
答案：A　细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“To figure out how quickly trees were growing，researchers tracked their diameters”可知，研究人员监测树木的直径是为了了解树木的生长速度。
7．What advantage do city trees have over forest trees?
A．They are more likely to access growth promoters.
B．They can enjoy more water coming from the air.
C．They can enjoy more shade from neighbors.
D．They are better at competing for light.
答案：A　推理判断题。根据文章最后一段内容可知，与生长在森林中的树木相比，城市里的树木长得更快是因为它们无需与邻近的树木争夺光照，也能得到更多的氮量，还更容易得到水。由此可以推断，城市里的树木比森林中的树木更可能获得生长促进剂。
8．What will probably be talked about if the passage is continued?
A．How urban trees can live longer.
B．Why city living makes trees die young.
C．How trees respond to dry soil conditions.
D．Why faster­growing trees absorb more CO2.
答案：B　推理判断题。文章首句就提到了一项新的研究结果：城市里的树木比森林中的树木长得更快，但死得更早。文章最后一段介绍了城市里的树木比森林中的树木生长得更快的几个原因。由此可以推断，文章接下来很可能就要介绍城市里的树木死得更早的原因。
Ⅲ.短文改错
I'm Li Hua, student from Hong Xing School. I've heard that capital volunteers is wanted in the winter holidays. I'm writing to apply to the position advertised online.
I think I can do the job well. First, I can to speak English fluently, that enables me to communicate well with foreigners. Besides, I have a good knowledges of the Forbidden City and other places of interest. I'm willing to spreading Chinese culture to the world. What's more, I have similar experiences, making it possibly for me to do it well.
I'd appreciate them if I could be accepted. I will try your best. I'm looking forward to your reply.
答案：
I'm Li Hua, student from Hong Xing School. I've heard that capital volunteers wanted in the winter holidays. I'm writing to apply the position advertised online.
I think I can do the job well. First, I can speak English fluently, enables me to communicate well with foreigners. Besides, I have a good of the Forbidden City and other places of interest. I'm willing to Chinese culture to the world. What's more, I have similar experiences, making it for me to do it well.
I'd appreciate if I could be accepted. I will try best. I'm looking forward to your reply.
1．student前加a　考查冠词。student为可数名词，此处表示“一个学生”，应在student前加a。
2．is→are　考查主谓一致。句子的主语“capital volunteers”是复数名词。
3．to→for　考查介词。apply for意为“申请”，而apply to意为“应用于”。
4．删除to　考查情态动词。can为情态动词，后接动词原形。
5．that→which　考查定语从句的引导词。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主句所述内容，关系词应用which。
6．knowledges→knowledge　考查名词。因为knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
7．spreading→spread　考查动词的用法。be willing to do sth. “愿意做某事”，为固定短语，故改为动词原形spread。
8．possibly→possible　考查形容词。此处作动词make的宾语补足语。用形容词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的属性。
9．them→it　考查代词。“I'd appreciate it if ...”是固定句型，it指代if引导的从句的内容。
10．your→my　考查代词。因为主语是I，物主代词应当与主语呼应。