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2021新课标名师导学高考英语译林版第一轮总复习讲义:语法七、动词的时态和语态
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七、动词的时态和语态
对应学生用书p172
在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ____________(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements.
2.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene ____________(declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36yearold business.
3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ____________(make) over the years.
4.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ____________(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On the last day of our weeklong stay, we ____________(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars.
6.(2019·浙江卷)One study in America found that students’ grades ____________(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
7.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Since 2011,the country ____________(grow) more corn than rice.
8.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ____________(start) a soiltesting program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
[答案与解析]
1.have reported。考查时态。根据上下文语境,尤其是时间状语In recent years可知,句子用现在完成时态,故填have reported。
2.declared。考查时态。根据上下文可知,该句主语为Irene,此处为谓语成分,根据后文had可知,用一般过去时态,故填declared。
3.have made。考查动词时态。根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知,此处用现在完成时态,句意:我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。故填have made。
4.recommended。考查一般过去时。句意:我们的主人和我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物和参观的地方。“and”前后两个动作“shared”与“recommended”是并列关系,时态一致。故填recommended。
5.were invited。考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意:我们被邀请去参加一场私人音乐会……由“On the last day of our weeklong stay”可知,句子时态为一般过去式,主语为we,用被动语态。故填were invited。
6.improved。考查时态。句意:美国的一项研究发现,在学校引入校服后,学生的成绩有所提高。本句是after引导的时间状语从句,前后时态保持一致,从句使用了一般过去时,主句用一般过去时。故填improved。
7.has grown。由句中的时间状语Since 2011可知,此空应用现在完成时。
8.started。根据语境可知,此处叙述发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时。
对应学生用书p172 (一)动词时态概述
英语中动词共有16种时态,其中一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般过去将来时、现在完成进行时,使用频率较高,同学们应着重学会使用这十种时态。全部动词时态分类如下表:
时
体
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
一般过去将来时
进行
现在进行时
过去进行时
将来进行时
过去将来进行时
完成
现在完成时
过去完成时
将来完成时
过去将来完成时
完成进行
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
将来完成进行时
过去将来完成进行时
(二)将来时态概述
时态
形式
例 句
功 能
一般将来时
shall(will)+动词原形/be going to + 动词原形
He will graduate from Harvard University next year.
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态
The students will have five English classes per week this term.
Spring will come again.
表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作
I will study hard to catch up with him.
He won't do it.
用于第一人称后,will表决心或意愿;否定句中有“不愿”的意思
Will you open the door?
用于请求对方许可
I am going to buy a new coat this winter.
决定、打算要做什么
The ice is going to break.
有迹象表明即将,可能将发生
将来进行时
shall(will)+be+ving形式
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
She will be working on the project all the next week.
将来某个时刻或某个时段正在进行或持续的动作
I'll be seeing Mr.Jackson tomorrow.
表示将来的安排打算
Will you be having supper with us this evening?
用于有礼貌地询问别人的计划打算
一般过去将来时
should(would)
+动词原形 / was(were) going to+动词原形
He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.
从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句
Whenever we had troubles,he would come to help us.
只用would 表示过去的某种习惯性行为
She was going to do nothing that night.
There was going to be a thunderstorm.
表示过去的打算或计划或预见到某事会发生
几个表将来的特殊形式
be to+动词原形
The highway is to be opened in May.
表示计划或安排
People didn't know that Einstein's theories were to change our view of the universe.
表示注定要发生的事
You are to leave here right now.
表示命令
be about to +动词原形
The talk is about to begin.
He was about to leave when they came.
表示即将发生的动作,句中不可用表示将来的时间状语
be on the point of +ving形式
She was on the point of winning when she fell down.
He is on the point of making a roundtheworld tour.
表示即将要发生的事,“正要……时”
be,come,go,begin,leave,arrive等动词的一般现在时
The term starts on 18th February.
When does the train leave?
根据规定预计要发生的动作或事情
(三)现在时态概述
时态
形式
例 句
功 能
一般现在时
(1)be的各人称形式:I am;
We/You/They are;
He/She/It is
(2)行为动词第三人称单词在词尾加s,es等;其他人称形式同原形
I am a student and I study several subjects.
表示目前的状态、事实
We do morning exercises every day.
The student goes home once a month.
表示现在经常、反复发生的动作或习惯性动作
Iron feels hard,but cotton feels soft.
表事物的性质或状态
Water boils at 100℃.
The earth is round and it moves around the sun.
表示自然现象,客观事实或普遍真理
If you take our advice,you will succeed.
I will tell her the truth immediately I see her.
在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,用现在时表示将来发生的动作
Tomorrow is Sunday.According to the timetable,the train comes in at 8:30 a.m.
有些表示按规定,计划安排的动作,用现在时表示将要发生的动作
现在进行时
+doing
The boy is doing his lessons now.
表示此刻、说话时正在进行的动作
My brother is studying in the U.S.A.at present.
表示目前、现阶段正在发生的动作
I am meeting Mr.Brown tonight.
My mother is coming to see me this weekend.
He is leaving for Shanghai on Friday.
表示近期内特定或安排的动作
现在完成时
have+pp.
has+pp.
The car has arrived. 车子来了。(车子已在门口)
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。(窗户是破的)
表示动作发生在过去,动作的结果现在还存在
Mr.Brown has studied in this school since 2014.
They have had the meeting for more than two hours.
表示过去一个动作持续到现在。只有持续性动词(如teach, work, live, etc.)能够使用,而短暂性动词(如go, come, arrive, etc.)不能用
I shall play with you if I have got my work done.
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
在时间、条件等状语从句中,可用现在完成时来表将来完成时
It / This / That is the first time (that) I have visited this exhibition.
That is the most interesting film I've ever seen.
用在某些固定句型中
现在
完成
进行
时
have been doing
has been doing
He has been working in this company for six years / since 2010.
时间状语或时间状语从句与现在完成时相同,但完成进行时强调动作一直持续
The director has been working on the production plan,but he hasn't worked it out yet.
I have been repairing the bike for nearly five hours.
—I have got a bad cold.
—No wonder you have been coughing these days.
现在完成进行时强调动作一直在进行,一般不用状态性动词
(四)过去时态概述
时态
形式
例 句
功 能
一般过去时
(1)be动词
was
were
(2)规则变化行为动词(动词+ed形式)
(3)不规则动词见
《不规则动词表》
He worked in this shop for two years and left last year.
表示过去的行为、动作
I bought the newlypublished novel the other day.
He met an old friend of his in the street last Sunday.
带有表示过去的时间状语,如yesterday,last month,a few years ago,the other day等的句子中,谓语动词用过去时
When he was in middle school he often walked / used to walk with his classmates after supper.
He said they had a meeting once a week.
表示过去经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态
Mary said she would go to the movies with me if she finished her homework.
He said he would leave until I came back.
在表示过去的时间状语从句中,当主句用过去将来时时,从句往往用一般过去时
过去进行时
was+doing
were+doing
—What were you doing at nine last night?
—I was listening to the Night News.
表示过去某一时间点正在进行的动作
We were having final exams from Wednesday to Saturday last week.
In those days we were having a hard time.
表示过去某一段时间正在发生,进行的行为、动作
One day,I was walking along a road when suddenly someone called me.
When I went into the teachers' office,Mr.Liu was checking our exercise books.
用于含时间状语从句的复合句中,当一个动作突然发生时,另一个动作在持续进行
过去完成时
had+过去分词
We had reviewed the old lessons by the end of last month.
常用于含by+过去时间状语的句子中
When the man arrived at the railway station,the train had left.
Mr.Wu had learnt German for some time before he went to Germany.
在包含when,before,after等连词的复合句中,如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词的动作不是同时发生,那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时
He told me that one of his novels had already been translated into English.
用于主句的谓语动词是过去时的宾语从句中。从句动作发生在主句前,从句用过去完成时
I had meant to visit you last night,but I had an unexpected visitor.
mean,intend,plan,expect,wish,want,hope等表示“计划,打算”的动词可用过去完成时,表示过去未能实现的愿望、想法等
(五)注意事项
1.一般过去时与现在完成时的区别:
(1)一般过去时所表示的动作或状态纯属过去,与现在没有联系。常用的时间状语有:yesterday,last night,two days (months / weeks...) ago等。
Tom bought a new car a week ago.
He was in prison in 1990.
I saw Hero last week.
(2)现在完成时所表示的动作或状态与现在有联系,是过去的动作或状态对现在产生的结果或造成的影响。说话人关心的是现在的结果或状态;或表示过去一个动作一直延续到现在。常用的时间状语有:already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,in the last / past few days / years,since then,up to now,so far等。
I've never been to Beijing.
He has not given his response so far.
He has come here.他已经来这里了。(说话人关心的是“他现在在这里相当于He is here now.”)
His brother has been in the army for 5 years.他哥哥参军5年了。(指“他哥哥”五年前到说话时一直在部队服役)
2.某些状语从句中将来时的表达方式:
在以when,until(till),as soon as,by the time,after,before等引导的时间状语从句或以if,unless,once等引导的条件状语从句以及以no matter when,however,even if等引导的让步状语从句中,谓语动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
【例1】I will stay at home if it ____________(rain) tomorrow.
[答案] rains。
【例2】Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband ____________(come) home.
[答案] came。
3.一般不用于进行时的动词:
状态动词或静态动词通常不用于进行时态。如:like,love,prefer,want,think,wish,desire,believe,know,understand,realize,recognize,doubt,feel,forgive,guess,imagine,satisfy,taste,see,be,belong to,concern,contain,cost,depend on,deserve,have(有),lack,need,owe,own,remain,seem,sound等。
【例】I ____________(am knowing / was knowing / know) Tom quite well.We were introduced at a party.
[答案] know。
4.always等副词在进行时中表达的意义:
always,often,constantly,frequently,forever等副词和进行时连用,表达说话人的某种感情,即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等,可译为“老是、总是”。
【例1】John ____________(will always think / is always thinking) of what he can do for others.
[答案] is always thinking。
【例2】The leaders thought ill of Mrs.Black,because she ______(was always complaining / had always complained).
[答案] was always complaining。
对应学生用书p176(一)被动语态的构成
1.基本形式:be + ved(其中be是构成被动语态的助动词,ved为及物动词的过去分词)
2.各种时态的被动语态只需要将be动词作相应的变化即可,被动语态没有完成进行时和将来进行时(加括号的结构只需理解):
实义动词的被动结构
情态动词的被动结构
一般现在时
am / is / are+ved
一般过去时
was / were+ved
一般将来时
will / shall be+ved
过去将来时
would / should be+ved
现在进行时
am / is / are being+ved
过去进行时
was / were being+ved
现在完成时
has / have been+ved
过去完成时
had been+ved
一般将来完成时
(will / shall have been+ved)
过去将来完成时
(would / should have been+ved)
+be+ved
(二)被动语态的用法
用法
例句
(1)不知或没必要说明动作的执行者。
Such books are written for children.
Printing was introduced into Europe from China.
(2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心,或者既关心动作的承受者,又关心动作的执行者。
This song was composed(作曲) by a student.
She is liked by everybody.
(3)出于修辞的需要。
He went to the country and was warmly welcomed. (此句使用同一主语,以求简练)
(三)使用被动语态须注意的问题
注意事项
例 句
只有及物动词和及物动词短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态,常见不及物动词和不及物动词短语有:
appear,die,disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread,stand,break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silent,lose heart,take place等。
The price has been risen.(×)
The price has risen.(√)
The price has raised.(×)
The price has been raised.(√)
The accident was happened last week.(×)
The accident happened last week.(√)
This room is belonged to me.(×)
This room belongs to me.(√)
表示状态的及物动词,如have,cost,fit,last,own,hold,become等往往不能用于被动语态。
The shirt fits him very well.(√)
He is fitted very well by the shirt.(×)
反身代词在句中做宾语时,不能用被动语态。
You must look after yourself.(√)
Yourself must be looked after.(×)
短语动词作为一个整体转换为被动语态时,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。
All the rubbish should be got rid of.
The child will be taken of by my mother.
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
动词(read / write / sell / wash / clean / wear / open / eat / lock ...)+ 副词(well / badly / easily / smoothly ...)表示主语的属性特征时,用主动形式表被动含义。
This hall measures 100 metres long and 60 metres wide.
This type of car sells well in China.