2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分 语法专题三、介词和介词短语
展开三、介词和介词短语
一、介词
考点一 按词汇意义分类
1.表示时间的介词
介词 | 用法 | 短语 |
at | at表示某个时间点、时刻等 | at midnight,at dawn/daybreak,at sunrise/sunset,at dusk |
on | on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上 | on October the first,on a rainy day,on National Day,on Christmas Eve,on the afternoon of his arrival |
in | in表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等 | in the 1980’s/1980s,in the Qing Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening |
after 和 in | “after加一段时间”作时间状语,相当于“一段时间加later”,句子用过去时态;“in加一段时间”作时间状语,指离说话时多长时间以后,句子用将来时态。 | He returned home after a week (a week later). They will come to visit us in a week. |
for 和 since | (1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”,表示动作持续的时间长短,一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语。 (2)“since加时间点”意为“自从……”,作完成时态句子的时间状语。 | He has lived in the small village for five years. I studied in Shandong University for four years. I haven’t heard from him since three years ago. He has been waiting here since 2 o’clock. |
2.表示方位的at,in,on,to
介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
at | 表示地点时,后常接相对较小的地方 | Mr.Smith met his wife at the shop in 1941. |
in | 表示地点时,后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内 | The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterday. |
on | 表示地点时,常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域 | Mongolia,which lies on the north of China,is a beautiful country. |
to | 表示地点时,常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置 | As is known to all,Japan is to the east of China. |
3.表示方位的across,through,over,past
介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
across | 表示“从……的表面穿过” | He walked across the square to meet us. |
through | 表示“从……的内部穿过” | The guide led us through the forest. |
over | 表示“从……的上面跨过” | The thief jumped over the fence and fled away. |
past | 表示“从……的旁边经过” | She walked past the shop. |
4.表示范围的between,among
介词 | 用法 | 例句 |
between | 一般用于两者之间 | I’m usually free between Tuesday and Thursday. |
among | 一般用于三者或三者以上的“在……中间” | I found it among a pile of old books. |
①between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。如:
the difference between the three of them
他们三者之间的区别
the relations between various countries
各国之间的关系
②among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。如:
The book is the best among the modern novels.
在现代小说中这本是最好的。
考点二 其他常用介词
1.表示交通方式的by,in,on
“by+名词”表示交通方式时,名词前不加冠词;但是in,on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词等。
He goes to work by car every day.
他每天开车去上班。
He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day.
他每天开车/骑车去上班。
2.表示“用……”的by,in,with
by侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前; in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。
He earned his living by selling newspapers.
他通过卖报纸谋生。
Please write the answer in ink.
请用墨水写答案。
They are digging with spades.
他们在用铁锹挖。
3.表示“除……外”的 except,besides
except表示“除……之外(其他的都)”,其后的宾语是被排除在外的,侧重同类事物的排除;besides表示“除……之外(其他的也)”,其后的宾语是被包括在内的。
All my friends took part in the competition except John.除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。
He has learned German and French besides English.
除了英语他还学了德语和法语。
4.表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, with
for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
I am sorry for what I said to you.
我很抱歉对你讲那些话。
He was surprised at the news.
听到这消息他大吃一惊。
He died from the wound.他因受伤而死亡。
The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。
He was shaking with anger.他气得浑身发抖。
5.表示“如,像”的as,like
as表示“如,像”时,可以用作介词,也可用作连词。like表示“如,像”时,通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意,意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”,意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。
I long to fly like a bird in the sky.
我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。
They were all dressed as clowns.
他们都打扮成小丑。
二、介词短语
介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有:
(一)介词与名词的常用搭配
1.at+名词
at peace 处于和平状态
at sea 茫然,在大海上
at table 在吃饭
at will 任意地
2.beyond+名词
beyond description 难以形容
beyond doubt 无疑
beyond one’s reach 够不着
3.by+名词
by accident 偶然地
by chance 碰巧
by mistake 错误地
4.in+名词
in advance 事先,提前
in common 共有,共同
in detail 详细地
in need 需要
in turn 轮流
in sight 看得见
in the way 挡道,妨碍
5.in+名词+of
in terms of 就……而言
in need of 需要
in favor of 支持,赞成
in search of 寻找
in the form of 以……形式
in place of 代替
in front of 在……前面
in case of 假使
in honour of 为纪念
in spite of 尽管
in charge of 掌管,负责
6.on+名词
on purpose 故意地
on behalf of 代表
on leave 在休假
on time 准时
7.out of+名词
out of sight 看不见
out of reach 够不着
out of order 发生故障
out of breath 上气不接下气
out of control 失去控制
(二)介词与形容词的常用搭配
1.be+adj.+about
be anxious about 忧虑……
be curious about 对……好奇
be particular about 对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about 对……担心
2.be+adj.+at
be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊 be present at出席
3.be+adj.+in
be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于……
be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于……
4.be+adj.+for
be eager for渴望…… be famous for以……著名
be fit for适合,胜任…… be ready for准备好……
be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be prepared for为……做好准备
5.be+adj.+from
be absent from缺席 be different from不同于
be far from远离 be free from不受……影响
6.be+adj.+to
be close to接近…… be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于…… be familiar to对……来说熟悉
be friendly to对……友好 be harmful to对……有危害
be kind to对……友好 be similar to与……相似
be grateful to对……心存感激
7.be+adj.+of
be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢……
be proud of因……而自豪 be short of缺乏……
8.be+adj.+with
be busy with忙于…… be familiar with对……熟悉
be combined with与……结合
be patient with对……有耐心
be popular with受……的欢迎
be pleased with对……感到满意
be angry with (sb.)对(某人)发怒
(三)与名词构成的常用搭配
1.“at+n.”表示状态
at peace处于和平中 at a loss不知所措 at work在工作 at war 在战争中
2.“on+n.”表示状态
on exhibition/show在展出 on fire 着火 on sale出售;打折 on the way在途中
3.“by+n.”表示方式
by accident偶然 by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然 by coincidence 碰巧
4.“in+n.” 表示方式
in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上 in detail详细地 in height在高度上
5.“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit有益处的 of help有帮助的
6.“out of+n.”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气
7.“with+n.”表示方式
with delight/ joy高兴地 with difficulty困难地
1.Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.(2019全国Ⅰ)
2.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs,seven to be exact.(2019全国Ⅲ)
3.I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.(2018全国Ⅲ)
4.If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.(2018浙江)
5.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.(2017全国Ⅱ)
答案及剖析:
1.of/for 考查介词。句意:现代跟踪监测北极熊数量的方法仅仅从20世纪80年代中期开始使用……搭配methods of/for doing sth.表示“做某事的方法”。
2.of 无提示词,考查介词,固定搭配,a pack of 表示“许多”。
3.for search for 意为“搜寻”,固定搭配。
4.for 考查介词。此处意为去母亲家吃饭,表示“目的”用介词for。
5.from 考查介词的用法。travel to and from work上下班。
单句语法填空
1.First celebrated 1970,the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区).(2019北京)
2.The answer this question is not clear.(2019浙江)
3.It’s easy to say sorry,but who will make up the loss?
4.When Jane got home,with her small but well-chosen present in her bag,her parents were already table having supper.
5.When he was 30,back in 1953,he was working a research assistant in the university.
6.When the wet season comes, the city government will warn its people constantly advertising the potential danger.
7. behalf of everyone here,I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.
8.I sat on the side of the stage, my script open on a music stand in front of me.
9.Children need friends their own age to play with.
10.My father warned me going to the west coast because it was crowded with tourists.
答案及剖析:
1.in 考查介词。句意:1970年第一次庆祝该节日,现在该节日(地球日)包括了190多个国家和地区的活动。“在某月、某年、某季节前,用介词in ”。
2.to 考查介词。这个问题的答案还不清楚。固定表达the answer to...表示“……的答案”。
3.for 考查介词。句意:道歉容易,但是谁将弥补损失呢?make up for sth.“对……进行弥补”固定短语。
4.at 考查介词的用法。句意:当简回到家时,包里装着她精心挑选的小礼物,她的父母已经在吃晚饭了。at table在吃饭。
5.as 考查介词的用法。句意:早在1953年,当时他30岁,他就在那所大学当了一名研究助理。work as从事……工作,为固定搭配。
6.by 句意:当雨季来临时,市政府就会通过不断公告可能存在的危险来提醒民众。by doing...表示方式,意为“通过做某事”,符合句意。
7.On 考查介词的用法。此处构成固定短语on behalf of,意思是“代表”。
8.with 考查介词的用法。句意:我坐在舞台的一侧,我的剧本打开着,放在我前面的乐谱架上。此处符合“with+宾语+形容词”的复合结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随状态。
9.of 句意:孩子们需要同龄的朋友一起玩儿。短语of one’s own表示“某人自己的”。
10.against 句意:父亲警告我不要去西海岸,因为那儿游客太多。短语warn sb.against doing sth.表示“警告某人不要做某事”。
