2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分　语法专题六、非谓语动词

六、非谓语动词

非谓语动词的形式及句法功能

考点一　非谓语动词作定语

1.动词不定式作定语

(1)动词不定式作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,与所修饰的词之间构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。

She is always the first to come and the last to leave.她总是第一个来,最后一个走。(主谓关系)

Have you got a letter to write?

你有信要写吗?(动宾关系)

动词不定式既可用主动式也可用被动式,但其含义有所不同。试比较:

Do you have anything to send? (动作的执行者是“你”) 你还邮寄什么东西吗?

Do you have anything to be sent?(动作的执行者是“我”或“别人”) 你还有什么东西要(我或别人)去寄吗?

(2)当名词或代词被序数词、形容词最高级、the last、the only等修饰,且不定式与其逻辑主语为主谓关系时,常用动词不定式作定语。

He is the best man to do the job.

他是做这项工作的最佳人选。

(3)当被修饰词是表示抽象意义的名词时,常用不定式作后置定语,且不定式常用主动形式。常见的此类名词有ability,chance,idea,attempt,plan,way,opportunity等。

I want to have a chance to further my study abroad.

我想获得到国外深造的机会。

在作定语的动词不定式中,如果其中的动词是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词。但是如果被不定式修饰的名词为place,time,way等,不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省去。

She is a very nice person to work with.

她是个可以共事的很好的人。

He has no place to live (in).

他没有地方住。

2.动词-ing形式作定语

当该动词与被修饰的名词之间为主动关系或用来表示被修饰词的用途时,用动词-ing形式。

Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.

三天后,我收到了一封给我提供这份工作的信。

This is a reading room.

这是一个阅览室。

被修饰的名词与修饰词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时,用动词-ing形式的被动式作定语,表示该动作的被动和进行。

The houses being built are for the teachers.

正在建造的房子是给老师的。

3.过去分词作定语

过去分词作定语,被修饰的名词与分词在逻辑上通常是被动关系。过去分词作定语也可表示完成。

Tsinghua University,founded in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

清华大学建立于1911年,是许多杰出人物的摇篮。

This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer.

这是一本由一位著名的中国作家写的书。

考点二　非谓语动词作状语

1.动词不定式作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。

(1)作目的状语,有时用in order to或so as to,但so as to不用于句首。

We will continue our campaign to prevent and control air pollution to make our skies blue again.

为使我们的天空再次蔚蓝,我们将继续开展防治空气污染的运动。

(2)作结果状语,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,常用结构enough to,too...to...,only to等。

He is clever enough to work out the difficult maths problems.

他很聪明,能解决数学难题。

I’m too tired to stay up any longer.

我太累了,不能再熬夜了。

(3)作原因状语,此时常与表示情感的形容词连用,如glad,happy,frightened,surprised等。

I was frightened to find that in front of my door sat a dog.

发现门前坐着一只狗,我很害怕。

动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词easy,hard,difficult,pleasant,good,fit,comfortable等后面作状语,构成“主语+be+形容词+不定式”结构,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。

This book is difficult to understand.

这本书很难理解。

2.动词-ing形式作状语

动词-ing形式作状语,常表原因、方式、伴随、时间、结果、让步等,与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系。

She sat there reading.

她坐在那里读书。(伴随状语)

Seeing her mother,she cried out.

一见到她妈妈,她哭了起来。(时间状语)

Being blind,how could he see it?

眼睛失明了,他怎么能看到它?(原因状语)

His parents died,leaving him an orphan.

他的父母去世了,使他成为一名孤儿。(结果状语)

动词不定式作结果状语时,常表示意想不到的结果;而动词-ing形式作结果状语时,常表示自然而然的结果。

He hurried to the bus stop,only to find that the bus had already gone.

他急匆匆赶到车站,结果发现公交车已经走了。

There was a terrible accident,causing the traffic jam.

出了严重的交通事故,引起了交通堵塞。

3.过去分词作状语

过去分词作状语,分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。

Given the right kind of training,these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.

如果给予正确的训练,这些青少年足球运动员有一天也许会成为国际明星。

Bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.

由于被咬了两次,邮递员拒绝给我们送信,除非我们把狗拴起来。

某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,此时这些过去分词既不表示被动,也不表示完成,而表示一种状态,如:lost(迷路的),seated(坐着的),hidden(隐瞒的),lost/absorbed in(沉溺于),dressed in(穿着……的),tired of(对……感到厌倦的)等。

Absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.

专心于读书,他没注意到我进入房间。

Dressed in red,she looks more beautiful.

穿着红色的衣服,她看上去更漂亮了。

独立成分作状语,其形式不受前后文的影响。常用的有:

considering...(鉴于,考虑到);generally speaking(总的来说);judging by/from...(从……来看,依据……来判断);supposing that...(假定……);providing that...(如果……);owing to...(由于……);talking/speaking of...(谈及……);given that...(考虑到……);provided that...(如果……);to tell the truth(实话实说);to be honest(老实说)等。

Generally speaking,it is hot in summer in this area.

总的来说,该地区夏季炎热。

考点三　非谓语动词作宾语

1.有些动词或动词短语后通常接不定式作宾语,巧记如下:

此外,learn,choose,afford,happen,wait等也常用不定式作宾语。

All the factors considered,we decided to offer the job to Li Wei,a man of rich experience.

把所有的因素都考虑进去后,我们决定把这份工作给李伟,一个很有经验的人。

2.有些动词或动词短语后常接动词-ing形式作宾语,巧记如下:

此外,feel like,devote to,be/get used to,object to,set about,insist on,pay attention to,stick to,be busy (in),have difficulty/trouble (in)等动词短语后也接动词-ing形式作宾语。

I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个问题,以免冒犯他。

3.既可用动词-ing形式,也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义区别明显的动词

—That would mean wasting a lot of labour.

——那将意味着浪费许多劳动力。

—Really? I don’t mean to waste any labour.

——是吗?我并没打算浪费劳动力。

①动名词作宾语时,可以带逻辑主语。此时,逻辑主语可以是物主代词、人称代词的宾格或所有格。

②作宾语的动词-ing形式和不定式除了一般式和主动式,还有完成式、被动式。完成式表示该动作比谓语动作先发生。否定式在doing/to do前加not。

Do you mind my/me reading your paper?

你介意我看你的考卷吗?

I regret not having taken her advice.(not须放在having前) 我后悔没有听从她的建议。

They couldn’t stand being treated like that.

他们不能忍受被那样对待。

He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job.

他决定帮我,但我假装已经完成工作了。

考点四　非谓语动词作宾补

1.分词作补语的区别

(1)现在分词作宾补的两大特征:一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系;二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有:have,see,hear,find,get,leave,notice,watch,keep,start,set,catch,smell,feel,listen to,look at等。

I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.

I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动,正在进行)

(2)过去分词作宾补的两大特征:一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系;二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系,多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,hear,find,leave,want,make等。

Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left.

I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.

2.不定式作补语

(1)接带to的不定式作宾补,此类动词(短语)有:advise,allow,ask,cause,command,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,invite,leave,like,mean,order,permit,persuade,prefer,request,tell,want,warn,wish,call on,depend on/upon,long for,wait for等。

I didn’t mean you to hear it.

We’re all longing for the new term to begin.

(2)接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有:make,have,let等使役动词以及see,watch,notice,observe,look at,feel,hear,listen to等感官动词(短语)。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态,则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略,也可以保留。

Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.

She was seen to enter the manager’s office ten minutes ago.

考点五　非谓语动词作主语

1.动词-ing形式作主语

动词-ing形式作主语表示抽象的、经常性的或习惯性的动作,尤其是一般行为倾向。

It’s not easy to learn English well.Reading as much as possible is necessary.

学好英语不容易。尽可能多阅读是必要的。

通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长,用it作形式主语,动词-ing短语后置。

It is no good/use learning without practice.

学习但不实践是没有用的。

2.动词不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或将来的动作。

To get up early is necessary.

早起是必要的。

通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长,用it作形式主语,动词不定式短语后置。

It’s not easy to work out the problem.

解决这一问题不容易。

考点六　非谓语动词作表语

1.动名词作表语时,说明主语的内容。

The queen’s work is laying eggs.

2.不定式作表语时,说明主语尚未发生的动作,或表示将来的动作。

His ambition is to go to Harvard University.

注意:现在分词或过去分词作表语时,通常为分词化的形容词。

考点七　独立主格结构

1.名词或主格代词+动词不定式

名词或主格代词与动词不定式之间是逻辑上的主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的将来的动作。

He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。

2.名词或主格代词+动词-ing形式

名词或主格代词与动词-ing形式之间为逻辑上的主动关系。

The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him),he didn’t know what to say.

姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好。

3.名词或主格代词+过去分词

名词或主格代词与过去分词之间为逻辑上的被动关系。

The problems solved (= As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.

随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。

4.with和without引导的独立主格结构

with/without复合结构既可看作介词短语,在句子中作定语;也可看作独立主格结构,常在句中充当状语。其结构为:

with+宾语+

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.

John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.

With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.

1.Scientists have responded by 　　　　(note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements,leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.(2019全国Ⅰ) 

2.A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for 　　　　(be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee—still working 40 hours a week.(2019全国Ⅱ) 

3.Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene declared she had no plans 　　　　 (retire) from her 36-year-old business.(2019全国Ⅱ) 

4.When we got a call 　　　　 (say) she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.(2019全国Ⅱ) 

答案及剖析:

1.noting　考查动名词。介词by之后跟动词-ing形式。

2.being　介词后应用动词-ing形式作宾语。

3.to retire　名词plan后接不定式作后置定语。

4.saying　考查非谓语动词。saying she was short-listed为动词-ing短语,在此作call的后置定语,相当于定语从句which said...;名词call与动词say为主动关系,故用动词-ing形式。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1.On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take 　　　　(get) there.(2019全国Ⅲ) 

2.On the last day of our week-long stay,we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,　　　　(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019全国Ⅲ) 

3.Nervously 　　　　(face) challenges,I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be yourself”.(2019北京) 

4.Earth Day,　　　　 (mark) on 22 April,is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness about environmental protection.(2019北京) 

5.But some students didn’t want 　　　　 (wear) the uniform.(2019浙江) 

6.　　　　(absorb) in painting,John didn’t notice evening approaching. 

7.Group activities will be organized after class 　　　　(help) children develop team spirit. 

8.When I was little,my mother used to sit by my bed,　　　　(tell) me stories till I was asleep. 

9.Film has a much shorter history,especially when 　　　　 (compare) to such art forms as music and painting. 

10.They might just have a place 　　　　(leave) on the writing course —why don’t you give it a try? 

答案及剖析:

1.to get　考查固定句型。it takes some time to do sth.动词不定式作真正主语,it作形式主语。

2.listening　根据and meeting interesting locals的并列关系可知,此处应该填非谓语动词作伴随状语。句子主语和listen在逻辑上是主动关系。

3.facing　考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词作状语;非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语I,动词face与I之间为逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词作状语。

4.marked　考查非谓语动词。根据句意以及句子结构可知空处为非谓语动词作定语;动词mark与Earth Day之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用过去分词短语作定语。

5.to wear　考查动词不定式。固定表达want to do...表示“想要做某事”。

6.Absorbed　句意:全神贯注于绘画中,约翰没有注意到夜幕降临了。短语be absorbed in全神贯注于,在句中作状语,故填absorbed。

7.to help　句意:为了帮助孩子们养成团队精神,课后将组织团队活动。本题为不定式作目的状语。

8.telling　句意:当我小的时候,妈妈常常坐在我的床边,给我讲故事直到我睡着。空处作伴随状语与主语为主谓关系,故填telling。

9.compared　film和compare之间是被动关系,故使用过去分词。

10.left　句意:他们也许还有写作课的名额 ——你为什么不去试一试呢?a place与动词leave之间是被动关系,故使用过去分词left。

Ⅱ.语法填空

Poetry is never far away from our daily life.Many of us grew up 1.　　　　(recite) classic poems,learning 2.　　　　(enjoy) this beautiful art form that is able to use just a few lines

 3.　　　　(convey) such rich meanings. 

The Book of Songs,4.　　　　(date) back to the Western Zhou dynasty,has a longer history than the Homeric epics.Even today,classic poems are appreciated by a lot of people. 

5.　　　　(recognize) the unique ability of poetry and capture its creative spirit,World Poetry Day is held by the United Nations on March 21 each year 6.　　　　(support) linguistic diversity through poetic expression. 

Chinese Poetry Conference 7.　　　　(feature) classic poetry is extremely popular.The competition saw over 100 participants 8.　　　　(take) part in a number of challenges.The participants,whose ages ranged from 7 to 70,included students,farmers,teachers and foreign competitors with an interest in Chinese literature. 

And even TV series involving poetry are very successful.For example,in Empresses in the Palace(甄嬛传),one of the drama’s most 9.　　　　(move) songs was adapted from a poem 10.　　　　(write) by Wen Tingyun of the Tang dynasty. 

语篇解读:本文简单介绍了中国古典诗歌和现在的《中国诗词大会》。

答案及剖析:

1.reciting　考查现在分词作伴随状语。句子主语Many of us和recite在逻辑上是主动关系。故用现在分词。

2.to enjoy　考查不定式用法。learn to do表示“学会做某事”。

3.to convey　考查不定式。能够用几行诗句表达如此丰富的意思。use sth. to do sth.用某物做某事。

4.dating　考查现在分词作状语。

5.To recognize　动词不定式作目的状语。

6.to support　动词不定式作目的状语。

7.featuring　考查非谓语动词。句意:以古典诗歌为特色的《中国诗词大会》特别受欢迎。设空处是非谓语动词作定语,与其修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系,故用v.-ing形式。

8.taking　现在分词作宾语补足语。宾语100 participants是take的逻辑主语。

9.moving　现在分词作定语。moving表示“令人感动的”。

10.written　考查非谓语动词。改编自唐朝诗人温庭筠写的一首诗。设空处是非谓语动词作定语,与其所修饰的名词之间是被动关系,所以要用过去分词形式。