2021高考英语人教版一轮教师用书：第二部分 语法专题一、名词和冠词
展开一、名词和冠词
一、名词
考点一 可数名词
1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
可数名词变复数形式时一般在词尾加-s或-es,变化形式如下表:
构成方法 | 例词 | |
一般在词尾加-s | map→maps,sea→seas,girl→girls | |
以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es (stomach除外) | class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,dish→dishes | |
以-f或-fe 结尾的词 | 变-f或-fe为-v,再加-es | leaf→leaves,knife→knives,wife→wives,wolf→wolves |
加-s | belief→beliefs,chief→chiefs,proof→proofs,roof→roofs,gulf→gulfs,safe→safes | |
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:
构成方法 | 例词 | |
增加字母 | child→children,ox→oxen | |
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 | man→men,woman→women,foot→feet,goose→geese,mouse→mice | |
单复数同形 | sheep,deer,series,means,fish,species | |
表示“某国人”的名词 | 加-s | American→Americans,German→Germans,Greek→Greeks |
单复数同形 | Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese | |
以-man或 -woman 结尾的,将-man和 -woman分别改 -men和-women | Englishman→Englishmen | |
3.合成名词变复数
合成单数 | 如果有主体名词,将主体名词变为复数 | sons-in-law(女婿),lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人),story-tellers(讲故事的人) |
如无主体名词时,通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾 | grown-ups(成年人),breakfasts,housewives | |
“man/woman十名词”构成的合成词变复数时,man/ woman和名词均需变为复数 | women-singers(女歌手),men-servants(男仆人) |
考点二 不可数名词的数
1.一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:
①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。
抽象名词(不可数) | 具体化(表达个体概念时,是可数名词) |
in surprise 惊讶地 | a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事 |
win success获得成功 | a success 一个(件)成功的人(事) |
win honour 赢得荣誉 | an honour 一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事) |
failure 失败 | a failure 一个失败者/一件失败的事 |
by experience靠经验 | an experience 一次经历 |
with pleasure 乐意 | a pleasure一件乐事 |
②抽象名词与a(n)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
2.有些物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类时,可以用作可数名词。
如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料,a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料;his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发;glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。
考点三 名词所有格
1.-’s所有格
the boy’s mother,the children’s toys,the teachers’books,Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(共用),Lucy’s and Lily’s bedrooms(各自的)
2.“of+名词”所有格
the roof of the house,the cover of the book,the name of the girl,a picture of my father
3.双重所有格
a friend of my brother’s(=one of my brother’s friends),a picture of my father’s(=one of my father’s pictures)
不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后。如:somebody else’s bag, somebody else’s books。
考点四 名词的构词法
1.动词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
-ion/-tion/ -sion/-ation | correct→correction改正 attract→attraction吸引 conclude→conclusion结论;结束 decide→decision决定 admit→admission接纳;准许入学 invite→invitation邀请 explain→explanation解释 expect→expectation期望 |
-er/-or | teach→teacher老师 announce→announcer播音员 conduct→conductor指挥;售票员 |
-ment | punish→punishment惩罚 achieve→achievement功绩;成就 argue→argument辩论;论据 equip→equipment装备;设备 |
-ance/-ence | appear→appearance出现;外貌 perform→performance表演;节目 exist→existence存在;生存 prefer→preference偏爱 |
-ing | hear→hearing听力;听觉 begin→beginning开始 |
-ure/-ture | fail→failure失败 press→pressure压力 depart→departure离开;出发 |
-y | recover→recovery恢复;痊愈 discover→discovery发现 |
其他 | choose→choice选择 vary→variety多样化;种类 tend→tendency趋向;趋势 |
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀 | 例词 |
-age | short→shortage不足;短缺 |
-cy | efficient→efficiency效率;功效 fluent→fluency流利;流畅 frequent→frequency时常;频繁 accurate→accuracy准确性 private→privacy隐私;私密 |
-dom | free→freedom自由;自主 wise→wisdom明智;智慧 |
-ence | different→difference差异 silent→silence沉默 |
-ness | weak→weakness虚弱;弱点 kind→kindness仁慈;好意 careless→carelessness粗心大意 |
-th | strong→strength力气;强项 warm→warmth温暖;热情 |
-y -ty -ity | honest→honesty诚实 difficult→difficulty困难 cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴 safe→safety安全 disable→disability无能;伤残 responsible→responsibility责任 |
二、冠词
考点一 不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)
“一”(=one) | I’ll return in a day or two. 一两天我就回来。 |
“每一” (=per) | We have eight classes a day. 我们每天上八节课。 |
“同一” (=the same) | The children are of an age. 这些孩子们同岁。 |
“一类” (=复数名词) | A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。 |
“任一”(=any) | A dictionary is enough. 一本词典足够。 |
“某一” (=a certain) | A Mr.Smith is waiting to see you.一位史密斯先生正等着见你。 |
“一个、一场、一次、 一件”(抽象 名词) | As a manager,he is a success while as a father he is a failure.作为一名经理,他是位成功者,而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。 |
“一种(份,阵……)” (物质名词) | What a heavy rain! 多大的一场雨啊! |
牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它们是information,fun,weather,progress,advice,news,space,word(=news),furniture,equipment等,均不可与不定冠词连用。
考点二 定冠词the的用法
1.特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。
Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?
你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿?
2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.
老虎濒临灭绝。
Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
1876年亚历山大·贝尔发明了电话。
3.用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been sent into space in China.
在中国,杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。
①当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词。如:a second time,意为“再一次;又一次”。
②“a/an+比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比……更……的一个”,属于泛指;“the+比较级”表示“两者中较……的一个”。“the+最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最……的一个”;“a most+形容词”表示“很……,非常……”。如:
This one is too small.Can you show me a larger one? 这个太小了。你能给我拿一个大一点的吗?
Tom is the older of the two boys.
汤姆是两个男孩中年龄较大的一个。
Part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult.第一部分是非常难的部分,但不是最难的部分。
4.用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉和群岛的名称前。
the Yellow River黄河 the Pacific Ocean太平洋
5.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。
the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国
the United States美国
6.用在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
the Greens格林一家 the Smiths史密斯一家
7.表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。
She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。
8.用在某些形容词或分词前,表示一类人或事。
the poor /rich/dead/living/wounded穷人/富人/死人/活着的人/受伤的人。
9.表示朝代和年代的词前。
the Ming Dynasty明朝
in the 1980’s在20世纪80年代
10.用在表示计量的名词前,如by the hour,by the day,by the dozen,by the yard等,但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前不用冠词,如by weight/height等。
I got paid by the hour.我按小时得到报酬。
11.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词,如:sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词,但其前有描绘性的修饰语时,用不定冠词。请比较:
As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun.众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。
What a bright moon!多么明亮的月亮!
有些事物虽然是独一无二的,但习惯上不用冠词,如space太空,nature自然,man人类等。
考点三 零冠词的用法
1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。
Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts.
偏远地区非常需要教师。
2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时,不加冠词。
Dr.Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们,这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。
3.月、季、星期、节假、洲前;三餐、球类、惯用语前;学科、棋类名词前,用零冠词。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring,summer,autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节,需加定冠词,如in the spring of the year 2017。
4.no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后的名词不用冠词。
There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world.
天下没有免费的午餐。
5.在turn(变成)后作表语的可数名词单数前不用冠词,但become后作表语的可数名词单数前要加冠词。
He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher.
他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。
6.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽管……,但是……”。
Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings.
虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。
考点四 常见的含冠词的固定搭配
1.含不定冠词的固定搭配
have a knowledge/ understanding of了解,have a good view of饱览,in a hurry匆忙地,as a result因此,as a rule通常,as a whole总体上,as a matter of fact事实上,at a loss不知所措,in a word总之
2.含定冠词的固定搭配
make the most/best of充分利用,in the end最后,by the way顺便说一下,in the distance在远处,in the way挡道,on the whole总的来说
3.含零冠词的固定搭配
at present目前,take part in参加,in peace平静,by chance/ accident碰巧,on purpose故意,on second thoughts再三考虑,ahead of time提前,in advance提前
1.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a (believe) that populations are increasing.(2019全国Ⅰ)
2.When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete) to watch,together with the story behind it.(2019全国Ⅲ)
3.Other American studies showed no (connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019浙江)
4.Of nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six are stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.(2019全国Ⅰ)
5.When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was joke.(2019全国Ⅱ)
答案及剖析:
1.belief 考查词性转换。句意:最近几年,努纳武特的因纽特人报告说在人类居住区周围看到北极熊的次数增加,导致人们认为北极熊的数量在增长。believe的名词形式是belief,that populations are increasing 是a belief 的同位语从句。
2.competition 考查词性转换。根据an interesting可知,其后应填名词作know of和watch的宾语。
3.connection/connections 考查名词。此处作动词showed的宾语,故要填名词形式,再结合前面的修饰词no (=not a/any)可知,connection/connections都是正确的。
4.the 考查冠词。句意:在十九个公认的北极熊亚种群中……,表示特指,用定冠词the。
5.a 名词joke是单数可数名词,故其前应用不定冠词a,在此表示泛指。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.No matter what you like to do,there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day.(2019北京)
2.Everybody wears same style of clothes.(2019浙江)
3.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause).(2018全国Ⅰ)
4.This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全国Ⅱ)
5.I’m a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国Ⅲ)
6.Built by Emperor Qin Shihuang as a defence against the (enemy) from the North,today,it is China’s symbol to the rest of the world.
7.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years,while rice has increased only 7 percent.(2018全国Ⅱ)
8.I’m walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic.Unexpectedly,I’m face-to-face with the gorilla,who begins screaming at top of her lungs.(2018全国Ⅲ)
9.It is great pleasure for me to give a speech on nature of human beings.
10.Today the Internet is playing important and essential role in our life.
答案及剖析:
1.activities 本题考查名词单复数。various表示“各种各样的”,修饰可数名词复数。
2.the 考查定冠词。每个学生都穿同样款式的衣服。固定表达the same表示“相同的”。
3.causes 根据句意“每天仅仅跑5—10分钟就能降低所有因素导致的心脏病和早逝的风险”以及all可知,cause用复数形式。
4.pollution 此处作decrease的宾语,应填名词pollution。
5.scientist 此处介绍“我”的身份是一位科学家。因此应填scientist。
6.enemies 考查名词复数。enemy是一个可数名词,此处应用复数。
7.the 此处特指过去的25年。
8.the at the top of one’s lungs是固定短语,意为“用尽量大的声音”,因此填定冠词the。
9.a;the 句意:我很高兴作一个关于人类本质的演讲。第一个空a pleasure,抽象名词具体化,必须加a,第二个空the nature of human beings指人类本质,用the。
10.an 句意:今天因特网在我们生活中起着重要的而又必不可少的作用。
Ⅱ.语法填空
It was 1. very cold afternoon.I was on the bus with my children when it started to rain.
Although my house was only two 2. (block) away,it was not a pleasant walk with two little 3. (child).A truck passed us.I tried to get a ride but failed.My little boy began to cry.I was convinced that 4. (thing) might become worse and nobody would help us on such 5. terrible day.
A few 6. (minute) later,another truck drove by,but to my surprise,I saw it pulling back and the 7. (drive) looking directly at us.
A young man put the window down.“Hey,here’s 8. umbrella for you,please take it.” He called out.I stood there,feeling very surprised.“Come on,give this to your mummy,” he said to my older son.I accepted the offer and expressed my 9. (thank) to him.
This man might have needed 10. umbrella for himself later during the day,but he gave it to me.It was a lesson to me that it’s possible to give without expecting anything in return.
语篇解读:本篇讲述了一个温情故事:世间还是有不需要回报的给予。
答案及剖析:
1.a 考查冠词。此处表示泛指的某一天。
2.blocks 考查名词复数。block前有数词two,后接可数名词复数。
3.children 考查不规则名词复数。
4.things 考查名词复数。thing为可数名词,前面无修饰词修饰,要用其复数形式。
5.a 考查冠词。day为可数名词,此处泛指“糟糕的一天”,故填不定冠词a。
6.minutes 考查名词复数。a few修饰可数名词复数。
7.driver 考查名词构词法。
8.an 考查冠词。泛指的可数名词单数前用不定冠词。名词umbrella以元音音素开头,故用an。
9.thanks 考查名词复数。短语express one’s thanks to...“向某人表达感激之情”。
10.the 考查冠词。名词umbrella第二次出现,为特指。
