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2020江苏高考英语二轮讲义：专题三阅读理解第二讲 做出推理和判断——推理判断题
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第二讲 做出推理和判断——推理判断题[学生用书P71]
推理判断题是历年高考英语阅读理解的命题集中点，包括推理和判断两个方面，属于深层理解题。近几年高考对推理判断题的考查量仅次于细节理解题，可见此类题目的重要程度。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。
高考江苏卷推理判断题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。
(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。
2019
3
2018
6
2017
3
[学生用书P71]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式：
(1)We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ________．
(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that ________．
(3)It can be concluded from the passage that ________．
(4)The main purpose of the passage is ________．
(5)Where does this passage probably come from?
(6)What’s the author’s attitude towards...?
(7)The writer developed the passage/his main idea by ________．
(8)The first/last paragraph serves as a(n) ________．
Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、目标读者。
推断隐含意义题——逻辑分析得结论
推断隐含意义题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合情合理的推理和判断，即考生不仅需要读懂原文，而且还要理解作者的弦外之音。其涉及的内容可能是文中某一句或某几句话，但做题的指导思想都要以文中提供的信息为依据。
常见的设问方式：
◆It can be inferred from the text that ________．
◆It can be concluded from the passage that ________．
◆The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．
◆What can we infer about...?
◆Which of the following statements does the passage support?
◆What does the...paragraph imply?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
26．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ________．
A．help students see their own strengths
B．assess students’ public speaking skills
C．prepare students for their future jobs
D．inspire students’ love for politics
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
infer_that_the_purpose_of_Whaley’s_project
第二步 定位到原文信息句，并找出体现观点态度的关键句
Whaley_says_the_project_is_about_more_than_just_learning_to_read_and_speak_in_public._He_wants_these_kids_to_learn_to_boast(夸耀)_about_themselves._
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。
自主解答：A
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息。
第二步 在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。
写作意图题——文体特点看意图
通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。
常见的设问方式：
◆What is the main purpose of the text?
◆What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage?
◆For what purpose did the author write the passage?
◆The writer writes this passage in order to ________．
[典例] (2018·浙江卷6月·A)In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steampowered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
第一步 确定题干中关键信息
purpose
第二步 速读文章，试找出相关的关键句
But_as_the_200th_anniversary_of_his_birth_approaches,_it_is_possible—and_important_for_our_own_culture—to_understand_how_he_made_himself_a_lasting_one._
第三步 与选项进行对比得出答案
根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。
自主解答：A
写作意图通常有以下三种：
1．to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。
2．to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。
3．to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe常见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议类的文章。
观点态度题——依据措辞定态度
高考英语阅读理解对观点态度类的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题量较多。这对考生对文章的主旨大意和细节的理解提出了更高的要求，考生要利用多种阅读理解的技巧来仔细确定提干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案。
常见的设问方式：
◆How does the author feel about...?
◆What does the author think of...?
◆What is the author’s opinion on/about...?
◆What is the author’s attitude towards/to...?
◆How does the author sound in...paragraph?
◆How does the author sound when telling the story?
◆The author thinks...is ________．
◆The author’s attitude towards...can be described as ________.
[典例] (2018·北京卷·D片段)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars...
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
50．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self－driving cars?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive.
C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
the_author’s_attitude_to_the_future_of_selfdriving_cars
第二步 定位到原文信息句，并找出进行推断的关键句
首段中的Well,_the_future_is_apparently_now.和尾段中的The_car_of_the_future_is_coming._We_just_have_to_plan_for_it.
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
无人驾驶汽车的时代马上到来，准备好迎接它吧。由此推断作者对无人驾驶汽车的发展持积极乐观的态度。
自主解答：B
1．注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。
2．牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。
(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。
(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。
文章出处或读者对象题——语言特色推
出处或读者对象
文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处和类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。
常见的设问方式：
◆From which is the text probably taken?
◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found?
◆The passage is probably taken out of ________．
◆Where would the passage most probably appear?
◆The passage is probably intended for ________．
◆The text is written mainly for ________．
◆Who are the intended readers of the passage?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
31．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A diary. B．A guidebook.
C．A novel. D．A magazine.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
likely_from
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息
Researchers_from_Georgia_Tech_say_that_they_have_come_up_with_a_lowcost_device(装置)_that_gets_around_this_problem：a_smart_keyboard._
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及关键词researchers，lowcost_device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。
自主解答：D
从文章的内容或结构判断其出处：
1．报纸：前面常会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2．广告：格式特殊，容易辨认。
3．产品说明：常含有操作方式、使用方法等。
4．网页：常含有网页的典型用语，如click等。
[学生用书P74]
(2019·江苏卷·C)Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “postindustrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业), with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on crossborder flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our undervaluation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
【解题导语】 对新科技作用的误判可能会误导人们对已有的技术的认识和使用，影响对社会的认知。
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用。故选D。
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。
63．What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B．Believing that the world has become borderless.
C．Ignoring the power of economic development.
D．Overemphasizing the role of international communication.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，人们认为我们生活在一个“无国界的世界”，由此许多政府取消了一些必要的规则。故选B。
64．What can we learn from the passage?
A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.
B 解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段中的“However, our fascination...wrong directions.”可知，我们对最新技术的入迷，和对已经普遍存在的技术作用的低估会将我们引向错误的方向，即传统的技术在当今仍有着重要的作用。故选B。
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推理判断题
1．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳答案。
3．以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。
[学生用书P75]
A
(2019·镇江高三期末考试)A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land than on Arctic sea ice.
More than 2，000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild. The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat(栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food.
Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik, but villagers started noticing a change in the mid1990s. More bears seemed to stay on land, and researchers began taking note of more female bears making homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies. U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s. As more attention was given to the plight(困境) of polar bears about a decade ago, more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.
“The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011，” said Jennifer Reed, of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. “Today we’re talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors, many from around the world each year，” Reed said. Most tourists visit in the fall, when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the shore. Bruce Inglangasak, a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlifeviewing tours, said he’s been offering polar bear tours since 2004. Most of his clients(客户) are from China and Europe, as well as from the lower 48 U．S. states. Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels. The villagers have benefited a lot from that. In turn, they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。气候变暖导致海冰融化，北极熊登陆，为阿拉斯加的一个小村庄带来了巨大的人气，促进了当地旅游业发展，当地人又用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供积极的保护。
1．What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik?
A．Food shortage.
B．Climate change.
C．Habitats’ movement to shore.
D．Their preference for land.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat(栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food.”可知，全球变暖加速了海冰融化，破坏了北极熊原本的栖息地，越来越多的北极熊待在陆地上以寻找食物。故选B。
2．How did common people feel about more sight of bears on land?
A．Excited. B．Puzzled.
C．Concerned. D．Shocked.
C 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段的内容可知，随着越来越多的北极熊出现在陆地上，研究人员、生物学家等也越来越多地关注北极熊所处的这一困境，随后，更多游客前往Kaktovik。由此可推知，大众对更多北极熊登陆现象表示关注。故选C。
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Hotels in Kaktovik are in demand in autumn.
B．Kaktovik has about 50 visitors annually.
C．Inglangasak makes a living as a tour guide.
D．Tourism affects the balance of nature.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Most tourists visit in the fall”及“Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels.”可知，大多数游客会选择在秋季去Kaktovik游览，而且很多游客会在这个小村庄待上几天，而这个小村庄只有两个小旅馆，故可推知在秋季，Kaktovik的旅馆很抢手。故选A。
4．Which saying can describe the text?
A．The fittest can survive.
B．After a storm comes a calm.
C．There is always opportunity in crisis.
D．Every coin has two sides.
D 解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，因为全球气候变暖，北极熊被迫登陆来寻找食物以生存下去，这本来是北极熊的困境，然而北极熊登陆却促进了一个小村庄旅游业的发展，这对小村庄来说是一个机遇，同时，村民又利用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供更多保护。因此D项“事物都有两面性”符合语境。故选D。
B
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Those who want to learn a foreign language, or want their children to, often feel they are racing against the clock. People seem to get worse at languages as they age. Children often learn their first language without any instruction, and can easily become multilingual with the right exposure. But the older people get, the harder it seems to be. Witness the rough edges on the grammar of many immigrants even after many years in their new countries.
Scientists mostly agree that children are better language learners, but do not know why. Some posit(认定) biological factors. Is it because young brains have an extreme kind of plasticity? Or, as Steven Pinker, a Harvard psychologist, argues, an instinct for language learning specifically, which fades as the brain ages and (in evolutionary terms) is no longer needed? Others think children have special environments and encouragements, not more intelligent brains. They have strong motivation to communicate with caregivers and imitate peers, and are not afraid of making mistakes in the way adults are.
Some believe any “critical period” may only apply to the sounds of a foreign tongue. Adults struggle with accents: eight decades after immigrating to America and four years after serving as the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger still sounds fresh off the boat from Fürth—in what is nevertheless elaborately accurate English.
But grammar is different, and some researchers have considered that with their greater reasoning powers, adults_are_not_really_a_underdog_relative_to_children. One study found that when adults and children are exposed to the same teaching materials for a new language for several months, the adults actually do better. Most such research has had to rely on a small number of subjects, given the difficulty of recruiting them; it is hard to know how meaningful the results are.
Now a large new study led by Joshua Hartshorne of Boston College (with Mr. Pinker and Joshua Tenenbaum as coauthors) has given strength to the critical period hypothesis(假说). The study ingeniously recruited 670，000 online testtakers by framing the exercise as a quiz that would guess the participants’ native language or dialect. This made it a viral hit. The real point was to test English learners’ knowledge of tricky bits of grammar, and to see how this correlates with the age at which their studies began.
Do younger beginners do better because their earlier start gave them more learning time, or because they learned faster in early years? It can be hard to tease apart these two questions. But testing a huge amount of data against a number of possible learning curves allowed Mr. Hartshorne to do precisely that. Many previous researchers had posited a dropoff at around puberty(青春期). The new study found it to be rather later, just after 17.
Despite that later cutoff, learners must begin at around ten if they are to get to nearnative fluency. If they start at, say, 14, they cannot accumulate enough expert knowledge in the critical period. Unfortunately, 14 or so is precisely when many students, especially in America, are first introduced to a new language. (Even worse, this is an age when children are acutely sensitive to embarrassment in front of peers.)
Children who start at five don’t do noticeably better than those who start at ten over their lifetimes. But there is still reason to begin in the first years of school, as in Denmark and Sweden. Because mastery takes a long time—perhaps 30 years until improvement stops—those who begin at five and are forced to read and write English at university will by then have made much more progress than those who take the plunge(作出决定) at ten, even if their level is roughly the same by 40.
The existence of the critical period is not a reason for anyone 11 or older to give up. Some people remain excellent language students into adulthood. And Mr. Hartshorne tested some truly subtle features of grammar that take years to master. A language learned even to a lower level can still be extraordinarily useful at work or enjoyable during travelling. But for policymakers, the possible effect is clear.
【解题导语】 本文探讨的是关于语言学习“关键期”的问题。
5．According to the scientists, which cannot explain children’s being better language learners?
A．Pleasant surroundings.
B．Powerful motivation.
C．Biological factors.
D．Proper instruction.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some posit(认定) biological factors...needed”“children have special environments and encouragements”“They have strong motivation to communicate with caregivers and imitate peers...mistakes”可知，在科学家们看来，儿童能成为更好的语言学习者的原因可能是生理因素(他们大脑的可塑性和语言学习的本能更好)、环境因素(儿童能享有更好的语言学习环境和语言刺激)、自身因素(儿童有很强的与他人交流和模仿同龄人的积极性，并且不害怕犯错误)。故选D。
6．Why is Henry Kissinger mentioned?
A．To stress his great achievement in language.
B．To prove adults have difficulty improving accents.
C．To explain language is not a barrier to one’s success.
D．To show the importance of mastering a foreign language.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中所举的基辛格的例子及“Adults struggle with accents”可知，此处主要是在突出语言学习中，成人在改善口音上有困难。由此可知，提及基辛格就是为了说明这一问题。故选B。
7．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Adults are better at logical thinking than children.
B．Adults help a lot with children’s language learning.
C．Adults are not really at a disadvantage compared to children.
D．Adults have more trouble learning grammar than children.
C 解析：句意理解题。根据第四段中的“with their greater reasoning powers”“when adults and children are exposed to the same teaching materials for a new language for several months, the adults actually do better”可知，成人的推理能力比儿童的好，同样的时间内学习同样的语法知识，成人的学习效果要比儿童的好。由此可知，画线句的意思是“与儿童相比，成人不一定就处于劣势”。故选C。
8．Which statement may Mr. Hartshorne agree with?
A．Age 14 is a turning point for foreign language learners.
B．A dropoff in learning results appears after the age of 17.
C．The critical period is of vital importance in grammar learning.
D．The critical period for language learning varies from person to person.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Many previous researchers...The new study found it to be rather later, just after 17.”可知，Mr. Hartshorne主导的新研究发现，语言学习效果的下降出现在17岁之后，较之前研究者认为的出现在约青春期时要稍晚些。故选B。
9．What’s the main theme of the passage?
A．It’s never too late to begin to learn a foreign language.
B．You should start learning early to master a new language.
C．Language learning should start at the beginning of school.
D．Longer learning periods lead to nativelike language fluency.
B 解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是倒数第三段中的“learners must begin at around ten if they are to get to nearnative fluency”和倒数第二段中的“there is still reason to begin in the first years of school”等信息可知，语言学习“关键期”的说法有其合理性，而要达到与当地人接近的流利程度，就应该早接触，早学习。故选B。
10．What may be discussed in the following paragraph?
A．The impact the critical period has on policymakers.
B．The application of the critical period to policymaking.
C．The importance of the critical period in policymaking.
D．The attitude policymakers hold towards the critical period.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But for policymakers, the possible effect is clear.”可知，文章接下来可能会涉及语言学习“关键期”对政策制定者有什么样的影响。故选A。
推理判断题[学生用书P145(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·南京四校联考)I’ve been a volunteer in the Macmillan @ Glasgow Libraries programme for just over a year. I got involved because I was looking for something to volunteer for after I retired from work. I thought being a Macmillan Cancer Information and Support Volunteer might be a good way to do that by using some of the skills I learned at work.
At one time, I felt I made a real difference when a lady came in to use the service. She was very upset, but she was not the person with cancer. It was her partner. She had lots of things on her mind. We, together with a counselor, had a chat about her to help deal with all the emotions(情感) she felt. We knew we could arrange something, so we discussed with her what could be done for her family. She was relieved that we could get something arranged for her and liked the fact that we managed to get the ball rolling during her visit.
The good thing about having the services in the library is that the environment is nonclinical and therefore more relaxing than the hospital or doctor’s surgery. The team in the library are not medically trained. That means we do not use big words or medical terms very often.
It’s great that the people who volunteer all work well together, helping each other to get a resolution(解决) for people who come in. It’s good to have the team at the other end of the phone whenever we get something unusual. It is a pleasure to be able to help as a volunteer.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在本文中记叙了自己作为一名志愿者的经历。作者退休后，利用自己的技能去帮助那些需要帮助的人，并从中得到了快乐。
1．What can we infer about the author?
A．He is a retired doctor.
B．He is volunteering in a hospital.
C．He is a counselor in cancer.
D．He has fought against cancer before.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者现在已经退休，而且有医学方面的技能；结合第三段的内容，可以推测出作者是一名退休医生。
2．Why did the lady feel upset?
A．Because she was affected by cancer.
B．Because her husband suffered from cancer.
C．Because she didn’t know how to treat cancer.
D．Because she had a poor relation with her husband.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She was very upset, but she was not the person with cancer. It was her partner.”和“we discussed with her what could be done for her family”可知，这位女士的丈夫得了癌症。注意：此处的“partner”表示“配偶”。
3．What do we know about the volunteers?
A．They do well in teamwork.
B．They receive medical training.
C．They all used to be helped.
D．They often meet unusual things.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的首句“It’s great that the people who volunteer all work well together, helping each other to get a resolution(解决) for people who come in.”可知，所有的志愿者都能很好地共同工作，彼此帮助，为来求助的人提供好的解决方案。由此推知，他们具有很强的团队意识，善于团队合作。
4．Why does the author write this text?
A．To call on readers to do voluntary work.
B．To show us how to help those in trouble.
C．To share his experiences as a volunteer.
D．To teach us how to take care of cancer patients.
C 解析：写作意图题。综合全文内容可知，本文主要讲述的是作者的志愿者经历。因此，作者写作的目的也就是要分享他作为志愿者的经历。
B
A woman grasped her phone to her heart the way a minister might hold a Bible. She was anxious to take a picture of a bunch of flowers that sat not 10 feet away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others pushing to do the same. The cause of this was Bouquets to Art, one of the most popular annual events at the de Young Museum in San Francisco. For the 34th year, artists were asked to create flower bunches that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. It’s time to take a photo to post on Instagram, but to the point that it has become a problem.
In recent years, the de Young received more than a thousand complaints from people who felt that cell phones had ruined their experience. In fact, institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their visitors. So the de Young responded with a kind of compromise: carving out “photo free” hours during the exhibition’s sixday run.
One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them. A recent study in the journal Psychological Science suggests there is some truth to this; it found that people who took photos of an exhibit rather than simply observing it had a harder time remembering what they saw. But the issue is complicated for the professionals running museums. Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be “a phototaking playland”. Yet a lot of other people do, and she thinks that the de Young is in no position to judge that one motivation for buying a $28 ticket is more valid than another. “If we removed social media and photography，” she says, “we would risk becoming less popular.” If this is a battle, signs indicate that the prophone crowd(亲手机人群) has already won.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍de Young博物馆收到了很多关于在展馆内拍照的投诉，对此博物馆管理方作出回应，最终采取了一个折中的办法，即在展期内抽出“自由拍照”时间。
5．What were the crowd eager to do in paragraph 1?
A．To hold a Bible.
B．To admire flowers.
C．To take a photo.
D．To see the exhibition.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“She was anxious to take a picture of a bunch of flowers that sat not 10 feet away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others pushing to do the same.”可推知，人们都在忙于拍照。故正确答案为C。
6．How did the de Young respond to the complaints?
A．By setting periods without phototaking.
B．By making the exhibition free of charge.
C．By compromising with other institutions.
D．By giving extra time to take photos freely.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“So the de Young responded with a kind of compromise: carving out ‘photo free’ hours during the exhibition’s sixday run.”可知，管理方规定在特定时间内不许拍照。故正确答案为A。
7．What can we infer about the use of social media in museums according to the recent study?
A．It uncovers the truth.
B．It accumulates evidence.
C．It causes complaints.
D．It plays a negative role.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them.”及语境可推知，最近研究表明，在博物馆中使用社交媒介起到了负面作用。故正确答案为D。
8．Which of the following may Linda Butler support?
A．Catering to visitors.
B．Reducing admission prices.
C．Reserving judgement in public.
D．Banning social media and photography.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句“‘If we removed social media and photography，’ she says, ‘we would risk becoming less popular.’”可推知，Linda Butler支持迎合游客的做法。故正确答案为A。
[长难句分析] One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them.(第三段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。that引导表语从句；because引导原因状语从句。
译文：在关于社交媒介对博物馆文化产生的影响的持续争论中，一个普遍的抱怨是人们似乎忽略了这种艺术体验，因为他们忙于收集(他们来过的)证据。
C
Technology offers conveniences such as opening the garage door from your car or changing the television station without touching the TV.
Now one American company is offering its employees a new convenience: a microchip implanted in their hands. Employees who have these chips can do all kinds of things just by waving their hands. Three Square Market is offering to implant microchips in all of their employees for free. Each chip costs $300 and Three Square Market will pay for the chip. Employees can volunteer to have the chips implanted in their hands. About 70 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so. The president of the company, his wife and their children are also getting chips implanted in their hands.
The chip is about the size of a grain of rice. Implanting the chip only takes about a second and is said to hurt only very briefly. The chips go under the skin between the thumb and forefinger. With a chip in the hand, a person can enter the office building, buy food, sign into computers and more, simply by waving that hand near a scanner. The chips will be also used to identify employees. Employees who want convenience, but do not want to have a microchip implanted under their skin, can wear a wristband or a ring with a chip instead. They can perform the same tasks with a wave of their hands as if they had an implanted chip.
Three Square Market is the first company in the United States to offer to implant chips in its employees. Epicenter, a company in Sweden, has been implanting chips in its employees for a while.
Three Square Market says the chip cannot track the employees. The company says scanners can read the chips only when they are within a few inches of them. “The chips protect against identity theft, similar to credit cards.” The U．S. Food and Drug Administration approved the chips back in 2004, so they should be safe for humans, according to the company.
In the future, people with the chips may be able to do more with them, even outside the office. Todd Westby is Chief Executive Officer of Three Square Market. He says, “Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国一家公司通过给员工手里植入一种芯片的方式来提高员工的工作效率，还介绍了该芯片的有关情况以及人们对它的看法。
9．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The substitutes of the chips.
B．The potential risks of implanting the chips.
C．The places to implant the chips.
D．The advantages of the chips.
D 解析：段落大意题。通读本段可知，本段主要介绍了植入芯片后的好处，如方便购物、识别员工身份等。故D项正确。
10．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A．The hands. B．The scanners.
C．The employees. D．The credit cards.
B 解析：代词指代题。根据第五段中的“the chip cannot track the employees. The company says scanners can read the chips only when they are within a few inches of them．”可知，芯片不能跟踪员工，但当芯片在距离扫描仪几英寸之内时，扫描仪就能读取芯片的信息。由此可推知，画线词指代扫描仪。故B项正确。
11．What can we infer from the passage?
A．The chips have magic powers.
B．The price of the chips is reasonable.
C．The chips are very popular among the employees.
D．Most people suspect the application of the chips.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句“About 70 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so.”可推知，该芯片很受员工的欢迎。故C项正确。
12．Which of the following best describes Todd Westby’s attitude towards the chips?
A．Defensive. B．Disappointing.
C．Casual. D．Optimistic.
D 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段第三句“He says, ‘Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.’”可知，Todd Westby 认为芯片技术将最终将成为你生活中的好帮手。由此可推知，他对芯片的态度非常乐观。故D项正确。
[长难句分析] Employees who want convenience, but do not want to have a microchip implanted under their skin, can wear a wristband or a ring with a chip instead.(第三段倒数第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词Employees。
译文：想要方便，但又不想在皮肤下植入芯片的员工，可以戴上带有芯片的腕带或戒指。
第二讲 做出推理和判断——推理判断题[学生用书P71]
推理判断题是历年高考英语阅读理解的命题集中点，包括推理和判断两个方面，属于深层理解题。近几年高考对推理判断题的考查量仅次于细节理解题，可见此类题目的重要程度。高考对推理判断题的考查形式包括以下几种：推断隐含意义、推断目的意图、推断文章出处或读者对象、推断观点态度。
高考江苏卷推理判断题题量统计
考纲解读
年份
个数
(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意思的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的推理和判断，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。
(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意思的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。
2019
3
2018
6
2017
3
[学生用书P71]
【考查特点】
Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式：
(1)We can infer from the (first/last) passage that ________．
(2)The passage/author implies/suggests that ________．
(3)It can be concluded from the passage that ________．
(4)The main purpose of the passage is ________．
(5)Where does this passage probably come from?
(6)What’s the author’s attitude towards...?
(7)The writer developed the passage/his main idea by ________．
(8)The first/last paragraph serves as a(n) ________．
Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、目标读者。
推断隐含意义题——逻辑分析得结论
推断隐含意义题要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出合情合理的推理和判断，即考生不仅需要读懂原文，而且还要理解作者的弦外之音。其涉及的内容可能是文中某一句或某几句话，但做题的指导思想都要以文中提供的信息为依据。
常见的设问方式：
◆It can be inferred from the text that ________．
◆It can be concluded from the passage that ________．
◆The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that ________．
◆What can we infer about...?
◆Which of the following statements does the passage support?
◆What does the...paragraph imply?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)Whaley got the idea of this secondgrade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
26．We can infer that the purpose of Whaley’s project is to ________．
A．help students see their own strengths
B．assess students’ public speaking skills
C．prepare students for their future jobs
D．inspire students’ love for politics
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
infer_that_the_purpose_of_Whaley’s_project
第二步 定位到原文信息句，并找出体现观点态度的关键句
Whaley_says_the_project_is_about_more_than_just_learning_to_read_and_speak_in_public._He_wants_these_kids_to_learn_to_boast(夸耀)_about_themselves._
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
Whaley创办这个项目的目的不仅仅是让学生学会阅读和在公共场合演讲，更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。
自主解答：A
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息。
第二步 在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围，立足原文，再结合语境和生活常识进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。
写作意图题——文体特点看意图
通常情况下，作者在文中不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文中所列事物使读者感受到其所传递的想法。所以，这种题型要求考生具备对作者阐述的内容进行总结和分析的能力。
常见的设问方式：
◆What is the main purpose of the text?
◆What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
◆What is the purpose/intention of the author in writing this passage?
◆For what purpose did the author write the passage?
◆The writer writes this passage in order to ________．
[典例] (2018·浙江卷6月·A)In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century—most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719—but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steampowered printing press was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad.
In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens’ greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from the pantheon(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.
How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60，000 novels were published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a halfdozen of them. It’s partly true that Dickens’ style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. It’s partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But it’s also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
23．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
第一步 确定题干中关键信息
purpose
第二步 速读文章，试找出相关的关键句
But_as_the_200th_anniversary_of_his_birth_approaches,_it_is_possible—and_important_for_our_own_culture—to_understand_how_he_made_himself_a_lasting_one._
第三步 与选项进行对比得出答案
根据文中对查尔斯·狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯·狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯·狄更斯这位伟大的作家。
自主解答：A
写作意图通常有以下三种：
1．to entertain readers/to tell an experience常见于记叙文、个人经历或故事类的文章。
2．to persuade readers/to sell a product or a service/to attract readers or visitors常见于广告。
3．to inform readers/to report/to tell/to describe常见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会生活类的文章，以及劝告类或建议类的文章。
观点态度题——依据措辞定态度
高考英语阅读理解对观点态度类的设题越来越灵活，题目难度也有所增加，考查作者对文中人、事、物或内容的观点或态度的题量较多。这对考生对文章的主旨大意和细节的理解提出了更高的要求，考生要利用多种阅读理解的技巧来仔细确定提干的关键信息，借此定位文中的原句并准确推断出答案。
常见的设问方式：
◆How does the author feel about...?
◆What does the author think of...?
◆What is the author’s opinion on/about...?
◆What is the author’s attitude towards/to...?
◆How does the author sound in...paragraph?
◆How does the author sound when telling the story?
◆The author thinks...is ________．
◆The author’s attitude towards...can be described as ________.
[典例] (2018·北京卷·D片段)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of selfdriving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly selfdriving cars...
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the carcontrolled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
50．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self－driving cars?
A．Doubtful. B．Positive.
C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
the_author’s_attitude_to_the_future_of_selfdriving_cars
第二步 定位到原文信息句，并找出进行推断的关键句
首段中的Well,_the_future_is_apparently_now.和尾段中的The_car_of_the_future_is_coming._We_just_have_to_plan_for_it.
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
无人驾驶汽车的时代马上到来，准备好迎接它吧。由此推断作者对无人驾驶汽车的发展持积极乐观的态度。
自主解答：B
1．注意作者或文中人物的措辞：文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。
2．牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定：positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的；optimistic乐观的；humorous幽默的；enthusiastic热情的；pleasant愉快的。
(2)表示中立：indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；uninterested不感兴趣的；objective客观的；neutral中立的；not mentioned未提及的。
(3)表示反对或否定：disgusted憎恶的，厌恶的；critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；suspicious/skeptical怀疑的；disappointed失望的；disapproving不赞成的。
文章出处或读者对象题——语言特色推
出处或读者对象
文章来源题要求考生具备一定的常识，能够根据文章的体裁和题材来推断文章的出处和类别。读者对象推断题要求考生根据短文内容和文中的措辞推断文章的读者对象，即作者预定的读者对象是什么人。
常见的设问方式：
◆From which is the text probably taken?
◆In which of the following would this passage most likely be found?
◆The passage is probably taken out of ________．
◆Where would the passage most probably appear?
◆The passage is probably intended for ________．
◆The text is written mainly for ________．
◆Who are the intended readers of the passage?
[典例] (2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private espaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
31．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A diary. B．A guidebook.
C．A novel. D．A magazine.
第一步 确定题干中的关键信息
likely_from
第二步 定位到原文，寻找相关信息
Researchers_from_Georgia_Tech_say_that_they_have_come_up_with_a_lowcost_device(装置)_that_gets_around_this_problem：a_smart_keyboard._
第三步 进行合理推断得出答案
根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及关键词researchers，lowcost_device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道。科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。
自主解答：D
从文章的内容或结构判断其出处：
1．报纸：前面常会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
2．广告：格式特殊，容易辨认。
3．产品说明：常含有操作方式、使用方法等。
4．网页：常含有网页的典型用语，如click等。
[学生用书P74]
(2019·江苏卷·C)Who cares if people think wrongly that the internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people’s opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution represented by the internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so “yesterday” that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in “postindustrial society” has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业), with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the “digital divide” between the rich countries and the poor countries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved people’s lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative longterm costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a “borderless world”. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on crossborder flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our undervaluation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
【解题导语】 对新科技作用的误判可能会误导人们对已有的技术的认识和使用，影响对社会的认知。
61．Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to ________．
A．a lack of confidence in technology
B．a slow progress in technology
C．a conflict or public opinions
D．a waste of limited resources
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“However，they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.”可知，对新技术影响的误判导致了对稀缺资源的误用。故选D。
62．The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should ________.
A．take people’s essential needs into account
B．make their programmes attractive to people
C．ensure that each child gets financial support
D．provide more affordable internet facilities
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The question，however，is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and...in rural villages”可知，作者想通过事例说明捐赠者应该考虑人们的基本需求，而不要片面地认为有了高科技产品，受赠者的生活水平就会产生巨大飞跃。故选A。
63．What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A．Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B．Believing that the world has become borderless.
C．Ignoring the power of economic development.
D．Overemphasizing the role of international communication.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段可知，随着通信和交通运输技术的发展，人们认为我们生活在一个“无国界的世界”，由此许多政府取消了一些必要的规则。故选B。
64．What can we learn from the passage?
A．People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B．Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C．Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D．Economic policies should follow technological trends.
B 解析：推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章最后一段中的“However, our fascination...wrong directions.”可知，我们对最新技术的入迷，和对已经普遍存在的技术作用的低估会将我们引向错误的方向，即传统的技术在当今仍有着重要的作用。故选B。
一“抓”一“整”找“依据”，巧做推理判断题
1．抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即用某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正向推理。
2．整合全文(段)信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳答案。
3．以事实为依据：推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。
[学生用书P75]
A
(2019·镇江高三期末考试)A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land than on Arctic sea ice.
More than 2，000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild. The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat(栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food.
Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik, but villagers started noticing a change in the mid1990s. More bears seemed to stay on land, and researchers began taking note of more female bears making homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies. U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s. As more attention was given to the plight(困境) of polar bears about a decade ago, more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.
“The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011，” said Jennifer Reed, of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. “Today we’re talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors, many from around the world each year，” Reed said. Most tourists visit in the fall, when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the shore. Bruce Inglangasak, a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlifeviewing tours, said he’s been offering polar bear tours since 2004. Most of his clients(客户) are from China and Europe, as well as from the lower 48 U．S. states. Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels. The villagers have benefited a lot from that. In turn, they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。气候变暖导致海冰融化，北极熊登陆，为阿拉斯加的一个小村庄带来了巨大的人气，促进了当地旅游业发展，当地人又用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供积极的保护。
1．What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik?
A．Food shortage.
B．Climate change.
C．Habitats’ movement to shore.
D．Their preference for land.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat(栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food.”可知，全球变暖加速了海冰融化，破坏了北极熊原本的栖息地，越来越多的北极熊待在陆地上以寻找食物。故选B。
2．How did common people feel about more sight of bears on land?
A．Excited. B．Puzzled.
C．Concerned. D．Shocked.
C 解析：观点态度题。根据第三段的内容可知，随着越来越多的北极熊出现在陆地上，研究人员、生物学家等也越来越多地关注北极熊所处的这一困境，随后，更多游客前往Kaktovik。由此可推知，大众对更多北极熊登陆现象表示关注。故选C。
3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Hotels in Kaktovik are in demand in autumn.
B．Kaktovik has about 50 visitors annually.
C．Inglangasak makes a living as a tour guide.
D．Tourism affects the balance of nature.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Most tourists visit in the fall”及“Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels.”可知，大多数游客会选择在秋季去Kaktovik游览，而且很多游客会在这个小村庄待上几天，而这个小村庄只有两个小旅馆，故可推知在秋季，Kaktovik的旅馆很抢手。故选A。
4．Which saying can describe the text?
A．The fittest can survive.
B．After a storm comes a calm.
C．There is always opportunity in crisis.
D．Every coin has two sides.
D 解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，因为全球气候变暖，北极熊被迫登陆来寻找食物以生存下去，这本来是北极熊的困境，然而北极熊登陆却促进了一个小村庄旅游业的发展，这对小村庄来说是一个机遇，同时，村民又利用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供更多保护。因此D项“事物都有两面性”符合语境。故选D。
B
(2019·江苏名校高三摸底)Those who want to learn a foreign language, or want their children to, often feel they are racing against the clock. People seem to get worse at languages as they age. Children often learn their first language without any instruction, and can easily become multilingual with the right exposure. But the older people get, the harder it seems to be. Witness the rough edges on the grammar of many immigrants even after many years in their new countries.
Scientists mostly agree that children are better language learners, but do not know why. Some posit(认定) biological factors. Is it because young brains have an extreme kind of plasticity? Or, as Steven Pinker, a Harvard psychologist, argues, an instinct for language learning specifically, which fades as the brain ages and (in evolutionary terms) is no longer needed? Others think children have special environments and encouragements, not more intelligent brains. They have strong motivation to communicate with caregivers and imitate peers, and are not afraid of making mistakes in the way adults are.
Some believe any “critical period” may only apply to the sounds of a foreign tongue. Adults struggle with accents: eight decades after immigrating to America and four years after serving as the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger still sounds fresh off the boat from Fürth—in what is nevertheless elaborately accurate English.
But grammar is different, and some researchers have considered that with their greater reasoning powers, adults_are_not_really_a_underdog_relative_to_children. One study found that when adults and children are exposed to the same teaching materials for a new language for several months, the adults actually do better. Most such research has had to rely on a small number of subjects, given the difficulty of recruiting them; it is hard to know how meaningful the results are.
Now a large new study led by Joshua Hartshorne of Boston College (with Mr. Pinker and Joshua Tenenbaum as coauthors) has given strength to the critical period hypothesis(假说). The study ingeniously recruited 670，000 online testtakers by framing the exercise as a quiz that would guess the participants’ native language or dialect. This made it a viral hit. The real point was to test English learners’ knowledge of tricky bits of grammar, and to see how this correlates with the age at which their studies began.
Do younger beginners do better because their earlier start gave them more learning time, or because they learned faster in early years? It can be hard to tease apart these two questions. But testing a huge amount of data against a number of possible learning curves allowed Mr. Hartshorne to do precisely that. Many previous researchers had posited a dropoff at around puberty(青春期). The new study found it to be rather later, just after 17.
Despite that later cutoff, learners must begin at around ten if they are to get to nearnative fluency. If they start at, say, 14, they cannot accumulate enough expert knowledge in the critical period. Unfortunately, 14 or so is precisely when many students, especially in America, are first introduced to a new language. (Even worse, this is an age when children are acutely sensitive to embarrassment in front of peers.)
Children who start at five don’t do noticeably better than those who start at ten over their lifetimes. But there is still reason to begin in the first years of school, as in Denmark and Sweden. Because mastery takes a long time—perhaps 30 years until improvement stops—those who begin at five and are forced to read and write English at university will by then have made much more progress than those who take the plunge(作出决定) at ten, even if their level is roughly the same by 40.
The existence of the critical period is not a reason for anyone 11 or older to give up. Some people remain excellent language students into adulthood. And Mr. Hartshorne tested some truly subtle features of grammar that take years to master. A language learned even to a lower level can still be extraordinarily useful at work or enjoyable during travelling. But for policymakers, the possible effect is clear.
【解题导语】 本文探讨的是关于语言学习“关键期”的问题。
5．According to the scientists, which cannot explain children’s being better language learners?
A．Pleasant surroundings.
B．Powerful motivation.
C．Biological factors.
D．Proper instruction.
D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some posit(认定) biological factors...needed”“children have special environments and encouragements”“They have strong motivation to communicate with caregivers and imitate peers...mistakes”可知，在科学家们看来，儿童能成为更好的语言学习者的原因可能是生理因素(他们大脑的可塑性和语言学习的本能更好)、环境因素(儿童能享有更好的语言学习环境和语言刺激)、自身因素(儿童有很强的与他人交流和模仿同龄人的积极性，并且不害怕犯错误)。故选D。
6．Why is Henry Kissinger mentioned?
A．To stress his great achievement in language.
B．To prove adults have difficulty improving accents.
C．To explain language is not a barrier to one’s success.
D．To show the importance of mastering a foreign language.
B 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中所举的基辛格的例子及“Adults struggle with accents”可知，此处主要是在突出语言学习中，成人在改善口音上有困难。由此可知，提及基辛格就是为了说明这一问题。故选B。
7．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Adults are better at logical thinking than children.
B．Adults help a lot with children’s language learning.
C．Adults are not really at a disadvantage compared to children.
D．Adults have more trouble learning grammar than children.
C 解析：句意理解题。根据第四段中的“with their greater reasoning powers”“when adults and children are exposed to the same teaching materials for a new language for several months, the adults actually do better”可知，成人的推理能力比儿童的好，同样的时间内学习同样的语法知识，成人的学习效果要比儿童的好。由此可知，画线句的意思是“与儿童相比，成人不一定就处于劣势”。故选C。
8．Which statement may Mr. Hartshorne agree with?
A．Age 14 is a turning point for foreign language learners.
B．A dropoff in learning results appears after the age of 17.
C．The critical period is of vital importance in grammar learning.
D．The critical period for language learning varies from person to person.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Many previous researchers...The new study found it to be rather later, just after 17.”可知，Mr. Hartshorne主导的新研究发现，语言学习效果的下降出现在17岁之后，较之前研究者认为的出现在约青春期时要稍晚些。故选B。
9．What’s the main theme of the passage?
A．It’s never too late to begin to learn a foreign language.
B．You should start learning early to master a new language.
C．Language learning should start at the beginning of school.
D．Longer learning periods lead to nativelike language fluency.
B 解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，尤其是倒数第三段中的“learners must begin at around ten if they are to get to nearnative fluency”和倒数第二段中的“there is still reason to begin in the first years of school”等信息可知，语言学习“关键期”的说法有其合理性，而要达到与当地人接近的流利程度，就应该早接触，早学习。故选B。
10．What may be discussed in the following paragraph?
A．The impact the critical period has on policymakers.
B．The application of the critical period to policymaking.
C．The importance of the critical period in policymaking.
D．The attitude policymakers hold towards the critical period.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But for policymakers, the possible effect is clear.”可知，文章接下来可能会涉及语言学习“关键期”对政策制定者有什么样的影响。故选A。
推理判断题[学生用书P145(单独成册)]
(建议用时：25分钟)
A
(2019·南京四校联考)I’ve been a volunteer in the Macmillan @ Glasgow Libraries programme for just over a year. I got involved because I was looking for something to volunteer for after I retired from work. I thought being a Macmillan Cancer Information and Support Volunteer might be a good way to do that by using some of the skills I learned at work.
At one time, I felt I made a real difference when a lady came in to use the service. She was very upset, but she was not the person with cancer. It was her partner. She had lots of things on her mind. We, together with a counselor, had a chat about her to help deal with all the emotions(情感) she felt. We knew we could arrange something, so we discussed with her what could be done for her family. She was relieved that we could get something arranged for her and liked the fact that we managed to get the ball rolling during her visit.
The good thing about having the services in the library is that the environment is nonclinical and therefore more relaxing than the hospital or doctor’s surgery. The team in the library are not medically trained. That means we do not use big words or medical terms very often.
It’s great that the people who volunteer all work well together, helping each other to get a resolution(解决) for people who come in. It’s good to have the team at the other end of the phone whenever we get something unusual. It is a pleasure to be able to help as a volunteer.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者在本文中记叙了自己作为一名志愿者的经历。作者退休后，利用自己的技能去帮助那些需要帮助的人，并从中得到了快乐。
1．What can we infer about the author?
A．He is a retired doctor.
B．He is volunteering in a hospital.
C．He is a counselor in cancer.
D．He has fought against cancer before.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者现在已经退休，而且有医学方面的技能；结合第三段的内容，可以推测出作者是一名退休医生。
2．Why did the lady feel upset?
A．Because she was affected by cancer.
B．Because her husband suffered from cancer.
C．Because she didn’t know how to treat cancer.
D．Because she had a poor relation with her husband.
B 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“She was very upset, but she was not the person with cancer. It was her partner.”和“we discussed with her what could be done for her family”可知，这位女士的丈夫得了癌症。注意：此处的“partner”表示“配偶”。
3．What do we know about the volunteers?
A．They do well in teamwork.
B．They receive medical training.
C．They all used to be helped.
D．They often meet unusual things.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段的首句“It’s great that the people who volunteer all work well together, helping each other to get a resolution(解决) for people who come in.”可知，所有的志愿者都能很好地共同工作，彼此帮助，为来求助的人提供好的解决方案。由此推知，他们具有很强的团队意识，善于团队合作。
4．Why does the author write this text?
A．To call on readers to do voluntary work.
B．To show us how to help those in trouble.
C．To share his experiences as a volunteer.
D．To teach us how to take care of cancer patients.
C 解析：写作意图题。综合全文内容可知，本文主要讲述的是作者的志愿者经历。因此，作者写作的目的也就是要分享他作为志愿者的经历。
B
A woman grasped her phone to her heart the way a minister might hold a Bible. She was anxious to take a picture of a bunch of flowers that sat not 10 feet away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others pushing to do the same. The cause of this was Bouquets to Art, one of the most popular annual events at the de Young Museum in San Francisco. For the 34th year, artists were asked to create flower bunches that respond to pieces of art on display, from ancient carvings to contemporary sculptures. It’s time to take a photo to post on Instagram, but to the point that it has become a problem.
In recent years, the de Young received more than a thousand complaints from people who felt that cell phones had ruined their experience. In fact, institutions of fine art around the world face similar problems as the desire to take photographs becomes a huge draw for museums as well as something that upsets some of their visitors. So the de Young responded with a kind of compromise: carving out “photo free” hours during the exhibition’s sixday run.
One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them. A recent study in the journal Psychological Science suggests there is some truth to this; it found that people who took photos of an exhibit rather than simply observing it had a harder time remembering what they saw. But the issue is complicated for the professionals running museums. Linda Butler, the de Young’s head of marketing, communications and visitor experience, acknowledges that not everyone wants a museum to be “a phototaking playland”. Yet a lot of other people do, and she thinks that the de Young is in no position to judge that one motivation for buying a $28 ticket is more valid than another. “If we removed social media and photography，” she says, “we would risk becoming less popular.” If this is a battle, signs indicate that the prophone crowd(亲手机人群) has already won.
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍de Young博物馆收到了很多关于在展馆内拍照的投诉，对此博物馆管理方作出回应，最终采取了一个折中的办法，即在展期内抽出“自由拍照”时间。
5．What were the crowd eager to do in paragraph 1?
A．To hold a Bible.
B．To admire flowers.
C．To take a photo.
D．To see the exhibition.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“She was anxious to take a picture of a bunch of flowers that sat not 10 feet away, but first she had to get through a crowd of others pushing to do the same.”可推知，人们都在忙于拍照。故正确答案为C。
6．How did the de Young respond to the complaints?
A．By setting periods without phototaking.
B．By making the exhibition free of charge.
C．By compromising with other institutions.
D．By giving extra time to take photos freely.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“So the de Young responded with a kind of compromise: carving out ‘photo free’ hours during the exhibition’s sixday run.”可知，管理方规定在特定时间内不许拍照。故正确答案为A。
7．What can we infer about the use of social media in museums according to the recent study?
A．It uncovers the truth.
B．It accumulates evidence.
C．It causes complaints.
D．It plays a negative role.
D 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them.”及语境可推知，最近研究表明，在博物馆中使用社交媒介起到了负面作用。故正确答案为D。
8．Which of the following may Linda Butler support?
A．Catering to visitors.
B．Reducing admission prices.
C．Reserving judgement in public.
D．Banning social media and photography.
A 解析：推理判断题。根据第三段倒数第二句“‘If we removed social media and photography，’ she says, ‘we would risk becoming less popular.’”可推知，Linda Butler支持迎合游客的做法。故正确答案为A。
[长难句分析] One common complaint in the ongoing debates over the effect of social media on museum culture is that people seem to be missing out on experiences because they are so busy collecting evidence of them.(第三段第一句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。that引导表语从句；because引导原因状语从句。
译文：在关于社交媒介对博物馆文化产生的影响的持续争论中，一个普遍的抱怨是人们似乎忽略了这种艺术体验，因为他们忙于收集(他们来过的)证据。
C
Technology offers conveniences such as opening the garage door from your car or changing the television station without touching the TV.
Now one American company is offering its employees a new convenience: a microchip implanted in their hands. Employees who have these chips can do all kinds of things just by waving their hands. Three Square Market is offering to implant microchips in all of their employees for free. Each chip costs $300 and Three Square Market will pay for the chip. Employees can volunteer to have the chips implanted in their hands. About 70 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so. The president of the company, his wife and their children are also getting chips implanted in their hands.
The chip is about the size of a grain of rice. Implanting the chip only takes about a second and is said to hurt only very briefly. The chips go under the skin between the thumb and forefinger. With a chip in the hand, a person can enter the office building, buy food, sign into computers and more, simply by waving that hand near a scanner. The chips will be also used to identify employees. Employees who want convenience, but do not want to have a microchip implanted under their skin, can wear a wristband or a ring with a chip instead. They can perform the same tasks with a wave of their hands as if they had an implanted chip.
Three Square Market is the first company in the United States to offer to implant chips in its employees. Epicenter, a company in Sweden, has been implanting chips in its employees for a while.
Three Square Market says the chip cannot track the employees. The company says scanners can read the chips only when they are within a few inches of them. “The chips protect against identity theft, similar to credit cards.” The U．S. Food and Drug Administration approved the chips back in 2004, so they should be safe for humans, according to the company.
In the future, people with the chips may be able to do more with them, even outside the office. Todd Westby is Chief Executive Officer of Three Square Market. He says, “Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.”
【解题导语】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国一家公司通过给员工手里植入一种芯片的方式来提高员工的工作效率，还介绍了该芯片的有关情况以及人们对它的看法。
9．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The substitutes of the chips.
B．The potential risks of implanting the chips.
C．The places to implant the chips.
D．The advantages of the chips.
D 解析：段落大意题。通读本段可知，本段主要介绍了植入芯片后的好处，如方便购物、识别员工身份等。故D项正确。
10．What does the underlined word “them” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A．The hands. B．The scanners.
C．The employees. D．The credit cards.
B 解析：代词指代题。根据第五段中的“the chip cannot track the employees. The company says scanners can read the chips only when they are within a few inches of them．”可知，芯片不能跟踪员工，但当芯片在距离扫描仪几英寸之内时，扫描仪就能读取芯片的信息。由此可推知，画线词指代扫描仪。故B项正确。
11．What can we infer from the passage?
A．The chips have magic powers.
B．The price of the chips is reasonable.
C．The chips are very popular among the employees.
D．Most people suspect the application of the chips.
C 解析：推理判断题。根据第二段倒数第二句“About 70 out of 80 employees have chosen to do so.”可推知，该芯片很受员工的欢迎。故C项正确。
12．Which of the following best describes Todd Westby’s attitude towards the chips?
A．Defensive. B．Disappointing.
C．Casual. D．Optimistic.
D 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段第三句“He says, ‘Eventually, this technology will become standardized allowing you to use this as your passport, public transit, all purchasing opportunities, etc.’”可知，Todd Westby 认为芯片技术将最终将成为你生活中的好帮手。由此可推知，他对芯片的态度非常乐观。故D项正确。
[长难句分析] Employees who want convenience, but do not want to have a microchip implanted under their skin, can wear a wristband or a ring with a chip instead.(第三段倒数第二句)
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。who引导定语从句，修饰先行词Employees。
译文：想要方便，但又不想在皮肤下植入芯片的员工，可以戴上带有芯片的腕带或戒指。
