全国统考2021高考英语一轮复习第2编语法突破专题一动词的时态和语态学案含解析
展开第2编 语法突破
专题一 动词的时态和语态
1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，65)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ________ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
答案：have reported 根据句中的时间状语“in recent years”可判断用现在完成时。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，65)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ________ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
答案：recommended 根据“shared”可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
3．(2018·天津高考，13)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.
答案：is being repaired 句意：我的洗衣机本周正在被维修，所以我用手洗衣服。is being repaired “正在被维修”。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，69)On the last day of our week－long stay, we ________ (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
答案：were invited 事情发生在过去，且主语we与动词invite之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
5．(2018·北京高考，4)Susan had quit her wellpaid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year.
答案：was working 句意：苏珊辞去了她的高薪工作，我去年拜访她的时候，她正在社区担任志愿者。由下文“when I visited her last year”可知，此处表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，所以用过去进行时。
6．(2019·天津高考，2)I ________ (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
答案：had hoped 由couldn't manage用的是一般过去时可知，动词hope发生在couldn't manage之前，表示过去本打算做某事而没有做成，故用过去完成时。
7．(2018·北京高考，9)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.
答案：had been trapped 句意：一位救援工作者冒着生命危险救出在山里被围困两天的游客。空格处的动作发生在“冒着生命危险”这一动作之前，表示“过去的过去”，所以用过去完成时。
8．(2019·江苏高考，33)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ________ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.
答案：will have been installed 句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装完5G终端。根据时间状语by 2022可知，句子要用将来完成时；5G terminals与install (安装)之间是被动关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态。
9．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，短文改错)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.
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答案：are→were 由“didn't realize”以及“entered”可知，用一般过去时。
10．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，短文改错)During my last winter holiday, I went to the countryside with my father to visit my grandparents. I find a big change there.
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答案：find→found 由“During my last winter holiday”可知，事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时。应将find改为found。
一 动词的时态
1．一般现在时
形式：do/does; is/am/are
用法：①表示经常或习惯性的动作；表示人、事物现在的状况和特点；表示客观规律和永恒真理。
②在时间、条件和让步状语从句中，以及表示按时间表拟定或安排好要发生的动作用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
例句：①On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles.
②If we don't act now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it.
③Class begins at eight in the morning.
2．现在进行时
形式：is/am/are doing
用法：①表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的动作。
②计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
③与always, constantly等副词连用，带有赞美、厌恶等感情色彩。
例句：①Hurry up, kids! The school bus is waiting for us!
②A foreigner is coming to visit our school.
③He is always helping others.
3．一般将来时
形式：be going to do; will/shall do; be to do; be about to do
用法：①表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作、存在的状态或已经计划或安排好的事情。
②表示一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情。
③be about to＋动词原形，表示就要做或正好要做的事情。
例句：①—Ann is in hospital.
—Oh, really? I didn't know. I will go and visit her.
②When are you to return your library book?
③Be quiet. The concert is about to start.
4．一般过去时
形式：was/were; did
用法：①表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
③It's time that后的从句用虚拟语气。
例句：①Scientists have many theories about how the universe came into being.
②He often had lunch at school last month.
③It's time that we watered the flowers.
5．现在完成时
形式：has/have done
用法：①某些表示时间的词或短语常与现在完成时连用：since, recently, lately, so far, in/over/during the last/past＋时间段，until now, many times, these days, up to now, by now等。
②This/It/That is the first time that从句中用现在完成时。
例句：①I've heard nothing from him up to now.
②This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
6．过去进行时
形式：was/were doing
用法：①表示过去某时刻正在进行的动作。
②过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等)。
③was doing sth. when ... 表示“某人正在做某事，这时突然发生了另一件事”。
例句：①I was playing table tennis at four this afternoon.
②We were leaving very early so we packed the night before.
③I was thinking of this when I heard my name called.
7．过去完成时
形式：had done
用法：①表示“过去的过去”(句中必须有一个表示过去的时间状语或者过去的动词，而且该动作发生在过去的那个动作之前)。
②hardly/scarcely ... when ...; no sooner ... than ... “一……就……”。hardly/scarcely和no sooner分句中用过去完成时，when及than引导的从句中用一般过去时。
例句：①He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he had had it for a very long time.
②Hardly had I arrived at the classroom when it began to rain.
8．过去将来时
形式：would do
用法：①表示从过去看将要发生的事情。
②表示过去习惯性的动作。
例句：①She was sure that she would succeed.
②When he was young, he would sit in front of the TV set for hours every day.
9．现在完成进行时
形式：have/has been doing
用法：过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能还会持续下去。
例句：The girl has a great interest in sport and has been taking badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.
10．过去完成进行时
形式：had been doing
用法：表示过去某一时间之前一直进行着的动作。
例句：When Alice came to life, she did not know how long she had been lying there.
11．将来进行时
形式：will be doing
用法：表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。
例句：—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?
—Sure. I will be writing a report at home.
12．将来完成时
形式：will have done
用法：表示将来某时已完成的动作。标志性短语：by the end of＋将来时间， by＋将来时间。
例句：By the time he is 14 years old, he will have finished advanced maths.
二 动词被动语态的构成
三 被动语态的特殊用法
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I ________ (write) a letter once a week to my family when I was in my first college year.
答案：wrote 句意：我上大学一年级时，每周给家里写一封信。这里表示发生在“when I was in my first college year”期间的事，用一般过去时。
2．Chinese kites in ancient times ________ (design) in the shape of birds.
答案：were designed 句意：中国古代的风筝设计成鸟的形状。由“in ancient times”可知，用一般过去时，且这里表示被设计，故要用被动语态。
3．—Have you moved into the new house?
—Not yet. It ________ (build)．
答案：is being built 句意：——你搬到新房子了吗？——还没有，它正在被建造。根据句意可知，这里表示正在进行的被动的动作，用现在进行时的被动语态。
4．The 24 solar terms (二十四节气) ________ (have) a great effect on Chinese people's lives for thousands of years.
答案：have had 句意：二十四节气在千百年来对中国人的生活有很大影响。由“for thousands of years”可知，用现在完成时。
5．—I think the paper is taking you a long time to write.
—I ________ (work) on it for almost a month now.
答案：have been working 表示过去的动作一直持续到现在，有可能还会持续下去，所以用现在完成进行时。
6．Dear friend, I ________ (sit) on a train to Fudan University when you read this letter.
答案：will be sitting 句意：亲爱的朋友，当你看到这封信时，我将坐在开往复旦大学的列车上。表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，所以用将来进行时。
7．(2020·湖南师大附中高三摸底考试)But during the time of the Zhou Dynasty about 500 BC, music ________ (have) an important role in making society stable.
答案：had 根据“during the time of the Zhou Dynasty about 500 BC”可知，空格处应该用一般过去时，故填had。
8．(2019·乌鲁木齐市一中高三第一次月考)—Bob! How is your project? I heard you started it last Friday, right?
—Oh! I ________ (prepare) for it. But I haven't decided when to do it.
答案：have been preparing 句意：——Bob，你的项目怎么样了？我听说你上周五就开始了，是吗？——哦！我已经在做准备，但还没有决定好什么时候开始做。根据句意可知，“我”已经开始做准备了，不知道什么时候开始，说明还在准备中，用现在完成进行时最合适，即have been doing。
9．The notice says that anyone ________ (request) not to take anything into the reading room.
答案：is requested 句意：布告上写到，要求任何人不能带任何东西进阅览室。表示“规定”用一般现在时，且anyone与request之间为被动关系。
10．—Did you have to do much for the dinner party?
—No, Tina ________ (finish) everything by the time I got home.
答案：had finished 由“by the time I got home”可知，该动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2019·山东省济宁一中高三第一次调研考试)If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple—eat the same food as they did.
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答案：did→do 根据前面的eat可知，此处as引导的方式状语从句的时态与主句保持一致，使用一般现在时。
2．The man was fired because he promised to be punctual but was late again this morning.
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答案：promised前加had 由“but was late again”可知，从句中所表示的“保证准时”的承诺是发生在“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。
3．I'm afraid by the time you arrive this afternoon I will be have a lesson then.
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答案：have→having 句意：恐怕你今天下午到达的时候，我正在上课。根据语境可知，应用将来进行时。
4．To my delight, I was choosing from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.
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答案：choosing→chosen 主语I与动词choose之间为被动关系，故应该用被动语态。
5．Marty has been worked really hard on his book and he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday.
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答案：worked→working 根据题干中“he thinks he'll have finished it by Friday”可知，Marty一直忙于写他的书，所以动作从过去开始持续到现在，并将一直持续到周五，此处强调动作的持续性，故用现在完成进行时。
