2021高考英语一轮统考复习第二部分高考重点语法突破专题一第6讲动词的时态语态和主谓一致学案含解析新人教版

第6讲　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致

考点一 动词时态的一般体
一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态；一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态；过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体，表示既不“进行”，又没“完成”。
一、一般现在时
1．一般现在时的构成
(1)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示，如果主语为第三人称单数，则一般在动词原形后加­s或­es，其变化规则如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­s
eat→eats, rise→rises
以s, sh, ch, x，o, z结尾的动词
加­es
discuss→discusses
teach→teaches
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为i加­es
carry→carries
fly→flies
(2)be的变化：am, is, are。
(3)have的变化：has (第三人称单数)。
2．一般现在时的用法
(1)表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。
①Time and tide wait for no man.
岁月不等人。
(2)表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
②These oranges taste good.
这些桔子味道很好。
(3)表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
③All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School.
这里所有的学生都是第一中学的。
(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
④I'll write to her when I have time.
我有时间的时候会给她写信。
(5)少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词，如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。
⑤The shop closes at 11：00 pm every day.
这个商店每天晚上11点关门。
二、一般过去时
1．一般过去时的构成
(1)一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，其规则动词变化方法如下表所示：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­ed
pack→packed
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词
变y为i加­ed
carry→carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加­ed
plan→planned
以不发音的e结尾的动词
直接加­d
like→liked
provide→provided
(2)was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他人称。
[注意]　以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加­ed。如play→played。
2．一般过去时的用法
(1)一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯。
①When he was young, he took cold baths regularly.
他年轻的时候经常洗冷水澡。
(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但主句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。
②He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我昨晚他读了一本有趣的小说。
(3)表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语连接，常用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute等。
③The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
她一进来，就告诉我发生了什么事。
(4)常用一般过去时的句型。
④Why didn't you think of that?
你为什么没想到？
⑤I didn't notice it.
我没注意到。
⑥I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
我忘了告诉你以前我和我哥哥去过那儿。
⑦I didn't recognize him.
我没认出他来。
三、一般将来时
1．一般将来时的构成
(1)will/shall＋动词原形
(2)is/am/are going to＋动词原形
(3)is/am/are about to＋动词原形
(4)is/am/are to＋动词原形
(5)is/am/are due to＋动词原形
(6)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式
2．一般将来时的用法
(1)表示未来的动作或状态，常用will/shall＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow, next week等。
①We will have a meeting tomorrow.
我们明天开会。
(2)表示趋向行为的动词，即表示动作转换的终止性动词，如come, go, start, begin, leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时；事物名词meeting, concert, train等作主语时，要用一般现在时表示将来。
②The students are leaving on Sunday.
学生们周日走。
③The train leaves at 8 o'clock.
火车八点整开。
(3)一般将来时的其他表达方式be going to do, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别：
a．be going to do在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做某事、必然或很可能发生某事，也可用来表示自然现象。
④The shop is going to open on October 1st.
商店将在十月一日开门(营业)。
b．be to do表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
⑤A meeting is to be held at 3：00 o'clock this afternoon.
今天下午3点开会。
c．be about to do表示“即将，正要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
⑥Autumn harvest is about to start.
秋收就要开始了。
[注意]　be going to do表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时做出的决定。be going to do表将来，不能用在含有条件状语从句的主句中；而will do则能，表意愿。
If it is fine， we'll go fishing.[√]
If it is fine， we are going to go fishing.[×]
如果天气好，我们去钓鱼。
四、过去将来时
1．过去将来时的构成
(1)should/would＋动词原形
(2)was/were going to＋动词原形
(3)was/were about to＋动词原形
(4)was/were to＋动词原形
(5)某些动词的过去进行时形式
2．过去将来时的用法
(1)从过去某一时间看将要发生的事情。
①He said he would be here at eight o'clock.
他说他将在8点到这里。
②I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door.
我正要睡觉这时有人敲门。
③I thought it was going to rain.
我当时觉得要下雨。
(2)过去本打算做而未做的事情。
④I was going to go to the party, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.
我本打算要参加聚会，但是我突然记起来我有作业要做。
⑤We were to tell you, but you were not in.
我们本来想告诉你的，但是你不在家。


即时练1　单句语法填空
①They (live) in the same building, don't they?
②I promise I (support) you all the time.
③The plane (take) off at 8：00 am.
④I hoped I (find) a job soon.
⑤—I'm sorry, but there is no smoking on this flight.
—Oh, I (know) that. Sorry, I won't again.
答案：①live　②will support　③takes　④would find　⑤didn't know
考点二 动词时态的进行体
1．进行体的构成
(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时。它们的形式分别为：
现在进行时
am/is/are＋现在分词
过去进行时
was/were＋现在分词
将来进行时
will/shall＋be＋现在分词

(2)现在分词的构成形式：
情况
规则
例词
一般情况
加­ing
try→trying
以一个辅音字母结尾
的重读闭音节动词
双写辅音字母加­ing
regret→regretting
ban→banning
以不发音的e
结尾的动词
去掉e，加­ing
hate→hating
date→dating
2．进行体的用法
用法
例句
表示某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，具有暂时性和未完成性的特点
I didn't really work there; I was just helping out until the new secretary arrived.
我并不在那里上班，我只是去帮忙。新秘书来了，我就离开了。(暂时性)
表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情，常与these/those days, this/that week等时间状语连用
We are making model planes these days.
这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)
表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always, continually, constantly, forever, all the time等连用
He is always thinking of others first.
他总是先想到他人。
有些动词的进行体可以表示将来(见一般将来时的用法)

3．有些动词不用于进行体，常见的有：
分类
例词
感官类
look, smell, sound, taste, see, hear
情感类
like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear, adore
心态类
wish, hope, want, need, believe, understand, remember, forget, agree, know
状态类
appear, lie (位于), remain, belong to, have

即时练2　单句语法填空
①Sorry, you can't use my computer. I (use) it now.
②I (watch) TV when you rang me up.
③At this time tomorrow, I (sit) at the table.
答案：①am using　②was watching　③will be sitting
考点三 动词时态的完成体
一、完成体的构成
考纲对完成体所要求掌握的时态包括：现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时。它们的形式分别为：
现在完成时
have/has＋过去分词
过去完成时
had＋过去分词
将来完成时
will have＋过去分词

[温馨提示]　(1)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法，详见“一般过去时”部分。
(2)不规则动词的过去分词构成详见“附录Ⅰ”。
二、完成体的用法
1．现在完成时
(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, already, yet, recently, in the past few years, just等表示时间的词(短语)，或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时)，或for＋一段时间，或since＋时间点连用。
①His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一本小说自从上个月出版以来就很受欢迎。
[注意]　非延续性动词leave， arrive， come， go， return， join， die， buy， borrow等的完成时，在肯定句中不能与for引出的时间段，since＋时间点或how long等状语连用，要转化为相应的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。但其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。试比较：
[误]I have bought the computer for a year.
[正]I have kept the computer for a year.
这台电脑我买了有一年了。

(2)表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，强调的是这个影响或结果，常与yet, already, just, before, lately等时间状语连用。
②I have just turned off the light.
我刚刚把灯关了。
③I have already read the book.
我已读过这本书了。
(3)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。(用来代替将来完成时)
④—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.
——什么时候我们重新开始我们的企业？
——直到我们已完成我们的计划。
(4)用于现在完成时的固定句型：
a．在“It/This is/will be the first/second/third ... time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。
⑤This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们第一次作为一家人在电影院看电影。
b．在“It/This is the best/worst/most＋adj.＋名词＋从句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。
⑥It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
这是我到这个学校以来听过的最有教育意义的演讲。
2．过去完成时
(1)表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成的动作，时间定位是“过去的过去”。句中一般有明确的表示“过去的过去”的时间状语(从句)，如by, by the end of, by the time, until, when, before等引出的表示过去的时间状语(从句)。但有时需要通过上下文来判断。
①By nine o'clock last night, we had finished most of the work.
到昨晚9点钟，我们已完成了大部分工作。
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，或用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作(过去时)之前。
②I had been at the bus stop for 30 minutes when a bus finally came.
当公共汽车终于来的时候，我已在车站等了30分钟。
(3)某些动词用于过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。
③I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。
(4)常用于过去完成时的固定句型：
a．在hardly/scarcely ... when ...，no sooner ... than ... 句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意思为“一……就……”。
④Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than it began to rain.
我一到家就开始下雨。
b．It was＋一段时间＋since从句。since从句用过去完成时。
⑤It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.
我离开北京至少有三个月了。
c．It was the first/second/ ... time＋(that)从句。从句用过去完成时。
⑥It was the first time that I had chatted online in English.
这是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
d．By the time ... (表示过去时间的句子)＋主句(过去完成时)。
⑦By the time he was ten, Tom had built a chemistry lab himself.
到十岁的时候，汤姆已经自己建了一个化学实验室。
3．将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before＋将来时间或by＋将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
On her next birthday，Ann will have been married for twenty years.
到下次生日时，安将已结婚20年了。

即时练3　单句语法填空
①Happy birthday! By this time of next year, you (turn) 18.
②She found that she (leave) her luggage on the bus.
③This is the first time that he (pass) the exam.
④Hardly (have) we started when the car got a flat tyre.
⑤I arrived late; I (not, expect) the road to be so icy after snowing.
答案：①will have turned　②had left　③has passed　④had　⑤hadn't expected
考点四 动词时态的完成进行体
对完成进行体，高中阶段要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时，其形式为：have/has/had＋been＋doing。
1．现在完成进行时
(1)表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能仍在进行，具有持续性和未完成性。该时态多用于延续性动词。
①The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.
从上午9点开始，经理就一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
(2)所表示的动作有时并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复，但一定强调对现在的影响。
②I have to see the doctor because I have been coughing a lot lately.
我得去看医生，因为最近我一直咳嗽得厉害。
2．过去完成进行时
(1)表示在过去某一时间之前一直在进行的动作或存在的状态。
①I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我找了好多天才找着。
(2)表示在过去某段时间内反复发生的动作。
②She had been trying to find a job, but hadn't found one yet.
她当时一直设法找工作，但仍没找到。

即时练4　单句语法填空
①In order to find the missing child, villagers (do) all they can over the past five hours.
②Where had you been? We (look) for you everywhere.
③We (work) on it for several hours but we have not yet reached any conclusions.
④My friend, who (teach) Chinese in this primary school all his life, is retiring next month.
⑤I was tired. I (work) since dawn.
答案：①have been doing　②had been looking　③have been working　④has been teaching　⑤had been working
考点五 几组易混时态的区别
1．一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事，与现在没有关系，且过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连；现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，或是对现在有影响。比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：
①
②
③
2．一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
(1)一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况，而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。
①He had learned 3,000 English words before he came to this school.
他来这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。
(2)过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before引导的短语或句子表示，如by that time, by the end of, before 2010，by the time＋句子(一般过去时)等。
②He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.
到上个月底为止，他已经写完这本书了。
3．过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作，而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作。比较下面的说法：


即时练5　单句语法填空
①The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody (see) them ever since.
②I'm calling to apply for the position you (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?
③During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs (increase) sharply.
答案：①has seen　②advertised　③has increased
考点六 动词的被动语态
动词的被动语态的构成方式：be＋过去分词，口语中也用“get/become＋过去分词”表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
1．使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题
(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。
①My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
→An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.
→I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.
我的朋友在我生日时给了我一本有趣的书。
(2)主动变为被动时，宾语成主语；作补语的不定式前需加to。
②The boss made him work all day long.
→He was made to work all day long (by the boss)．
老板让他整天都工作。
(3)短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
③Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
你应该注意你的发音和拼写。
(4)情态动词， be going to, be to, be sure to, have to等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be＋过去分词”。
④We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
我们可以在两天内修好这块手表。
(5)当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：
a．谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。
b．用it作形式主语，真正的主语用主语从句来表示。
⑤People say he is a smart boy.
→He is said to be a smart boy.
→It is said that he is a smart boy.
据说他是个聪明的男孩。
⑥People know paper was made in China first.
→Paper was known to be made in China first.
→It is known that paper was made in China first.
众所周知，纸最先在中国被制造。
类似句型有：It is said/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that ...
2．不能用被动语态的几种情况
(1)所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。
(2)表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, contain, fit, cost等。
(3)表示归属的动词，如have，own，belong to等。
(4)表示“希望、意图、喜好”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等。
(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
(6)宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。
3．主动形式表被动含义
(1)当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后面接形容词时；当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash等作为不及物动词，表示主语(通常为物)内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意思时。
①The fish smells good.
鱼闻起来味道不错。
②This kind of cloth washes easily.
这种布料好洗。
③These novels won't sell well.
这些小说不畅销。
④My pen writes smoothly.
我的钢笔书写流畅。
⑤The door won't lock.
这门无法关上。
(2)当happen, occur, break out, take place, come about, work out等动词(短语)表示“发生、制定”等意思时。
⑥The plan worked out successfully.
计划成功实施了。
⑦How did the crazy situation come about?
这种疯狂局面是如何发生的？
(3)want, require, need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。
(4)be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
(5)在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑧This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
这种水不适合饮用。
⑨The girl isn't easy to get along with.
这个女孩不易相处。

4．被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况
be seated坐着；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿着
5．被动语态与系表结构的区别
此处的系表结构指“连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词”结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别：
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。
①The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)
这本书在某一家书店出售。
②The book is well sold. (系表结构)
这本书卖得好。

即时练6　单句语法填空
①If nothing (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.
②Hundreds of jobs (lose) if the factory closes.
③A new cinema (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.
④Your article (read) very well.
⑤The flower needs (water)．
答案：①is done　②will be lost　③is being built　④reads　⑤watering/to be watered
考点七 主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上与主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。做题时还要保证时态及其他语法及词义的正确性。
1．语法一致原则
(1)当主语后面接由as well as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, together with等构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语。
①The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.
那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。
②My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing.
我父亲和他的同事们去过北京。
(2)由lots of, a lot of, a number of, plenty of等修饰的名词作主语时，谓语动词与所修饰的名词形式保持一致。
③A great number of students who were invited to the party were from my school.
很多被邀来参加晚会的学生来自于我校。
④A great deal of water is polluted every year.
每年大量的水被污染。
但quantities/amounts of修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity和amount的单复数形式。
⑤Quantities of information are available on the Internet.
在网上可得到大量的信息。
(3)定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数由其修饰的名词的单复数形式来确定；如果定语从句修饰前面的整个句子，从句中的谓语动词用单数。
⑥Those who were praised at the meeting would be sent to America for further study.
在这次会议上被表扬的人将被派到美国深造。
⑦He married Mary, which was very natural.
他娶了玛丽，这是很自然的事。
(4)倒装句、强调句中的主谓一致
a．倒装句中谓语动词的数与后面的主语保持一致，即谓语后面的主语是单数，动词用单数；谓语后面的主语是复数，动词用复数。
⑧A building stands in front of us.
→In front of us stands a building.
我们面前矗立着一栋楼。
⑨Rows of fruit trees were on either side.
→On either side were rows of fruit trees.
在每一边都有一排排的果树。
b．在强调句中，如果被强调的成分是原来句子的主语，引导词that(或who)后面的谓语与被强调的成分在人称和数上保持一致。
⑩I am a doctor.
→It is I who am a doctor.
我是一名医生。
⑪He is a doctor.
→It is he who is a doctor.
他是一名医生。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor ..., not only ... but also ... , not ... but ... 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
①Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music of this kind.
不仅学生们而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。
②Neither the children nor the mother knows anything about it.
孩子们和母亲都不知道这件事。
(2)在There be句型及Here开头的句子中，有两个或几个并列主语时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
③There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table.
桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。
→There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.
桌子上有两把小刀、一支钢笔和几本书。
3．意义一致原则
(1)and, both ... and ... 连接两个不同的主语，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词须用单数形式。
①Her teacher and her friends are in the sitting room.
她的老师和朋友们都在客厅。
②The poet and writer has produced many works.
这位诗人兼作家写出了许多作品。
(2)“no/each/every/many a＋单数名词＋and＋no/each/every/many a＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。
③Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held next Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加下周日举行的聚会。
(3)动词不定式、动名词和从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
④To learn a foreign language is not so difficult as you think.
学会一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。
⑤That he has won the game is known to us all.
他赢了这场比赛是我们都知道的事。
⑥Swimming in rivers in summer is a good sport, but to swim in rivers in winter needs great willpower.
夏天在河里游泳是很好的运动，但冬天在河里游泳需要极大的意志力。
[注意]　从句作主语时，若主句谓语部分为系表结构，主句谓语的数通常由作表语的名词/代词决定。
⑦What they need is money while what we need most are textbooks.
他们需要的是钱，而我们最需要的是教科书。
(4)含修饰语的名词作主语的特殊情况：
a．many a/more than one＋单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
⑧Many a parent was forced to go through this same painful process.
很多父母都被迫经历这一段痛苦的过程。
b．the rest, the remaining/part ...，plenty of, a great deal of等＋主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。
⑨The first part of the lecture was vivid but the remaining was very boring.
讲座的前半部分很生动，但后半部分非常枯燥。
c．分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的数与其所修饰的名词的数保持一致。
⑩About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。
⑪Only 60 percent of the work was finished yesterday.
昨天只干了60%的活。
[注意]　population由分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。
Two­thirds of population have been killed in the accident.
在这次事故中2/3的人丧生。

(5)“a number of＋复数名词”表示“许多……”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of＋复数名词”表示“……的数量”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
⑫A number of students are going for a picnic this weekend.
这个周末许多学生打算去野炊。
⑬The number of days in February this year is 28.
今年二月份的天数是二十八天。
(6)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作是构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family, class, team, group, public, committee, government, audience等。
⑭The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
⑮The class are doing experiments.
全班学生都在做实验。
[注意]　(1)people， cattle， police等集体名词作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数形式。
(2)单复数同形的名词，如：deer， sheep， fish， means， works， Chinese等作主语时，要视其意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。

(7)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
⑯Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3,000美元是一笔大数目。
(8)以­s/­ics结尾的学科名词，如physics, politics等及news作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
⑰Bad news travels quickly.
[谚语]坏事传千里。

即时练7　单句语法填空
①His suggestion (have) been accepted.
②To say you were ignorant of the rules (be) no excuse.
③The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often (surprise) people even to death.
④The cattle (be) eating grass on the hill now.
⑤Not every means (be) useful.
⑥The English (be) proud of their sense of humor.
⑦ (be) either you or he fit for the job?
⑧Not you but I (be) responsible for this.
⑨ (be) not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?
⑩Many a good man (have) been destroyed by drink.
⑪The writer and translator (be) delivering a speech in our school now.
⑫Tom, not the students, (have) gone there.
⑬Mary, along with her sisters, (attend) the conference regularly.
⑭Compasses (be) usually used to draw circles.
⑮That pair of compasses (be) lost.
⑯Ten years (be) a moment in history.
⑰A third of his composition (have) been corrected.
⑱A third of his compositions (have) been corrected.
⑲Some new forms of art (be) being discussed at the meeting now.
⑳He is one of the boys who (have) helped me.
He is the only one of the boys who (have) helped me.
答案：①has　②is　③surprises　④are　⑤is　⑥are　⑦Are　⑧am　⑨Are　⑩has　⑪is　⑫has　⑬attends　⑭are　⑮is　⑯is　⑰has　⑱have　⑲are　⑳have　has


误区一　句子没有谓语动词或一个句子中出现多个谓语
(1)【误】The windows broken.
【正】The windows are/were broken.
[分析]　“窗户应为被打破”，故应用被动语态，如直接用过去分词broken，句子则缺少谓语成分。此处也可将broken看作过去分词转化的形容词作表语。
(2)【误】Today, the number of people learn English is increasing rapidly in China.
【正】Today, the number of people who learn English is increasing rapidly in China.
【正】Today, the number of people learning English is increasing rapidly in China.
[分析]　一个句子中只能有一个谓语，如出现两个(或两个以上)的谓语，须将另外出现的动词改为非谓语动词形式或用从句进行表述。
误区二　中式英语比比皆是
(1)【误】I very like listen music and every day I also will see some newspapers.
【正】I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well. (习惯性动作用一般现在时)
[分析]　修饰动词like应用副词(短语)；like后应加动名词或不定式，而不能直接跟动词原形；“看报纸”，在英语中用read而不用see，此为习惯表达。
(2)【误】I don't know I should do what.
【正】I don't know what I should do.
[分析]　know后为宾语从句，what引导宾语从句且在从句中作宾语，引导词应放于从句句首，注意中英表达中语序的差异。
(3)【误】Our village has taken place great changes.
【误】Great changes have been taken place in our village.
【正】Great changes have taken place in our village.
[分析]　take place为不及物动词短语，主语应是“事”而非“人”，且不能用于被动语态。
[注意]　造成以上错误的原因一方面在于对动词的语法功能和五种基本句式掌握不牢固，另一方面则是由于不了解中英表达的差异，受汉语干扰过大，这两类错误是考生特别爱犯的错误，尤其是在写作中，考生应高度重视。总之，这些错误都是由于基础薄弱而致，所以考生平时应多记多背多分析，不断积累总结，才能厚积薄发。

误区三　动词时态曲折变化的误用
(1)【误】She promised that she will not let out the plan to the press.
【正】She promised that she would not let out the plan to the press.
[分析]　在宾语从句中，主从句的时态要保持前后一致。本句主句是一般过去时，故从句也要用相应的过去将来时态。
(2)【误】To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and sent it back to us.
【正】To arrange for an appointment with us, please complete the reply slip and send it back to us.
[分析]　根据语境以及and可知，sent应与complete保持一致，故sent改为send。
(3)【误】By the time you will arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
【正】By the time you arrive in London, we will have been in Europe for two weeks.
[分析]　by the time后的时间状语从句一般用现在时表将来。
(4)【误】The detective fixed his sharp eyes on the box, wondering whether he saw it somewhere before.
【正】The detective fixed his sharp eyes on the box, wondering whether he had seen it somewhere before.
[分析]　分析语境可知，see的动作发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。
(5)【误】Nancy is not coming tonight. But she has promised!
【正】Nancy is not coming tonight. But she promised!
[分析]　根据语境“南希答应要来”可知，promise的动作发生在过去，与现在时间无关，故用一般过去时。
误区四　动词语态曲折变化的误用
(1)【误】The book which had been lost returned to the library.
【正】The book which had been lost was returned to the library.
[分析]　return是及物动词，句子的主语The book与之构成被动关系，表示“被归还”，故returned前加was。
(2)【误】There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has been become too commercial in recent years.
【正】There's a feeling among a lot of people that music has become too commercial in recent years.
[分析]　become意为“变得，变成”，不及物动词不能使用被动语态。
[注意]　造成以上错误主要是因为对动词的时态和语态了解不够透彻，可从三方面入手：①翻译；②注意句中的动词是及物动词还是不及物动词；③注意其他提示信息，如主句的时态、时间状语、关键词等。当然要处理好此类问题还要系统全面地学习，应对此部分所讲内容认真学习，碰到错误，对照所讲知识找出错误根源，才能不断进步。

误区五　主谓一致中常见的误用
(1)【误】My dream school look like a big garden.
【正】My dream school looks like a big garden.
[分析]　主语My dream school是单数，故谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
(2)【误】Jeff is the only one of the journalists who were awarded.
【正】Jeff is the only one of the journalists who was awarded.
[分析]　本句中的中心词是the only one，因此定语从句中谓语动词的数需要根据the only one而定。
(3)【误】The teacher, as well as his students, are going to see the film this afternoon.
【正】The teacher, as well as his students, is going to see the film this afternoon.
[分析]　当主语后面接由as well as构成的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依其前面主语的单复数而定，本句主语为The teacher。
(4)【误】Not only my parents but also I are good at dancing and singing.
【正】Not only my parents but also I am good at dancing and singing.
[分析]　not only ... but also ... 连接主语时，谓语遵循就近一致原则。
(5)【误】Among all my friends are a special one I'm most thankful to.
【正】Among all my friends is a special one I'm most thankful to.
[分析]　此句是倒装句，主语a special one是单数形式，故谓语动词也用单数形式。
[注意]　主谓一致的误用主要出现在三大原则的特殊情况中，如非谓语动词或从句作主语时、特殊名词(特别是由特定连词连接的名词)作主语时、就近原则与就远原则时，以及倒装句和定语从句中的特殊情况，因此除了知道基础语法的同时，还应加强留意特殊情况的积累、纠错。



1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
答案：have reported
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
答案：recommended
3．(2019·天津高考)I (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
答案：had hoped
4．(2019·天津高考)Amy, as well as her brothers, (give)a warm welcome when returning to the village last week.
答案：was given
5．(2019·浙江高考)When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody (have) to worry about fashion (时尚).
答案：has/will have
6．(2019·浙江高考)The musician along with his band members (give) ten performances in the last three months.
答案：has given

1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistakes as well.

答案：include→includes
2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.

答案：are→were
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!

答案：came→comes
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was taken, I entered my second year of high school and become a new member of the school music club.

答案：become→became
5．(2016·浙江高考)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.

答案：was→were,

1．掌握独特的时间状语标志
(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般现在时；
(2)看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day等要想到用一般过去时；
(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等要想到用一般将来时；
(4)看到now, at present等要想到用现在进行时；
(5)看到at that time, at six o'clock yesterday等要想到用过去进行时；
(6)看到this time tomorrow, from 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock tomorrow等要想到用将来进行时；
(7)看到since, so far, up to now, in the last/past few years等要想到用现在完成时。
2．熟记固定句型中的时态
(1)be doing ... when ...，主句常用过去进行时，从句常用一般过去时；
(2)It is/has been＋时间段＋since ... 表示“自从……以来已经……”，主句用现在完成时或一般现在时，从句用一般过去时；
(3)祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句，陈述句常用一般将来时。
3．分清主动被动，辨析语态
看到动词为及物动词，后面缺少宾语时，要想到用被动语态。

1．“六根据”定时态、语态
(1)根据语篇和上下文整体把握时态；
(2)根据时间状语判断时态；
(3)根据连词连接成分的对称原则辨清时态；
(4)根据主句谓语识别从句时态：在复合句中，主句用一般现在时，从句可根据需要用各种时态；主句用一般过去时，从句用过去的某种时态；
(5)根据固定句式要求改正时态；
(6)根据句子的主动被动含义辨析语态。
2．“四看”定谓语单复数
(1)看主语为第一、二人称还是第三人称，确定谓语动词形式；
(2)看到主语为动名词短语、to do不定式或从句，要想到谓语应为第三人称单数形式。
[温馨提示]　主谓一致在高考中，往往不独立考查，经常与名词、时态、特殊句式及三大从句结合在一起考查。