高中英语语法素材：虚拟语气 教案
展开虚拟语气在非真实条件句中
| 从句 | 主句 | 例句 |
与现在事实相反的假设 | If + 主语+助动词的过去式（were, did, had） | 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形 | If I had time, I would attend the meeting. If I were you, I should seize the opportunity to go abroad. |
与过去事实相反的假设 | If +主语+had+过去分词 | 主语+ should/would/could/might +have+过去分词 | If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam. |
与将来事实相反的假设 | ①If+主语+动词过去式 ②If+主语+were to+动词原形 ③If+主语+should+动词原形(注意不能是would) | 主语+ should/would/could/might+动词原形 | If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting. If he should not come tomorrow, we should put off the meeting till next Monday. |
①错综时间条件句:
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.
②if省略句
在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。
③用介词代替条件状语从句
常用的介词有with, without, but for。如：
What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars)
如果你有100万元，你会做什么？
We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we hadn’t got your help)
没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
= But for your help, …
= If it had not been for your help, …
= Had it not been for you help, …
没有你的帮助，我们不可能提前完成这项工作。
④含蓄条件句
有时在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他手段来代替条件句。如：
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. (副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it. (连词)
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days. (定语从句)
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy. (连词)
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly. (独立主格结构)
⑤even if, even though也可用于虚拟语气，其形式与if 从句在虚拟语气中的形式相同。
虚拟语气(2)——虚拟语气在名词从句中
1.在由suggest, demand, require, request, insist, order, command, propose等表示建议、请求、命令、愿望等动词或其同根词引出的名词从句中，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律——名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should+动词原形，其中should可以省去。（特别提醒：不是用would,而是用should。）
常见的这类动词有: ask要求, advise, beg, suggest建议, command命令, demand要求，request请求, insist, require要求, order下令, propose, advice, recommend, intend, prefer宁愿, permit, persuade, expect, decide决定, instruct, object, determine, urge, appoint等等 | Our teacher suggested that we (should) not leave the classroom. 老师建议我们不要离开教室。 He insisted that she do it right now. 他坚持她马上就做。 |
在It is/was +上述动词的-ed形式+that从句中 | It is suggested by the doctor that I should give up smoking. 医生建议我戒烟。 |
当上述动词以其名词形式出现，并且被用作主语，引导一个表语从句或者同位语从句时 | My suggestion is that we (should) set out tomorrow morning. 我建议我们明早动身。 The suggestion that the sports meeting (should) put off |
2.
在It is /was necessary, important等形容词+that从句中，常见的这类形容词有:necessary, important, essential, vital, advisable, urgent, desirable, natural, strange, imperative等 | It is necessary that you should attend the meeting. 你有必要参加会议。 It is imperative that you arrive there in time. 你必须按时到达那儿。 |
在It is a pity (a shame, no wonder)+that从句中 | It is a pity that you fail the exam. It is no wonder he be late for class. |
虚拟语气(3)——虚拟语气的其他用法
在wish后面的宾语从句中 | 对现在的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去时 | I wish I were a little younger.我希望我能够年轻一点。 |
对过去的虚拟，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)或“would/could+现在完成时” | I wish I had been there. 我真希望我当时在那里。 I wish I had not attended that party. 我真希望我当时没参加那个聚会。 | |
对将来的虚拟，从句的谓语用“would/could+动词原形” | I wish he could explain what he means. | |
在if only感叹句中 | 表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”用法和wish基本相同，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。 | If only the rain would stop. (对将来的虚拟)但愿雨能停。 If only I were taller. (对现在的虚拟)我的个子要是能高一点就好了。 If only I had followed your advice! (对过去的虚拟)要是我听从了你的建议就好了！ |
在as if/as though引导的从句中 | 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时 | I really don’t like the way you are speaking to me. It seems as if you were my father. 我真的非常讨厌你和我说话的方式。你听起来就好像是我爸爸。 |
表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时 | He kept telling us what had happened as if he had been there himself. 他不停地和我们讲发生的事情，好像他当时在场一样。 | |
有时也用陈述语气，这时表示较大的真实性或可能性 | It is becoming dark. It looks as if it’s going to rain. 天变黑了，似乎就要下雨了。 It seems as if he had been to America. 他好像去过美国。 | |
在would rather结构中 | would rather do sth. 表示将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿自己做某事” | I would rather go there tomorrow. 我想明天去那里。 He would rather not stay at home tonight. 他今晚不想在家呆着。 |
would rather have done sth. 表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿自己过去做了某事，但实际上没有做” | She would rather not have gone to the party. 她觉得真是不该去参加那个晚会。 | |
would rather sb. Did 表示的是将来或现在的事件，“主语宁愿让另外一个人做某事” | Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天就别来了，我希望你下周末过来。 | |
would rather sb. had done 表示过去的事件，“主语宁愿别人过去做了某事，但实际上没有做” | I would rather you had returned the book yesterday. 我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 | |
在 It is (about, high) time+(that)从句中 | 从句中用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，并含有建议的意味。 | It is high time that we began to work. 咱们应该开始干活了。
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练习题
1. If my lawyer＿＿＿here last Saturday, he＿＿＿me from going.
A.had been, would have prevented | B.had been, would prevent |
C.were, would prevent | D.were, would have prevented |
2. If it＿＿＿for the snow, we＿＿＿the mountain yesterday.
A.were not, could have climbed | B.were not, could climb |
C.had not been, could have climbed | D.had not been, could climb |
3. Without electricity(电) human life＿＿＿quite difficult today.
A. is | B. will be | C. would have been | D. would be |
4. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting, if she＿＿＿, she would have met my brother.
A. has come | B. did come | C. came | D. had come |
5. When the pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it＿＿＿.
A. breaks | B. has broken | C. were broken | D. had been broken |
6. He hesitated(犹豫) for a moment before kicking(踢) the ball. Otherwise he＿＿＿a goal.
A. had scored | B. scored | C. would score | D. would have scored |
