高考英语英语语法一轮复习教案——虚拟语气

虚拟语气
（一）“if”虚拟条件句
主从句谓语动词的构成
情 况
从句谓语动词的构成
主句谓语动词的构成
与现在事实相反
过去式（be用were）
should/would/could/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反
had+过去分词
should/would/could/might +have+过去分词
与将来事实相反
过去式
should+动词原形
were+不定式
should/would/could/might+动词原形
注意：从句中的should可用于各种人称，且不可以被would所代替。
If he were here, he would help us.如果他在这里，他会帮助我们的。
If I had been free at that time, I would have visited you.如果那时我有空的话，我就拜访你了。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.如果明天下雨的话，我们就不去野营。
（二）省略“if”的虚拟条件句
将虚拟条件从句中的“were，had，should”放到主语之前，构成部分倒装
Should he come, tell him to ring me up.如果他来，告诉他让他给我打电话。
Were I you, I would not do it.如果我是你，我就不做。
Had I been free, I would have visited you.如果我有空的话，我就拜访你了。
（三）混合虚拟条件句
1.不同时间的虚拟，遵守相应的规则
If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.
要是他听了我的话，现在就不会有麻烦了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.
要是他昨天告诉我了，我就知道现在做什么了。（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
如果我是你，我就去参加他的生日聚会了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）
2.虚拟与陈述的混合，遵守相应的规则
He could have passed the exam, but he wasn’t careful enough. 他本来能通过考试的，但他不够细心。
You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago. 你应该早一点来的，汽车刚走一会儿。
（四）含蓄虚拟条件句：即不用“if”而用其它形式给出虚拟条件
1.用“but for+名词”表示虚拟条件
—Did you make it at last? 你们最后成功了吗？
—Yes. But for your help, it would have caused a serious loss.成功了，要不是你的帮助，我们的损失就大了。
2.用“without+名词”表示虚拟条件
Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.
如果没有电的话，人类今天的生活就会大为不同。
3.用“动词不定式”表示虚拟条件
It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果这样做，仅仅对了一半。
4.用“现在分词”表示虚拟条件
Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.
要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。
5.用“过去分词”表示虚拟条件
Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。
6.用“副词otherwise”表示虚拟条件
I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。
7.用“连词but连接的句子”表示隐含的虚拟条件
He _________fatter but he eats too little.
A. would become B. would have become C. must become D. must have become
【解析】答案为A。从后句“但是他吃得太少”来看，隐含着虚拟即：如果他吃得多点，就会胖些了。
（五）特殊句式虚拟结构
1.suggest, order, propose, request, require, demand, advise, insist+ 宾语从句(should )do
He suggested that we (should)not change our mind.他建议我们不要改变主意。
He insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.他坚持要到南方去工作。
注意：当suggest表示暗示，insist表示坚持观点，事实时，后接的宾语从句应当用真实语气。
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默说明了他同意我的决定。
He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.他坚持认为做早操对人的身体有益。
2.It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/required…+ that从句(should) do
It is suggested that more students should go to university.有人建议应该有更多的学生去上大学。
3.My advice/suggestion/request/requirement/order/proposal…+ is +表语从句(should)do
My advice is that you should practice speaking English as often as possible.
我的建议是有应该尽可能多地练习说英语。
4.His suggestion/advice/request/requirement…+ 同位语从句(should )do+ is..
The request that they should get more is reasonable.他们得到更多的要求是合理的。
5.It is natural/necessary/strange +that从句 (should) do表惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、不满、理应如此等。
It’s strange that he should have missed the train. 真奇怪，这样的一个人竟然是我们的朋友。（表竟然）
It is important that we should learn from others.重要的是我们理应向他人学习。（表理应如此）
It is a pity that he should not go with us.真遗憾，他不肯跟我们一起走。(表惋惜)
6.wish + that clause (did/were 与现在相反)
wish + that clause (would/could/might + do与将来相反)
wish + that clause ( had done 与过去相反)
I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在)
I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。(将来)
I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it. 我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去)
7.It is (high) time + 从句(did或should do )
It is (high) time we went/should go home. 我们真该回家了。
8.would rather + 从句 (did 与现在或将来相反)；（had done 与过去相反）
I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你现在呆在家里。
I would rather you hadn’t told her the news.我宁愿你没有把这个消息告诉她。
9.省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知
①省去条件从句
You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。
（省去了“If you had wanted to”，事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。）
②省去主句(常用以表示愿望) If only + 从句 ( did/were与现在相反)/ (would/could/might + do与将来相反) /( had done 与过去相反) “要是……就好了”
If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世了。)
If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
If only he would come tomorrow!要是他明天能来该多好啊！
注意：only if是“只要”的意思，从句中用陈述语气。
10.as if +从句 (did/were 与现在相反) / (would/could/might + do与将来相反)/( had done 与过去相反)
I’ve loved you as if you were my relative.我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈起来就像是处了多年的朋友。
注意：“as if/as though”引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：
It sounds as if it is raining. 听起来像是在下雨。
He talks as if he is drunk. 从他谈话的样子来看他似乎是喝醉了。
（二）虚拟语气

①If there were no subjunctive mood, English ______ much easier.
A. will be B. would have been C. could have been D. would be
【解析】答案为D。观察题干，可知全句表达的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。故答案为D。句意：如果没有虚拟语气的话，英语会更加简单的。
②________he had not hurt his leg, John would have won the race.
A. If B. Since C. Though D. When
【解析】答案为A。句意：如果他的腿没有受伤的话，他就会赢得此次比赛了。根据句意可知此句是是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，应选“if”引导虚拟条件句。
③If it _______ tomorrow, we________ put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. rains; would have had to B. were to rain; will have to
C. should rain; would have to D. rained; should have had to
【解析】答案为C。根据语境中所给时间状语tomorrow可知，这是表示将来的条件状语从句，本句可使用陈述语气（条件句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时），也可使用与将来事实相反的虚拟语气（条件句用did/were to do/should do…，主句用would do…），根据所给选项，只有答案C项为正确答案。
特别注意省略“if”的虚拟条件句
④________fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be B. Should you be C. Could you be D. Might you be
【解析】答案为B。虚拟条件句省略了“if”，要把“should”放在从句主语的前面构成部分倒装。句意：即使你被解雇了，医疗保障和其它福利也不会受到影响。
⑤______for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.
A. If it is not B. Were it not C. Had it not been D. If they were not
【解析】答案为C。根据主句中谓语动词结构would not have gone，说明前一分句是与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，应选用过去完成时结构，分析四个选项，只有选项C（倒装结构）为正确答案。实际上，相当于一个陈述结构：If it had not been for…。

If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what________in science and technology.
A. had discovered B. had been discovered C. has discovered D. has been discovered
【解析】答案为D。与现在的事实相反，从句用的是过去时，主语用“would”加动词原形构成。“by”后的宾语从句是现在的事实，因此就该用与实际相符的时态来表示。“by”后的宾语从句表示的意思是：科学技术已经发现的东西。

①They ________two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go.
A. had got B. got C. have got D. get
【解析】答案为B。【简析】根据下文“否则他们不可能负担得起”中所用的“虚拟语气”表示“与过去的事实相反的情况”可以推断上文应该是一个过去的事实。
②But for the Party, he _______ of hunger 30 years ago.
A. would have died B. must have died C. would die D. died
【解析】答案为A。but for=without意为“要是没有……”，常跟虚拟语气连用。根据后面的时间状语判断是跟过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
③Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night__, too cold for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
【解析】答案为A。句中介词短语Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat暗示条件，实际上相当于一个明确的条件状语从句If there were no air to hold…。根据句意，句中时间状语today说明句子是对现在的假设，所以，该句应用与现在事实相反的动词虚拟结构形式。
④Having known earlier, we __________such a thing from happening again.
A. would stopped B. should have stopped C. would have stopped D. need have stopped
⑤— He _________ in the experiment last time.
— Luckily he followed your advice.
A. failed B. was failing C. might have failed D. would have failed
【解析】答案为D。根据对话情景可知，应答句Luckily he followed your advice（很幸运他听了你的建议）实际上就是上一句讲话人暗示的条件。从应答句所给特定的动词时态（一般过去时）看，说明上一句中讲话人所说内容是对过去情况的假设，故暗示的条件句应为If he hadn’t followed your advice。由此可见，选项部分应为主句的谓语动词，与过去事实相反，应选用would have failed。

①Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it________ yesterday.
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
【解析】答案为A。as if意为“好像，仿佛……似的”，所引导的从句如果表示真实情况，谓语动词用陈述语气。如果表示非真实情况，谓语动词用虚拟语气。因为伊丽莎所能想起的事都发生在过去，而不是发生在昨天，是非真实情况，所以要用虚拟语气。
②—I’m going to see the victim’s brother.
—I’d rather you__________________.
A. didn’t B. do not C. don’t D. do
【解析】答案为A 。 would rather后面从句用一般过去时表示跟现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
③—Don’t you think it necessary that he _______to Miami but to New York?
—I agree, but the problem is ________ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
【解析】答案为B。在“It is necessary that…”句型中，从句中常常用虚拟语气，其形式为“should+动词原型”，“should”也可以省略。第二空考查了表语从句。“that”没有实际的意义，只起一个连接的作用。
④I wish that you _____ such a bad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.
　A. hadn’t　 B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had　 D. hadn’t have
【解析】答案为C。wish后面用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
练习
1. (全国卷I)What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There be twelve
A. should B. would C. will D. shall
【答案】A
【解析】由语义：你什么意思啊？只有十张票，应该有十二张，可知正确答案是A项。
2. (全国卷II) I can’t leave. She told me that I stay here until she comes back.
A. can B. must C. will D. may
【答案】B
【解析】根据前文, “我不能走”, 可以判断她告诉我 “必须”呆在这儿。must表示“必须、一定”。
3. (北京卷) One of the few things you ___ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.
A. need B. must C. should D. can
【答案】D
【解析】关于英国人你可以肯定的一点是他们谈论很多的天气。用can表示可以，能够，所以正确答案为D项。不能选C，should是表示责任和义务的。
4.（上海卷）It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.
A. may B. can C. must D. should
【答案】C
【解析】从后句他是唯一有车的人可以知道这一定是汤姆停的车，语气绝对和肯定用“must”。
5.This printer is of good quality. If it _______ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
A. would B. should C. could D. might
【答案】B
【解析】考查情态动词的用法。句意：这台打印机的质量很好。如果在第一年里它坏了的,修理费用由我们负担。对将来虚拟时，用should/were to do +v原形。
6.（重庆卷）—Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is?
—She in the classroom. I saw her there just now.
A. shall be B. should have been
C. must be D. might have been
【答案】C
【解析】根据语境知道问现在在哪里，而第二句话是指我刚才见到他在教室里，由此可以肯定，她现在一定在教室里，是对现在的肯定推测。
7.（安徽卷）Some people who don’t like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they just be quiet people.
A. must B. may C. should D. would
【答案】B
【解析】前半句为“有些人不喜欢讲很多话未必就是因为害羞,”后半句应该为”他们可能是比较安静的人。”
8.（安徽卷）But for their help，we the program in time.
A. can not finish B. will not finish C. had not finished D. could not have finished
【答案】D
【解析】But for起到了对过去虚拟的条件句作用,后面自然要选would/could/might/should+have done结构了。
9.（福建卷）But for the help of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.
A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won
【答案】B
【解析】此处虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，句子谓语动词用would/should/could/might + have done结构，故选B。
10.（湖南卷）— It’s the office! So you know eating is not allowed here.
— Oh, sorry.
A. must B. will C. may D. need
【答案】A
【解析】句意为：这是办公室！因此你必须知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“绝不”的意思。
11.（江苏卷）He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he it differently.
A. could express B. would express C. could have expressed D. must have expressed
【答案】C
【解析】he could have expressed it differently的意思为“他要是用另一种方式来说该多好啊”。
12.（辽宁卷）The traffic is heavy this day, I arrive a bit late, so could you save me a place?
A. can B. must C. need. D. might
【答案】D
【解析】A 项can 常用于疑问、否定的猜测句；must一定的意思表示很肯定的猜测，而此处的语境应该是或许，大概之意，故选D项。
13.（四川卷） —I don’t care what people think. —Well, you _______
A. could B. would C. should D. might
【答案】C
【解析】答话的人提了一个建议——你应该关注别人对你的评价的。should可以用来向别人提建议，所以答案为C项。
14.（浙江卷）The doctor recommended that you swim after eating a large meal.
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D. shouldn’t
【答案】D
【解析】recommend的宾语从句中用虚拟语气既：（should）+v,所以答案为D。
2010年
1.(全国I) Just be patient .You_____________ except the world to change so soon.
A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. will not
【答案】A
【解析】通过选项此题考察情态动词，can't在否定句中可以表示推测，译为不可能，，可以表示能力，译为不能够，也可以表示命令，不允许，但是语气比mustn't弱，具有劝慰的意思，根据句意此题中选择A项，can't表示劝慰。句意：耐心一点儿，你不可能期望世界变化如此快。
2.(全国II) I’m afraid Mr.Harding ____ see you now . he’s busy.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【答案】A
【解析】结合语境，根据情态动词用于疑问或否定推测时，要用can’t。
3.(安徽卷) Jack descried his father, who _____a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-willed man
A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been
【答案】D
【解析】句意：杰克把他的父亲描述为一个意志坚强的人，他的父亲多年前肯定很勇敢。用must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。
4.(北京卷)—Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.
—Ah, good morning. You be Mrs. Peters.
A. might B. must C. would D. can
【答案】B
【解析】第一个说话人说和史密斯小姐有约，那下面的人就回应说，“那您一定就是Mrs. Peters了”因此排除A，C，D三个选项。
5.(北京卷)－The weather has been very hot and dry.
－Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables .
A. wouldn't die B. didn't die C. hadn't died D. wouldn't have died
【答案】D
【解析】第二个说话人的If条件句是我们选择正确答案的关键。要是当时下雨了，现在的情况就好的多了！我的蔬菜也就不会死了。与过去事实相反：过去没有下雨，所以我的蔬菜干死了也是发生在过去。将句子整合还原：If it had rained even a drop, my vegetables wouldn't have died.
If+ had done,主句为couldn’t/ shouldn't/ wouldn't have done.
6.(福建卷)Teachers recommend parents their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.
A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow
【答案】A
【解析】recommend 后面的（that）从句中要用虚拟语气：should+do, should可以使省略。 =Teachers recommend parents should not allow…=Teachers recommend parents not to allow…句意：老师建议父母出于安全考虑最好不要让12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去学校。
7.(湖南卷)If he __________my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job.
A. followed B. should follow C. had followed D. would follow
【答案】C
【解析】根据“wouldn’t have lost”可判断if引导的状语从句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟，故选C项。
8.(湖南卷)You_________ buy a gift , but you can if you want to.
A. must B. mustn’t C. have to D. don’t have to
【答案】D
【解析】don’t have to 意为“没有必要”，符合语境，句意：你没有必要买礼物，但如果你想买的话，你也可以买。
9.(江苏卷)—I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month.
—Don’t worry. You______ have it by Friday.
A. could B. shall C. must D. may
【答案】B
【解析】shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还可以表示强制，命令，威胁，警告。还有在法律条文中的要求或规定。
10.(江苏卷)George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.
A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused
【答案】B
【解析】would rather后应用虚拟语气，表示与现在时间相反，用动词的过去式。
11.(江西卷)I have told you the truth I keep repeating it?
A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will
【答案】A
【解析】must必须,一定，can可以,能够， may也许，will意愿,倾向性动作。前半句说我告诉你事实了，这里用的是现在完成时，表示过去的动作对现在造成了影响,既然我已经说了,我还必须重复一遍吗？
12.(辽宁卷)Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise.
A. can B. will C. must D. may
【答案】C
【解析】can一般表示“可能，或能力”；will表示“意志”；may表示“许可，可能”；must表示“必须”。句意：医生说锻炼对身体重要，但是必须是有规律的锻炼。
13.(山东卷)I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams.
A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】A
【解析】句意：“我本来不应该看那部电影的——它会使我做噩梦的。”表示“本来不应该做而做了某事”用shouldn’t have done, 所以A项正确。
14.(陕西卷)If we _ __ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken
【答案】B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。所填词做虚拟语气中条件状语从句的谓语，根据主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反，故所填部分用had+过去分词形式，选B项。句意：如果当时走了另一条路，我们就有可能及时赶到这儿开会了。
15.(陕西卷)—May I take this book out of the reading room?
—No, you . You read it in here.
A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】D
【解析】英语中用could，might表示询问或征求意见的问句中，肯定性应答要用can或may来代替could或might，而may或might征求意见的问句否定应答时要用mustn’t，故本题选D项。
16.(四川卷)— I take the book out?
—I'm afraid not.
A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need
【答案】B
【解析】表请求可用情态动词can, may, could, might ,表允许用can, may。句意：“我可以将这本书带出去吗？”“恐怕不行”。故应选表情请求的情态动词may。
17.(天津卷)Mark _______ have hurried. After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
【答案】A
【解析】根据后面的语境，提前半个小时到达，说明Mark本来不必那么匆忙，所以用needn’t have done 结构，表示“本来不必要做某事的而实际上做了”。句意：迈克本来不必要那么忙的。这么高速驾驶之后，他早半个小时到达了。
18.(天津卷)－John went to the hospital alone.
－If he _______ me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told
【答案】D
【解析】前一句是陈述语气，说明动发生在过去，而且后一句的主句已经是would have gone说明是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。与之对应的从句结构，应该用had+过去分词。句意：约翰独自去了医院。如果他告诉我的话，我会跟他一起去的。
19.(重庆卷)You park here! It’s an emergency exit.
A. wouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】D
【解析】由后面的 “这是一个紧急出口”可知, 这儿是禁止人们停车的, 所以用“mustn’t”表示禁止某人做某事。
20.(浙江卷) “You ____ have a wrong number,” she said. “There’s no one of that name here.”
A. need B. can C. must D. would
【答案】C
【解析】肯定的猜测，用must。
21.(浙江卷)Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy __ .
A. would have been saved B. had been saved
C. will be saved D. was saved
【答案】A
【解析】根据句子的倒装特征判断此处是省略了if的虚拟语气，原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .句意：如果我早知道这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。
22.(上海卷)－Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
－Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.
A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't
【答案】C
【解析】此处表示和过去事实相反的情况，应该用should + have +过去分词。表示“本来应该做，而未做”。