上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解C篇及长难句分析（原题版）

这是一份上海高考英语二轮讲义-阅读理解C篇及长难句分析（原题版），共27页。
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898653" 01 复合句2
\l "_Tc148898654" 02 分隔结构 PAGEREF _Tc148898654 \h 3
\l "_Tc148898655" 03 省略或倒装4
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略4
\l "_Tc148898653" 01 找谓语，定主语4
\l "_Tc148898654" 02 提主干，去枝叶5
\l "_Tc148898655" 03 寻关联，辨逻辑 PAGEREF _Tc148898655 \h 5
\l "_Tc148898656" 04 看搭配，防隔离6
05 关键词，抓线索
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 10
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练 PAGEREF _Tc148898657 \h 19
高考阅读理解的文章一般会有一些结构复杂的句子，增加了句子的长度和难度，干扰了学生正常的阅读速度和思维方式。
复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
原文：The American ecnmic system is rganized arund a basically private-enterprise, market-riented ecnmy in which cnsumers largely determine what shall be prduced by spending their mney in the market place fr thse gds and services that they want mst。
结构分析：
主句：The American ecnmic system is rganized arund...
定语从句：in which cnsumers largely determine what shall be prduced...
宾语从句：what shall be prduced，作determine的宾语
定语从句：that they want mst，修饰“gds and services”
中文翻译：
美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
原文：The research findings, which were published in a prestigius scientific jurnal and attracted widespread attentin, suggest that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases, althugh further clinical trials are needed t cnfirm its safety and efficacy, and this is a significant breakthrugh in the medical field.
结构分析：复合句。“which were published in a prestigius scientific jurnal and attracted widespread attentin” 是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰 “The research findings”。“suggest that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases” 是句子的谓语和宾语部分，其中 “that the new drug being develped has great ptential in treating certain diseases” 是一个宾语从句，“being develped” 是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰 “the new drug”。“althugh further clinical trials are needed t cnfirm its safety and efficacy” 是一个让步状语从句。“and this is a significant breakthrugh in the medical field” 是一个并列句。
中文翻译：这些研究结果发表在一家著名的科学杂志上并引起了广泛关注，它们表明正在研发的新药在治疗某些疾病方面有很大的潜力，尽管还需要进一步的临床试验来证实其安全性和有效性，而这在医学领域是一个重大突破。
分隔结构
高考试题中出现较多的分隔结构是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象。
原文：The scientist, wh is well - knwn fr his research in the field f physics, a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhd, and whse cntributins have had a prfund impact n mdern science, said that, in his pinin, the experiment, if carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures, wuld surely achieve the expected results.
结构分析：“wh is well - knwn fr his research in the field f physics” 和 “whse cntributins have had a prfund impact n mdern science” 是两个并列的定语从句，修饰 “The scientist” ；“a subject that has always fascinated him since his childhd” 是插入语，对 “physics” 进行补充说明 ；“said that” 后面是宾语从句，“in his pinin” 是插入语，在宾语从句中 “if carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures” 是省略句，完整形式为 “if the experiment is carried ut accrding t the strict prcedures” 。句子的主干 “The scientist said that...” 被多个定语从句和插入语分割，成分出现分离现象 。
中文翻译：这位科学家，因其在物理学领域的研究而闻名，物理学是一门从他童年起就一直令他着迷的学科，并且他的贡献对现代科学产生了深远影响，他说，在他看来，如果按照严格的程序进行实验，肯定会取得预期的结果。
原文：The prject, despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementatin, a perid full f challenges and uncertainties, and althugh we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning, has finally achieved great success.
结构分析：“despite the many difficulties we faced during its implementatin” 是让步状语，“we faced during its implementatin” 是省略了关系代词 that 的定语从句，修饰 “difficulties” ；“a perid full f challenges and uncertainties” 是插入语，对 “implementatin” 进行解释 ；“althugh we lacked sufficient funds at the beginning” 是让步状语从句 。主句是 “The prject has finally achieved great success”，句子被插入语和多个状语成分分割，造成句子成分的分离 ，同时在定语从句中存在关系代词的省略。
中文翻译：尽管在项目实施过程中我们面临许多困难，那是一段充满挑战和不确定性的时期，而且尽管一开始我们资金不足，但这个项目最终还是取得了巨大成功。
省略或倒装
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。有时为了强调句子表达的重心，对句子进行倒装。
原文：Never befre has such a technlgical innvatin had such a prfund impact n sciety as the inventin f the Internet, which has nt nly revlutinized the way we cmmunicate and access infrmatin but als transfrmed varius industries and ecnmic mdels.
结构分析：这是一个倒装句，正常语序为 “Such a technlgical innvatin has never had such a prfund impact n sciety befre as the inventin f the Internet”。“Never befre” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “has” 提前。“which” 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰 “the inventin f the Internet”，在定语从句中，“nt als...” 连接两个并列的谓语动词 “has revlutinized” 和 “has transfrmed”。
中文翻译：以前从未有过像互联网发明这样的技术创新对社会产生如此深远的影响，它不仅彻底改变了我们交流和获取信息的方式，还改变了各个行业和经济模式。
原文：Nt until all the candidates have passed the strict screening prcess and demnstrated their qualificatins and abilities will the cmpany make a final decisin n wh t hire, and this cautius apprach is aimed at ensuring that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany.
结构分析：倒装句和复合句。“Nt until all the candidates have passed the strict screening prcess and demnstrated their qualificatins and abilities will the cmpany make a final decisin n wh t hire” 是一个倒装句，“Nt until” 置于句首引起部分倒装，将助动词 “will” 提前。“n wh t hire” 是一个介词短语作后置定语，修饰 “decisin”。“and this cautius apprach is aimed at ensuring that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany” 是一个并列句，其中 “that the new emplyees can meet the high standards and requirements f the cmpany” 是一个宾语从句，作 “ensuring” 的宾语。
中文翻译：直到所有候选人都通过严格的筛选过程并展示出他们的资格和能力，公司才会就雇佣谁做出最终决定，而这种谨慎的做法旨在确保新员工能够满足公司的高标准和要求。

找谓语，定主语
一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如
Declaring that he was ppsed t using this unusual animal husbandry technique t clne humans, he rdered that federal funds nt be used fr such an experiment --- althugh n ne had prpsed t d s and asked an independent panel f experts chaired by Princetn President Harld Shapir t reprt back t the White Huse in 90 days with recmmendatins fr a natinal plicy n human clning.
【简析】
句意：
提主干，去枝叶（从句等）
一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如：
First put frward by the French mathematician Pierre de Frmat in the 17th century，the therem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French wman scientist wh made a majr advance in wrking ut the prblem，and wh had t dress like a man in rder t be able t study at the Ec-lab Ply technique.
【简析】
句意：
寻关联，辨逻辑
一些长句其实是由若干分句组成的并列句或复合句。而这些并列句或复合句之间需要一些关联词来连接。如果我们找准这些关联词，就能够分辨出句与句之间的逻辑关系，分别弄清主句的意义和从句的意义，则长句就容易对付得多了。要掌握此方法必须对英语中的常见的关联词谙熟于心。
Whereas a wman’s clsest female friend might be the first t tell her t leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual t hear a man say he didn’t knw his friend’s marriage was in serius truble until he appeared ne night asking if he culd sleep n the sfa.
【简析】
句意：
看搭配，防隔离
有时一个长句或难句是由一个或多个搭配构成，而且这些搭配中常常出现分隔现象。读者若受分隔现象的干扰而看不清句子的本来面目，则对句意的理解就会发生偏差。如：
Sme cmpanies have made the manufacturing f clean and safe prducts，t sme degree，their main selling pints and emphasize it in their advertising.
【简析】
句意：
关键词，抓线索
有时某些句子句意模糊，读者理不清头绪，这时读者只能依靠关键词来抓，从而在大体上搞清楚句意。总之，在碰到长句和难句时，要根据实际情况灵活运用上述方法，在平时阅读过程中要加强对长句和难句的句法分析训练。有时要几种方法综合使用才能正确理解句意。如：
We even have different wrds fr sme fd，meat in particular, depending n whether it is still ut in the fields r at hme ready t be cked,which shws the fact that the Saxn peasants were ding the farming, while the upper class Nrmans were ding mst f the eating.
【简析】
句意：
阅读理解答题技巧（以C篇说明文或议论文为例）
高考阅读理解常见的设题形式有：词义猜测题、细节题、推断题、作者态度题和主旨大意题。题型不同，答题技巧也就有差异。下面就不同题型的答题技巧作一点简分析。
1、词义猜测题技巧
在高考阅读题中，考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个：一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导；二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍，从而出现理解偏差或理解困难，影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：
1) The wrd “ABC” in the passage prbably means ________.
2) The underlined wrd “ABC” in the passage refers t/means _______.
3) Which f the fllwing is clsest in meaning t the underlined wrd in the secnd paragraph？
4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．
5) The wrd "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers t ____．
（2025年嘉定一模C篇）The simplicity f the fndant - a single-serving dessert with a mlten cre - belies its cmplexity. Achieving the perfect texture and ensuring the center flws at the exact mment f cutting are the challenges that nly a skilled chef can cnsistently cnquer. There's an element f anticipatin built int the experience: will the warm chclate flw r remain disappintingly slid?
44. What des the wrd “belies” (paragraph 4) mst prbably mean?
A. Reveals.B. Defines.C. Masks.D. Explains.
（2025年虹口一模C篇）But trade-ffs exist. Given peple’s anxiety abut math and level f mathematical ability, there is an upper limit when cmmunicating these kinds f details. In past research, it was fund that peple find numbers helpful, s lng as there aren’t t many f them. N hard-and-fast rule suggests hw many is t many-it depends n the cmplexity f the tpic, peple’s familiarity with the subject and their verall numeracy. Cmmunicatrs therefre need t knw and attend t their audience: if a speaker sees smene lking bred, fr example, it’s a sign t back ff n the numbers.
44. Which f the fllwing best fits the descriptin f “trade-ffs” (paragraph 4)?
A. Numbers cause difficulties in understanding the matter.
B. Peple find the subject being talked abut unfamiliar.
C. It takes time t cnfirm the precisin f all numbers.
D. Peple tend t hld mre debates abut the tpic
（2024金山一模C篇）It’s nt unheard f fr ne event t kick ff a whle new field f scientific inquiry. Still it’s rare. When Lrimer’s paper came ut in the jurnal, it was nt surprising that many were skeptical. “Smetimes, what seems like a remarkable scientific discvery turns ut t be an errr in the data,” sme cmmented.
63. Which f the fllwing has the clsest meaning t the underlined wrd in paragraph 3?
A. Optimistic.B. Curius.C. Supprtive.D. Dubtful.
（2024年普陀区一模C篇）What is the pint f lking decades int space and struggling t explre the vastness f the universe? The develpment f the space industry has brught humans many benefits, the mst imprtant f which is the spread f infrmatin. The cell phne signal and TV signal peple use nw are all benefiting frm the develpment f the space industry. The ultimate gal f mankind is t g deeper int space, and t explre mre unknwn wrlds, that is, the Mn, Mars and beynd, and what humanity is eager t achieve is a cmmn hme f freedm and equality.
66. What des the underlined phrase in the last paragraph mean?
A. Studying space fr cuntless years.B. Living in space fr many years.
C. Explring space fr sme ten years.D. Observing space fr several ten years.
2、细节题技巧
细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。此类考题主要针对文章的细节，一般提问方式如下：
Which f the fllwing is NOT true accrding t the infrmatin in the passage?
Which f the fllwing statements is crrect accrding t the passage?
Which f the fllwing is nt mentined?
Chse the right rder f this passage.
Accrding t the passage, when (where, why, hw, wh, etc. ) ...
Frm this passage we knw that ________.
In the passage, the authr states that ______.
（2025年静安一模C篇）
Abut 150 years after his death, questins appeared abut the authrship f William Shakespeare’s plays. Schlars and literary critics began t flat names like Christpher Marlwe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacn - men f mre knwn backgrunds, literary recgnitin, r inspiratin - as the true authrs f the plays. Much f this
came frm the incmplete recrd f Shakespeare’s life and the lack f eye-witness surces. Official files frm the Hly Trinity Church and the Stratfrd gvernment recrd the existence f a William Shakespeare, but nne bears the statements like him being an actr r playwright (剧作家).
Tday, his plays are highly ppular and reinterpreted in perfrmances with diverse cultural backgrunds. The appeal f Shakespeare’s characters and plts is that they present real human beings in a wide range f emtins and cnflicts that g beynd their rigins in Elizabethan England.
43. Which f the reasns is NOT mentined t supprt skepticism abut Shakespeare’s authrship?
A. Official recrds didn’t mentin Shakespeare’s identity as a playwright.
B. Shakespeare’s educatin backgrund culdn’t supprt his literary achievements.
C. Shakespeare’s plays were inspired by big-name literary giants.
D. There was a lack f specific details f Shakespeare’s life.
45. The charm f Shakespeare’s plays tday lies in that ________.
A. his plts are full f cnflicts
B. his plays are translated int many languages
C. he succeeded frm a mdest backgrund
D. he pictures peple f real feelings which can exist tday
（2025年普陀区一模C篇）
Art has always ccupied a special place in sciety. Many peple cnsider artists t be the ultimate authrities n the nature and expressin f beauty. Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists —inspiratin —has its wn magical qualities. Literally, "inspiratin"is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.
Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw. "His clleague, Samuel Taylr Cleridge, famusly remarked that the suls f five hundred Newtns wuld be needed t make ne Shakespeare. And yet, frm anther perspective, Newtn did nt reduce the beauty f the rainbw;he enhanced it. In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime(绝妙). Newtn's discvery paved the way fr the develpment f the science f spectrscpy, a way f analyzing the chemical makeup f light. Nw scientists can lk at the stars and knw their cmpsitin. The sense f wnder this ability creates is nt much different frm the wnder the pet r artist feels when staring at thse same stars.
43. Accrding t the passage, what was the cmmn view f artists in histry?
A. Artists were cnsidered lgical and ratinal.
B. Artists were seen as inspired and smewhat strange.
C. Artists were primarily fcused n scientific discvery.
D. Artists were thught t be withut any supernatural beliefs.
44. Hw did the Rmantic pets react t Newtn's discvery abut light and clr?
A. They believed it added a new dimensin t the appreciatin f beauty.
B. They credited Newtn's insights t mystical influences.
C. They were inspired t integrate mre scientific themes in their petry.
D. They felt it faded the petic beauty f natural phenmena.
（2024黄埔一模C篇）①A grup f 41 states and the District f Clumbia began a legal case against Meta, the parent cmpany f Facebk, Instagram, WhatsApp and Messenger, insisting that the cmpany knwingly used features n its platfrms t cause children t veruse them. The accusatins in the lawsuit raise a deeper questin abut behavir: Are yung peple becming addicted t scial media and the internet? Here’s what the research has fund.
63.What was Meta accused f?
A. It added prblematic features t its platfrm.
B. It started a discussin t mislead yung peple.
C. It tempted children t use scial media t much.
D. It cnducted illegal research n its parent cmpany.
3、推断题技巧
推理是在既有信息的基础上得出合乎文章内容的内涵意义，即某一问题、某一观点没有直接表述，而寓意在文章的字里行间，要求通过文中信息分析推出某种符合作者思想、符合文章逻辑的内涵意义。推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断题推断得正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。此类考题一般针对短文内容和考生应有的常识，文章中虽然没有明确的答案，但考生在理解全文的基础上可以进行推理和判断其答案。一般提问方式如下：
1) The authr implied（suggested）that．．．
2) We can infer frm the text that _______.
3) It can be inferred frm the text that ______.
4) It may be cncluded frm the passage that．．．
5) Which f the fllwing statements des the passage supprt？
6) The paragraph fllwing the passage will mst prbably be ___.
（2025年杨浦一模C篇）
Neurdiversity is a term that refers t the natural range f differences in peple’s brains. The neurdiversity mvement says that the brains that wander frm the average within that range shuldn’t be dismissed as insufficient autmatically. The term dates back t the autism (自闭症) cmmunity in the 1990s, thugh it’s nw applied t all srts f mental differences. In the past, “autism was widely seen as an individual medical tragedy,” says Rbert Chapman, a neurdivergent (脑功能异于常人的) philspher with autism, “The nly hpe fr autistic peple and ur families, it was thught, was that we wuld ne day be fixed thrugh behaviral r bimedical interventin.”
Crucially, the neurdiversity mvement allws neurdivergent peple t transfrm their thinking abut themselves. “The dminant medicalized narrative suggested that being autistic made me smehw tragic, brken, and in need f fixing” Chapman writes in his 2023 bk. “This was why I fund discvering neurdiversity mvement, which ffered a different analysis, s liberating.”
45. What can be inferred abut Rbert Chapman?
A. He believes being autistic is a life-lng tragedy.
B. He has been fixed thrugh bi-medical interventin.
C. He is bthered by the negative narrative surrunding autism.
D. He thinks autistic peple can be liberated frm the mvement.
46. The main purpse f the article is t ______.
A. intrduce the effective treatment methds fr autism
B. explain the histry and significance f the neurdiversity mvement
C. argue fr the necessity f prmting the neurdiversity mvement
D. criticize the wrng fcus f research in understanding autism
（2025年金山一模C篇）
Despite all these, since lads f influencers have cheered their slimming successes n these drugs, it seems everybdy wants t try them. The heavy demand has led t shrtages. Thrughut 2023, peple with type 2 diabetes struggled t access Ozempic. Peridic shrtages are expected t cntinue in 2024, while thse wh can access these drugs face a significant financial cst. The cst is much t high t the vast majrity f Americans-a mnthly supply will set ne back mre than $1000.
Jennifer Blackburn has lst 16 kilgrams (and kept it ff). “I feel happier, mre cnfident.” says Black burn, “It’s abut much mre than size-it’s like the weight is lifted ff my shulders.” With such supprtive vices, the future f Ozempic remains unpredictable s far.
45. What can we infer frm Jennifer Blackburn’s wrds?
A. Besides lsing weight, she has als taken ff a huge mental burden.
B. She strngly recmmends Ozempic t thers due t her wn experiences.
C. Althugh supprting Ozempic herself, she is nt sure f this medicine’s future.
D. She is amng the celebrities wh have successfully lst weight by taking Ozempic.
46. This passage is written t ______.
A. explain Ozempic’s functins, ptential dwnsides and current supply situatins
B. suggest hw serius and cmmn the issue f besity is and hw t deal with it
C. persuade peple withut diabetes nt t further purchase the expensive Ozempic
D. illustrate Ozempic’s effectiveness with examples f celebrities and cmmn users
（2024闵行一模C篇）Undeniably, peple may succeed in faking their way thrugh the prcess. And there may be mre rm fr interviewers’ prejudice t emerge. Finding smene annying may be a signal that smene lacks scial skills. But it may als mean that they are nervus r that interviewers are bad-tempered. Recruitment is set t change and is unlikely t becme less challenging.
66. What can be implied frm the last tw paragraphs?
A. Integrating sft skills assessment int a hiring prcess wn’t intrduce side effects.
B. Emplyees in lwer psitins may prvide useless insights int applicants’ sft skills.
C. Interviewers’ prejudice may influence their fair assessments and perceptins f candidates.
D. There is n pssibility f individuals successfully deceiving thers during the interview.
4、作者态度题技巧
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。此类题目的主要提问方式是一般提问方式如下：
What's the writer's/authr's attitude t/twards ... ?
The authr’s tne wuld be best described as _______ .
The attitude f ... t/twards ... is .
（2024奉贤一模C篇）Deep cean samples revealed significant climate change arund 66.3 millin years ag. But this als cincides with a large vlcanic eruptin in India called the Deccan vlcanism, which prduced sme f the lngest lava (熔岩) flws n Earth. “We’ve always wed that transitin t the carbn dixide released by the Deccan vlcanism and the increase f greenhuse gases,” says Jhnsn. “There are tw things happening: The magnetic field is changing, the Deccan vlcanism is happening, and there’s climate warming. S that wuld be an example f cincidental climate change.”
66. Which f the fllwing statements des Kirk Jhnsn mst prbably agree with?
A. A magnetic reversal desn’t necessarily cause climate change.
B. A magnetic reversal is accmpanied with significant climate change
C. The extinctin f the dinsaurs is due t the magnetic reversal.
D. Climate change is nt relevant t the carbn dixide emissin.
附：阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇
5、主旨大意题技巧
这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题可以分为两类：1．确定文章的标题和主题(title r tpic)；2.主题句（tpic sentence）及主旨大意(main idea)的概括。
常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title/ headline fr this passage might be________.
2) The text (passage) culd be entitled ______.
3) What is the best title fr the passage?
4) What’s the tpic f the article?
常见的主题句和主旨型题干：
1) What is the tpic sentence f the passage?
2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.
3) What is the main purpse f the passage?
4) Which f the fllwing is the main idea f the passage?
（2025年长宁一模C篇）
Unemplyment is a significant prblem in many develping cuntries. Withut steady wrk, individuals struggle t rise ut f pverty, and the cmmunity as a whle als misses ut. Many unemplyed peple culd have dne much gd thrugh their labur if they had been given the pprtunity t cntribute. Wrse, withut pprtunities fr prper emplyment, yung peple smetimes turn t crime and vilence in rder t prvide fr themselves. Thus, giving peple pprtunities t wrk is essential fr the cmmunity’s well-being.
43. What is paragraph 1 mainly abut?
A. The rle f the gvernment in creating jb pprtunities.
B. The imprtance f educatin fr reducing unemplyment rates.
C. The necessity f prviding wrk pprtunities t prevent crime.
D. The cnsequences f unemplyment n individuals and cmmunities.
（2025年徐汇一模C篇）
Mst taxi drivers need a smartphne t get t their destinatins. But sharks, it seems, need nthing mre than their wn bdies — and Earth’s magnetic (磁的) field. A new study suggests sme sharks can read Earth’s field like a map and use it t travel lng distances with accuracy.
Keller’s research adds a significant piece t the still-incmplete puzzle f shark bilgy. Sharks have been declining at an alarming rate due t mstly verfishing and habitat change. Studying the life cycles and migratin patterns f sharks can help us understand what arcas t prtect when managing marine spaces.
46. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Sharks use Earth’s magnetic field t find their way n seas.
B. Researchers discvered a new way t study sharks in labs.
C. Shark ppulatins are declining due t habitat change.
D. Sharks have a learned behavir f returning t their hme.
（2025年宝山一模C篇）
Wrld Hunger Day is abut celebrating slutins that keep peple frm suffering r dying due t lack f fd. Read abut sme causes and als sme f the effrts being made t stp this wrldwide prblem.
S what can yu d t help rt ut wrld hunger? Aside frm striving t reduce yur fd waste, keep educating yurself and thers abut the issue. Lk fr pprtunities t feed the hungry in yur wn cmmunities. There are sme fantastic rganizatins such as SALT Cllectiv, wh regularly rganize and crdinate events t help rphans and feed the hungry. Each step, each chice, each vice can help make hunger a thing f the past.
46.Which f the fllwing might be the best title f the passage?
The Cause f Starvatin
The March tward Zer Hunger
The Slutin t Starvatin
The Cnsequence f Hunger
（2024年松江区一模C篇）Antibitics, which can destry r prevent the grwth f bacteria and cure infectins, are vital t mdern medicine. Their ability t kill bacteria withut harming the patient has saved billins f lives and made surgical prcedures much safer. But after decades f veruse, their pwers are fading. Sme bacteria have evlved resistance, creating a grwing army f superbugs, against which there is little effective treatment. Antimicrbial (抗菌的) resistance, expected t kill 10 millin peple a year by 2050 up frm arund 1 millin in 2019, has been seen as a crisis by many.
66. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Gvernments fail t stp the use f antibitics.
B. Phages culd help prevent an antibitics crisis.
C. Develpment f antibitics is limited by phages.
D. Antimicrbial resistance calls fr new antibitics.
（一）
（2025年浦东新区一模）
In scilgy, cnsumptin is abut s much mre than just taking in r using up resurces. Humans cnsume t survive, f curse, but in tday’s wrld, we als cnsume t entertain and amuse urselves, and as a way t share time and experiences with thers. We cnsume nt nly material gds but als services, experiences, infrmatin, and cultural prducts. Cnsumptin tday is a central rganizing principle f scial life.
Scilgists recgnize that many aspects f ur daily lives are structured by cnsumptin. In fact, Plish scilgist Zygmunt Bauman wrte in the bk Cnsuming Life that Western scieties are n lnger rganized arund the act f prductin, but instead, arund cnsumptin. This transitin began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, after which mst prductin jbs were mved verseas, and ur ecnmy shifted t retail and the prvisin f services and infrmatin.
As a cnsequence, mst f us spend ur days cnsuming rather than prducing gds. On any given day, ne might travel t wrk by car; wrk in an ffice that requires electricity, gas, il, water, paper, and a hst f cnsumer electrnics and digital gds; purchase a tea, cffee, r sda; g ut t a restaurant; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene prducts at a drug stre; use purchased grceries t prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching televisin, enjying scial media, r reading a bk. Wh can break free frm it?
Cnsumptin has taken n great imprtance in the relatinships we develp with thers. We ften rganize visits with thers arund the act f cnsuming, whether that be sitting dwn t eat a hme-cked meal as a family, r meeting friends fr a shpping excursin at the mall. In additin, we ften use cnsumer gds t express ur feelings fr thers thrugh the practice f gift-giving.
Scilgists als see cnsumptin as an imprtant part f the prcess f frming and expressing bth individual and grup identities. In Subculture: The Meaning f Style, scilgist Dick Hebdige bserved that identity is ften expressed thrugh fashin chices. This happens because we chse cnsumer gds that we feel say smething abut wh we are. Our cnsumer chices are ften meant t reflect ur values and lifestyle, and in ding s, send visual signals t thers abut the kind f persn we are.
S, frm the scilgical perspective, there’s much mre t cnsumptin than meets the eye. In fact, there’s s much t study abut cnsumptin that there’s a whle subfield dedicated t it: the scilgy f cnsumptin.
43.What was the change in the United States in the mid-twentieth century?
A. A shift t lcal prductin.B. A grwth f verseas cnsumptin.
C. A fcus n retail and services.D. A decline in the value f cnsumptin.
44.The authr presents a persn’s daily life in paragraph 3 in rder t _____________.
A. encurage peple t spend mre time wrking than cnsuming
B. shw the variety f cnsumer prducts available n the market
C. suggest that prducing gds is n lnger part f mdern life
D. highlight the cnstant presence f cnsumptin in peple’s life
45.What can be inferred abut cnsumptin in paragraph 4 and 5?
A. It discurages gift-giving.B. It cnveys individuality.
C. It defines culture.D. It sets the fashin trends.
46.What is the main idea f the passage?
A. The divided pinins n cnsumptin.
B. The effects f cnsumerism n peple’s life.
C. The philsphy f cnsumptin in scial life.
D. The balance between cnsumptin and prductin.
（二）
（2025年闵行一模）
The cnversatinal tne f an AI chatbt r vice-based assistant is a gd way t learn new cncepts, but it may actually make us mre willing t believe inaccuracies, cmpared with infrmatin presented in a static（静态的） article.
T investigate this issue, Snja Utz frm Germany asked 1,200 participants t engage with ne f three frmats. The first invlved text appearing letter by letter in the style f a large mdel, similar t ChatGPT; the secnd prvided infrmatin thrugh a vice-based device; and the third was a static, text-based cpy f cntent.
Participants culdn't interact with the systems as they might with the real versins, in rder t keep the experience cnsistent acrss the study. In sme cases, participants were given accurate infrmatin, while in thers, they saw factual errrs. Sme f these errrs were plain wrng, such as naming Sfia as the capital f France, but thers invlved certain statements that were cntradicted elsewhere in the same respnse.
Participants were asked t rate the accuracy f the infrmatin n a seven-pint scale, where7 is entirely accurate. In the answers where errrs were intrduced, the infrmatin presented in a static frmat was rated as 4.24 n average. The ChatGPT-like system managed 4.76, while the vice assistant scred 5.29. Participants rated all f the systems higher fr answers where n errrs were intrduced, but the differences were smaller fr the vice assistant and chatbt.
“Peple find cnversatinal chat agents mre cnvincing because humans seem t be hardwired t assign credibility t things that seem lifelike,” says Mike Katell frm UK. “The way the chatbts and vice agents are prgrammed t use a friendly and helpful cnversatinal tne als cnfuses peple. Chatbt makers are trying t put users at ease, which is achieved thrugh believable cntent and inffensive delivery.”
Peple have learned that these mdels generate false infrmatin smetimes. “But peple dn't realize that this interactin mde makes us tend t believe whatever is written there.” Utz says. “That shuld be in media literacy training.”
43. What was the main fcus f Snja Utz's study?
A. Features f AI chatbts r vice-based assistants.
B. Peple's preference fr infrmatin surces.
C. Why static articles differ frm cnversatinal cntent.
D. Hw text frmats influence infrmatin trustwrthiness.
44. In paragraph 3, text errrs in the study can be summarized as________
A. inevitable and cnflictingB. minr and cmmn
C. bvius and internally incnsistentD. repetitive and randmly selected
45. Accrding t Mike Katell, which f the fllwing is NOT a reasn why peple find cnversatinal chat agents mre cnvincing?
A. Peple's inbrn trust in lifelike things.
B. Inffensive delivery f persnalized cntent.
C. The chatbt's use f a gentle cnversatinal tne.
D. The makers' intentin t make users feel relaxed.
46. Which f the fllwing can be inferred frm the passage?
A. Utz suggests peple imprve media awareness and cmpetence.
B. Peple's preference fr lifelike things may be verstated.
C. Hw infrmatin is presented desn't affect hw much we believe it.
D. The research results are uncertain due t the lack f man-system interactin.
（三）
（2025年普陀区一模）
Art has always ccupied a special place in sciety. Many peple cnsider artists t be the ultimate authrities n the nature and expressin f beauty. Fr much f histry, the practice f art was mysterius, and artists were viewed as being smewhat dd and ften mad. Even the wrd mst cmmnly assciated with artists —inspiratin —has its wn magical qualities. Literally, "inspiratin"is the breathing in f a spirit. Artists were thught f as peple wh were uniquely inspired t create.
Of curse, artists cntributed t this mythlgy(神话). Many artists credited their talents t the presence f sme supernatural pwer. "Whle mvements f art have centered n the suppsedly therwrldly nature f art. Fr example, the Rmantic pets believed that art was a term thatmeant an ultimate expressin f beauty and truth. The search fr this ideal led them t explre bth natural and supernatural themes in their wrks.
Anther persistent view f art regarded its divrce frm lgic. Reasn and lgic were the prvince f scientists and philsphers, whereas creativity and insight were the area f the artists. The tw separate aspects f the mind were suppsed t remain distinct.
But in 1704, a majr breakthrugh ccurred. Sir Isaac Newtn, mathematician and physicist, published his study f light, Opticks. One f Newtn's majr discveries was n the nature f clr. Using a prism(棱镜), Newtn fund that white light is actually cmpsed f all the clrs f the rainbw. He even prvided a scientific explanatin fr the presence f rainbws. The artistic cmmunity was shcked. A scientist had taken a beautiful and magical experience and reduced it t the simple refractin f beams f light thrugh the prism f a raindrp. A scientist had ventured int their sacred territry.
Mre than a hundred years later, Jhn Keats, ne f the mst famus Rmantic pets, accused Newtn f reducing beauty by "unweaving the rainbw. "His clleague, Samuel Taylr Cleridge, famusly remarked that the suls f five hundred Newtns wuld be needed t make ne Shakespeare. And yet, frm anther perspective, Newtn did nt reduce the beauty f the rainbw;he enhanced it. In his search t uncver the secrets f the rainbw, Newtn demnstrated the wnder, creativity, and inspiratin f an artist. He als gave the wrld anther pprtunity t experience the sublime(绝妙). Newtn's discvery paved the way fr the develpment f the science f spectrscpy, a way f analyzing the chemical makeup f light. Nw scientists can lk at the stars and knw their cmpsitin. The sense f wnder this ability creates is nt much different frm the wnder the pet r artist feels when staring at thse same stars.
43. Accrding t the passage, what was the cmmn view f artists in histry?
A. Artists were cnsidered lgical and ratinal.
B. Artists were seen as inspired and smewhat strange.
C. Artists were primarily fcused n scientific discvery.
D. Artists were thught t be withut any supernatural beliefs.
44. Hw did the Rmantic pets react t Newtn's discvery abut light and clr?
A. They believed it added a new dimensin t the appreciatin f beauty.
B. They credited Newtn's insights t mystical influences.
C. They were inspired t integrate mre scientific themes in their petry.
D. They felt it faded the petic beauty f natural phenmena.
45. Why des the authr mentin Jhn Keats'and Samuel Taylr Cleridge's views n Isaac Newtn?
A. T emphasize the superir creativity f pets ver scientists.
B. T highlight the impact f scientific discveries n artistic perceptin.
C. T state that Shakespeare's knwledge f beauty was unmatched.
D. T shw that Rmantic pets bjected t scientific prgress.
46. Which f the fllwing is the best title f the passage?
A. The Artistic Interpretatin f Science B. The Cntrast between Art and Lgics
C. The Interplay f Art and Science D. Isaac Newtn's Influence n Arts
（四）
（2025年青浦一模）
Human dctrs perfrm amputatins, surgical remvals f an arm, leg, r finger, after a serius injury. But new research shws that sme ants perfrm amputatins n injured ants t help them survive an injury. The behavir was dcumented in Flrida carpenter ants.
Tw carpenter ants are seen in a labratry at the University f Lausanne. Scientists said they either cleaned the wund using their muthparts r amputated the limb, r leg, by biting it ff. The chice f care depended n the injury’s lcatin. When it was further up the leg, they always amputated. When it was further dwn, they never amputated.
Erik Frank f the University f Würzburg in Germany is the lead writer f the research. Frank said the study describes “fr the first time hw a nn-human animal uses amputatins n anther individual t save their life.” He believes “that the ants’ ‘medical system’ t care fr the injured is the mst cmplicated in the animal kingdm,” and cmpares well t human medicine.
“Injuries further dwn the leg have an increased flw f hemlymph (血淋巴),” Frank said. S harmful bacteria can enter the bdy after nly five minutes. An amputatin wuld nt help infectin after that time. He cntinued, “Injuries further up the leg have a much slwer hemlymph flw, giving enugh time fr timely and effective amputatins.”
The study fund that after an upper leg injury, an ant that experiences amputatin has a survival rate f 90 t 95 percent. Fr lwer leg injuries in which just cleaning was perfrmed, the survival rate was abut 75 percent, cmpared t abut 15 percent fr injuries that received n care.
Ants can functin well withut ne f their six legs. And nly female ants perfrm the treatment f wunds by cleaning r amputatin. “All wrker ants are female. Males play nly a minr rle in ant cmmunity,” Frank said.
S why d ants d these amputatins? Frank said, “There is a very simple evlutinary reasn fr caring fr the injured. It saves resurces.” He nted that if an ant culd be saved with little effrt t remain prductive, “there is a very high value f ding s.” “At the same time, if an individual is t heavily injured, the ants will nt care fr her, but rather leave her behind t die,” Frank added.
43. The type f treatments applied t injured ants depends n ______.
A. hw the medical system f the ants is develped
B. whether the ant still remains prductive and valuable
C. which kind f ants perfrms the treatments f wunds
D. whether the ant suffers frm an upper leg injury r a lwer ne
44. What can we infer frm the survival rates mentined in the text?
A. The lcatin f the injury and the crrespnding treatment greatly affect the ant’s survival.
B. Cleaning the wund is mre effective than amputatin fr all leg injuries.
C. Injured ants with n care have a similar survival rate t thse with treatment in sme cases.
D. Amputatin is always the best way t ensure the survival f injured ants.
45. It can be cncluded frm Frank’s study that ______.
A. male ants prvide medical care fr the ant cmmunity
B. slightly-injured ants will receive n care t save resurces
C. the heavily injured ants will eventually die fr lack f medical care
D. the cleaning f an upper leg injury greatly increases the ants’ survival rate
46. What is the passage mainly abut?
A. Hw ants perfrm amputatins.B. Hw injured ants are dealt with.
C. Hw ants evlve and reprduce.D. Hw amputatins affect ants.
（五）
（2025年崇明一模）
A recent grundbreaking study by the Ptsdam Institute fr Climate Impact Research (PIK) frecasts massive financial damages due t climate change, prjecting annual damages f abut $38 trillin ($38 millin millin) by the year 2050. This figure highlights the severe ecnmic challenges that lie ahead n a glbal scale, with the greatest impacts expected t burden the cuntries least respnsible fr greenhuse emissins (排放).
The ecnmic damage, estimated between $19 trillin t $59 trillin by mid-century, primarily stems frm increased temperatures and their subsequent impact n agriculture, labr prductivity, and infrastructure (基础设施). The study als ntes ptential increases in csts due t mre frequent and severe weather events, which are expected t becme mre cmmn as glbal temperatures rise.
The findings reveal a discncerting disparity: natins within the trpical (热带的) regins, which have cntributed least t histrical carbn emissins, are predicted t suffer incme lsses 60% greater than thse in higher-incme, higher-emissin cuntries. This highlights a significant climate justice issue, as these least-develped natins pssess fewer resurces t adapt t increasing climate impacts.
Anders Levermann, head f cmplexity science at PIK and c-authr f the study, emphasized the inequity and urgency f the situatin. “Cuntries in the trpics will suffer the mst because they are already warmer. Further temperature increases will therefre be mst harmful there,” he explained. Levermann argues fr a rapid structural shift twards renewable energy t ease these impacts and stabilize glbal temperatures.
When placed alngside ther majr climate impact frecasts, the PIK study stands ut fr its cmprehensive data analysis and harsh prjectins. Previus studies have similarly highlighted the ecnmic damages f climate change but lacked the extensive reginal and specific insights this study prvides.
The study strngly advcates fr great and immediate reductins in greenhuse gas emissins t avid the wrst f these ecnmic damages. It suggests that slwing climate change is nt nly a mral and envirnmental must but als ecnmically advantageus, as the cst f inactin is far greater than the expenses assciated with reducing glbal warming t manageable levels.
The sciecnmic cnsequences f such extensive ecnmic lsses culd lead t heightened glbal inequality and ptentially, scial unrest. This prjectin stresses the imprtance f internatinal cperatin in climate actin plans and the develpment f fair plicies that recgnize and make up fr the inequities faced by the less develped natins mst affected by climate change.
43. Climate change will cause massive ecnmic damage wrldwide by 2050 mainly because _____.
A. the average wrld temperature will increase much faster than expected
B. rising temperatures will damage farming, infrastructure and prductivity
C. big cuntries will experience ecnmic crises due t mre severe weather events
D. trpical regins are unprepared t adapt t the damages caused by climate change
44. By “a discncerting disparity” in paragraph 4, the authr means _____.
A. pr cuntries least respnsible fr emissin will suffer mst in ecnmy
B. it is prjected that peple in trpical cuntries will earn 60% less by 2050
C. higher-incme cuntries are reluctant t invest in slwing glbal warming
D. higher-emissin cuntries are trying t justify their rle in climate impacts
45. The PIK study aruses the public attentin due t _____.
A. its rigid climate impact frecasts B. its verall statistics and the severity f its findings
C. its different apprach t analyzing data D. its similar reginal insights n ecnmic damages
46. What des the PIK study imply?
A. Fair plicies shuld be established t avid further rising f temperatures.
B. Reducing gas emissins will benefit the envirnment but harm the ecnmy.
C. Inequality shuld be reduced thrugh cperatin in fighting climate change.
D. Wealthy cuntries shuld bear the whle cst f cping with glbal warming.
psitive 肯定的,积极的
passive 被动的，消极的
negative 消极的
supprtive 支持的
disapprving 不赞成的
critical 批评的
cnservative 保守的
suspicius 可疑的，怀疑的
puzzled/ cnfused 困惑的
subjective 主观的
bjective 客观的
neutral 中立的
cncerned 关心的，有关的
ptimistic 乐观的
pessimistic 悲观的
indifferent 漠不关心的
uncncerned 不关心的