基础语法汇编 chapter 8 形容词和副词 讲义 2026届高考英语一轮复习（全国通用）

这是一份基础语法汇编 chapter 8 形容词和副词 讲义 2026届高考英语一轮复习（全国通用），共19页。学案主要包含了形容词的定义，形容词的分类，形容词的比较级等内容，欢迎下载使用。
第一节 形容词的定义与分类
一、形容词的定义
形容词(Adjective), 是指用来描述或修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质、状态、特征或属性的一类词。形容词是许多语言中均有的一种主要词类, 常用作定语, 也可用作表语、补语或状语。形容词通常置于其修饰的名词之前, 且多数形容词具有比较等级。
二、形容词的分类
1.前置形容词
前置形容词是指位于所修饰名词之前的形容词, 用以描述或限定名词。例如：
a pretty wman and handsme man
2.后置形容词
后置形容词是指位于所修饰名词之后的形容词, 通常为主语补足语或宾语补足语。
(1)常用的后置形容词有：
afraid→be afraid alne→be alne asleep→fall asleep
awake→be awake likely→be likely
(2)修饰词尾为-bdy, -ne, -thing等不定代词时, 采用后位修饰。例如：
anyne happy anything suitable everybdy absent everything edible
nthing much smene imprtant smething special
(3)当else作为形容词, 表示“别的, 其他的”时, 位于疑问词以及n-, any-.sme- 等词后面。例如：
Wh else has been t the cmmdity fair?
Jack has t prepare fr smething else.
(4)说明数词的度量衡性质时, 采用后位修饰。例如：
Bing is a dg.He is tw years ld and fifty centimeters tall, but his dg huse is five feet lng, three feet wide and six feet high.
注意：大多数形容词兼具前置形容词与后置形容词性质。例如：
This is a big huse.
This huse is big.
第二节 形容词的构成与用法
一、形容词的构成
(1)许多形容词是规则动词的现在分词(-ing)或过去分词(-ed)形式。例如：
satisfy 满意→satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的
relax 放松→relaxing 令人放松的 relaxed 感到放松的
excite 激动→exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的
tire 疲倦→tiring 令人疲倦的 tired 感到疲倦的
I've had a tiring day, s I'm very tired nw.
我度过了疲劳的一天, 所以我现在很累。
The film I saw last night was very exciting.
我昨晚看的那场电影太好看了。
I was s excited that I culdn't speak.
我激动得说不出话了。
注意：-ing表示主动意义, -ed表示被动意义。
(2)一部分形容词由表示身体部位或其他物品组成部分的名词加后缀-ed构成。例如：
a red-haired wman 一个红发女人
a big-nsed man 一个大鼻子男人
black-eyed peas 一堆豇豆
leather-jacketed teenagers 一群穿皮夹克的少年
注意：名词用作形容词时, 复数形式不用加-s。
a 12-year-ld by(nt：a 12-years-ld by) 一个12岁的男孩
a ten-dllar bill(nt：a ten-dllars bill) 一份十美元的账单
(3)当两个名词并列(名词+名词或者复合名词)时, 第一个名词作为形容词修饰第二个名词。例如：
the city walls 城墙
the cmputer keybard 电脑键盘
a business partner 一位生意伙伴
通常第一个名词修饰第二个名词的这一结构可用于下列情形中。
①构建事物与事物之间或者事物与一座城市之间的关联(与所有格无关, 因此不用 “'s”形式)。例如：
the kitchen table 餐桌 the church chir 教堂唱诗班
Lndn Transprt 伦敦公交系统 Yrk Minster 约克大教堂
②表达时间或节日。例如：
the winter hliday 寒假 a weekend trip 一次周末旅行
Christmas carls 圣诞颂歌 a birthday car 一张生日贺卡
③表达衣物、设备、交通工具等的用途。例如：
ftball bts 足球鞋 a tennis racket 一只网球拍
a pencil sharpener 一只转笔刀 the schl bus 校车
④物品的用途经常用动词的-ing形式来表示
a frying pan 一个煎锅 a washing machine 一台洗衣机
a shpping bag 一个购物袋 a swimming pl 一个游泳池
⑤表示文学、电影、音乐、绘画等艺术题材。例如：
crime stries 犯罪故事 actin film 动作片
disc music 迪斯科音乐 perfrmance art 行为艺术
⑥三个或三个以上名词组合在一起时, 也可应用此种结构。例如：
the Wrld Ftball Champin 世界足球锦标赛
the UK Energy Center(UKERC)英国能源研究中心
二、形容词的用法
(1)作定语。例如：
The cmpany is in a difficult situatin.
(2)作表语。例如：
The shp assistant is very respnsible.
(3)作主语或宾语。此时, 形容词处于“定冠词+形容词”的结构中, 已被名词化。
①the+形容词, 表示具有同一特征的人, 含复数语意。例如：
the rich=rich peple
the pr=pr peple
the blind=blind peple
②the+国名形容词, 表示具有相同国籍的人。例如：
the English=English peple
the Chinese=Chinese peple
③the+分词, 当指示人时, 单、复数按语意而定。例如：
The injured will be sent t hspital.
The accused was fined twenty thusand dllars.
(4)作宾语补足语。例如：
Sme peple find the transprtatin in this district nt s cnvenient.
(5)作主语补足语。例如：
He spent seven days in the wind and snw, cld and hungry.
(6)作感叹词。例如：
Srry!Fantastic!Wnderful!
三、形容词的比较级
1.同级比较
(1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度一样, 其结构为：
A如同B一样的……→ A+be动词+as+形容词原级+as+B
例如：Marry is as tall as Jane.
(2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度较少, 其结构为：
A不如B……→ A+be动词+nt as+形容词原级+as+B
例如：Tm is nt as tall as William.
2.比较级
(1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度较多, 其结构为：
A比B……→ A+be动词+形容词比较级+than+B
例如：Shirley is taller than Emily.
当描述A在A与B中较……, 即表示形容词在两者中程度较多时, 结构为：
A比 B……→ A+be动词+the+形容词比较级+介词短语
例如：Shirley is the taller f the tw girls.
(2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度较少, 其结构为：
A不比B……→ A+be动词+less+形容词原级+than+B
例如：Fred is less tall than Mil.
=Fred is nt as tall as Mil.
=Fred is shrter than Mil.
当描述A在A与B中比较不……, 即表示形容词在两者中程度较少时, 结构为：
A不比 B……→ A+be动词+less+形容词比较级+介词短语
例如：Fred is the less taller f the tw.
3.最高级
(1)升级比较, 表示形容词的程度最多, 其结构为：
A在范围中最……→ A+be动词+the+形容词最高级+介词短语
例如：Jacksn is the tallest by in his class.
=Jacksn is taller than all ther bys in his class.
=Jacksn is taller than any ther by in his class
=N ther bys are taller than Jacksn in his class.
=N ther bys are as tall as Jacksn in his class.
(2)降级比较, 表示形容词的程度最少, 其结构为：
A在范围中最不……→ A+be动词+the least+形容词原级+介词短语
例如：Jackie is the least tall in his class.
= Jackie is shrter than all ther bys in his class.
= Jackie is shrter than any ther by in his class.
= N ther bys are shrter than Jackie in his class.
= N ther bys are as shrt as Jackie in his class.
4.形容词比较级的变化规则
(1)一般单音节词和少数以-er, -w结尾的双音节词, 比较级在后面加-er。
单音节词, 例如：
small→smaller shrt→shrter tall→taller great→greater
双音节词, 例如：
clever→cleverer narrw→narrwer
(2)以不发音e结尾的单音节词, 比较级在原级后加-r。例如：
large→larger nice→nicer true→truer
(3)在重读闭音节(即：辅音+元音+辅音)中, 先双写末尾的辅音字母, 再加er。例如：
big→bigger ht→htter fat→fatter
(4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i, 再加er。例如：
easy→easier heavy→heavier busy→busier happy→happier
(5)其他双音节词和多音节词, 在前面加mre。例如：
beautiful→mre beautiful different→mre different
easily→mre easily
副词
第一节 副词的定义与作用
一、副词的定义
副词(Adverb), 是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的一类词。通常用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句, 表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
二、副词的作用
(1)修饰动词。例如：
Alice enjyed a rmantic candle-lit dinner with her byfriend leisurely
爱丽丝悠闲地和她男朋友享受了一顿完美的烛光晚餐。
(2)修饰形容词。例如：
The evening gwn lks pretty nice n Marry.
那件晚礼服玛丽穿起来相当漂亮。
(3)修饰名词。例如：
The family next dr came frm Paris lng time ag.
隔壁那户人家很久以前来自巴黎。
(4)修饰全句。例如：
Theretically, plar bears wn't mate with brwn bears.
理论上来说, 北极熊不会和棕熊交配。
常用于修饰全句的副词有：
basically 基本上, certainly当然地, frankly坦白地, ideally理想地, undubtedly无疑地, briefly简要地, frtunately幸运地, generally一般地, bviusly明显地, unfrtunately不幸地, hpefully希望地。
※修饰全句的副词可与speaking搭配：
generally speaking 一般来说
briefly speaking 简单地说
frankly speaking 坦白地说
第二节 副词的分类与构成
一、副词的分类
(一)疑问副词
疑问副词通常置于句首用以提出疑问, 表示“何时”“何地”“为何”以及“如何”等。常见的疑问副词有When(什么时候)、Where(在哪里)、Why(为什么)、Hw(如何)。
(1)When表示询问时间。例如：
—When will the bus cme?
—The bus cmes every 15 minutes.
(2)Where表示询问地点。例如：
—Where des she learn t play the guitar?
—She learns t play the guitar here at the Cultural Center.
(3)Why表示询问原因。例如：
—Why did yu cme t schl late this mrning?
—I went t schl late this mrning because I did nt sleep well last night.
(4)Hw表示对频率、程度、状况及方法的询问。例如：
①表示询问多久。例如：
—Hw ften d yu see each ther?
—We meet each ther nce a mnth.
②表示询问程度。例如：
—Hw much des he lve her?
—He lves her thrugh and thrugh.
③表示询问状况。例如：
—Hw's everything ging?
—Everything is ging well.
④表示询问方法。例如：
—Hw d yu lse s much weight within tw weeks?
—I lst the weight by lng running every mrning.
(二)一般副词
从意义上看, 一般副词可分为时间副词、频率副词、地点副词、程度副词、方式副词、表示原因和理由的副词以及表示肯定或否定的副词。同学们需重点掌握的一般副词如下所示。
时间副词：then, nw, sn, yesterday, tday, tmrrw。
频率副词：always, usually, ften, smetimes, seldm, nce。
地点副词：here, there, everywhere, far, near, up, acrss。
程度副词：very, enugh, almst, hardly。
方式副词：well, lvely, pretty。
表示原因和理由的副词：cnsequently, therefre, hence。
表示肯定或否定的副词：yes, abslutely, exactly, surely, certainly, never。
(三)连接副词
连接副词虽然具有连接功能, 但在语法上仍是副词。常见的连接副词有：
·hwever, meanwhile, furthermre, as a result；
·in additin, besides, n tp f that, 表示除此以外(包括在内)；
·except fr, apart frm, aside frm, 表示除此以外(排除在外)。
(四)关系副词
关系副词具有连词与副词的功能, 常见的关系副词有when(指时间)、where(指地点)、why(指原因)、hw(指方法), 分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因与方法的先行词。
1.限定性定语从句中关系副词的用法
关系副词引导定语从句时, 用以修饰先行词所指的时间、地点、原因与方法。限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词起限定制约作用, 不能被省略。关系副词之前的先行词可以省略。例如：
This is the day when they met each ther.
这是他们相遇的日子。
It is the building where the cnflict ccurred.
这是冲突发生的地方。
The respnse t a stimulus explains the reasn why the dg barks.
对刺激的反应说明了狗为什么吠叫的原因。
An expert shws us the methd hw we can turn leftver fd waste int fertilizer fr rganic gardens.
一位专家告诉我们如何将厨房垃圾变成有机庭园用的肥料。
上述例句可省略先行词, 变为：
省略the day：This is when they met each ther.
省略the building：It is where the cnflict ccurred.
省略the reasn：The respnse t a stimulus explains why the dg barks.
省略the methd：An expert shws us hw we can turn leftver fd waste int fertilizer fr rganic gardens.
2.非限定性定语从句中关系副词的用法
关系副词的非限定用法, 目的在于补述, 需要在关系副词前面加上逗号。此时, 关系副词所引导的不是定语从句, 而是独立分句, 用以补述主句的不足之处。例如：
At eight 'clck n every Mnday night, when she has her math class.(补述时间)
Hangzhu, where West Lake is lcated, impresses its visitrs with beautiful scenery.(补述地点)
His claim f sunflwers as bananas, the reasn why he was harshly criticized, was knwn t the wrld as a jke.(补述原因)
This is the methd, hw I pen the dr, withut ther's help.(补述方法)
二、副词的构成规则
1.规则变化
(1)形容词词尾加ly。例如：
abrupt→abruptly：The car turned abruptly n the street.
careful→carefully：We carefully assessed the reprt.
quick→quickly：She runs quickly.
(2)词尾去y加ily。例如：
easy→easily：They can wrk with cmputers easily.
happy→happily：I can get alng with clleagues easily and happily.
heavy→heavily：The prblem weighed heavily n her mind.
(3)词尾le变成ly。例如：
pssible→pssibly：This disease can pssibly be cured.
simple→simply：Simply put, it is very simple t be happy, but it is very difficult t be simple.
cmfrtable→cmfrtably：They live cmfrtably.
(4)词尾ue去e加ly。例如：
true→truly：They lve each ther truly.
(5)词尾ll加 y。例如：
dull→dully：This knife cuts dully.
full→fully：We reprted the event fully.
(6)词尾ic加ally。例如：
autmatic→autmatically：The rbt arm perates autmatically.
histric→histrically：The exchange rate t cnvert Eurs int Dllars hit histrically high in February.
(7)现在分词或过去分词形式的形容词加ly。例如：
surprising→surprisingly：The htel rm in Tky was surprisingly small.
unexpected→unexpectedly：When I tried t cnnect my cmputer with the Internet, an errr ccurred unexpectedly.
2.不规则变化
(1)形容词变成副词的不规则变化。例如：
gd→well：He writes well.
(2)形容词与副词相同。例如：
early：She was early t the meeting.(形容词)
She came t the meeting early.(副词)
enugh：We dn't have enugh time t finish the prject.(形容词)
They did nt wrk hard enugh t finish the prject.(副词)
fast：It is a fast train.(形容词)
The high speed train runs very fast.(副词)
far：It is far between tw cities.(形容词)
We dn't need t walk far t the lake.(副词)
hard：Math is hard t me.(形容词)
We have t study hard t pass the math exam.(副词)
high：Their emtins are high.(形容词)
Their emtins ran high.(副词)
late：It is late nw.(形容词)
She arrived late.(副词)
little：We nly have little water left.(形容词)
I little think f him.(副词)
lw：The price is lw fr a tablet cmputer.(形容词)
The stck price f that cmpany went lw due t pr financial statements.(副词)
much：I have much wrk t d tday.(形容词)
She lves him very much.(副词)
nly：He is the nly sn f Mr.Smith.(形容词)
I nly want t be with yu.(副词)
Well：We are well.(形容词)
We have been ding well.(副词)
第三节 副词的用法
(1)绝大多数副词可用来修饰动词。例如：
She died here.(地点)
She died yesterday.(时间)
She died suddenly.(方式)
She nearly died.(程度)
She has prbably died.(肯定性)
(2)程度副词可用来修饰形容词、另一副词、动词。例如：
i.She is rather silly.
The rm is very dark.
She has an extremely difficult prblem.
ii.She ran much faster than I.
She speaks English fluently enugh.
She wrks t hard.
iii.He lves her wife very much.
I little knw that he is his brther.
(3)表示程度、时间、地点的副词可用来修饰介词。例如：
i.He is much against her prpsal.
He arrived exactly at six 'clck.
He sat just behind her.
ii.He came sn after nn.
He left lng befre the war.
iii.He std clse beside her.
It is near by the building.
(4)表示程度、时间的副词可用来修饰连词。例如：
i.He fell ill partly because he wrked t hard.
He met her exactly when she was angry.
ii.He gt married lng befre he was graduated.
He died sn after he gt sick.
(5)表示肯定程度、方式的副词可用来修饰整个句子。例如：
i.He will surely succeed.
He will prbably cme.
We must psitively get the license.
Yes, I can./N, I can't.
ii.Happily, he was pardned.
Luckily, he has tried his best and succeeded.
第四节 副词的比较等级
1.单音节副词的比较等级
单音节副词的原级、比较级和最高级形式如下例：
hard→harder→hardest
—Yu wrked hard.
—Yu wrked harder than me.
= I didn't wrk as hard as yu.
—Yu wrked hardest in ur ffice.
fast→faster→fastest
—He ran fast.
—He ran faster than me.
—Amng us, he ran fastest.
sn→sner→snest
late→later→latest
early→earlier→earliest
2.两个以上音节的副词的比较等级
两个以上音节的副词原级、比较级和最高级形式如下例：
ften→mre ften→mst ften
kindly→mre kindly→mst kindly
carefully→mre carefully→mst carefully
—He drives carefully.
—He drives mre carefully than she.
—He drives mst carefully amng his classmates.
quickly→mre quickly→mst quickly
3.副词比较级与最高级的不规则变化
副词比较级与最高级的不规则变化如下例：
well→better→best
—She writes well.
—She writes better than her brther.
=Her brther des nt write s well as she.
—She wrte best in the cntest.
badly→wrse→wrst
much→mre→mst