高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练 重难语法练01 名词冠词介词代词及其它（2份，原卷版+解析版）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练 重难语法练01 名词冠词介词代词及其它（2份，原卷版+解析版），文件包含高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练重难语法练01名词冠词介词代词及其它解析版docx、高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练重难语法练01名词冠词介词代词及其它原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共55页， 欢迎下载使用。

目录
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略2
考向01 名词 \l "_Tc148898654" PAGEREF _Tc148898654 \h 3
\l "_Tc148898655" 考向02 冠词 PAGEREF _Tc148898655 \h 5
考向03 介词 \l "_Tc148898656" PAGEREF _Tc148898656 \h 9
考向04 代词 \l "_Tc148898656" 10
\l "_Tc148898657" 高考练场15
高考语法填空对名词、冠词、介词和代词的考查较为灵活，需要学生在掌握基本语法知识的基础上，结合语境进行判断和运用。平时的学习中，建议多积累固定搭配和典型例句，通过大量练习提高语感和语法运用能力。
一、名词
名词的单复数形式
规则变化：如名词以 -s, -es 结尾的复数形式（e.g., bks, bxes）。
不规则变化：如 man → men, child → children, muse → mice 等。
不可数名词：如 advice, infrmatin, furniture 等，通常没有复数形式，但可以通过量词短语表达复数意义（e.g., a piece f advice, pieces f furniture）。
名词的所有格
名词所有格形式：如 Tm's bk（汤姆的书），表示所属关系。
双重所有格：如 a friend f mine（我的一个朋友）。
抽象名词的具体化
抽象名词在特定语境下可以具体化，如 success（成功）→ a success（一个成功的人或事）。
二、冠词
不定冠词（a/an）的用法
表示“一个”或“一类”，用于单数可数名词前。
特殊用法：如 a university（一所大学）中，虽然 university 以元音字母开头，但发音以辅音音素开头，因此用 a。
定冠词（the）的用法
表示特指，如 the bk n the table（桌上的那本书）。
用于独一无二的事物前，如 the sun, the earth。
用于乐器前，如 play the pian（弹钢琴）。
用于方位名词前，如 the east, the west。
零冠词的用法
不用冠词的情况：如抽象名词（peace, happiness）和物质名词（water, air）单独使用时；复数名词表示泛指时（e.g., dgs are lyal animals）；某些固定搭配中（e.g., g t schl, at hme）。
三、介词
介词的基本用法
表示时间、地点、原因、方式等。如：in the mrning（在早上），at the statin（在车站），because f（因为），by car（乘汽车）。
介词短语的固定搭配
动词与介词的搭配：如 lk fr（寻找），listen t（听），depend n（依赖）。
形容词与介词的搭配：如 interested in（对……感兴趣），gd at（擅长），different frm（与……不同）。
介词的辨析
易混淆的介词：如 between（两者之间）和 amng（三者或以上之间）；in（在……内）和 n（在……上）。
四、代词
人称代词
主格（I, yu, he, she, it, we, they）和宾格（me, yu, him, her, it, us, them）的用法。
注意主格和宾格的区别，如：He lves me.（他爱我。）
物主代词
形容词性物主代词（my, yur, his, her, its, ur, their）和名词性物主代词（mine, yurs, his, hers, its, urs, theirs）的区别。
例如：This is my bk.（这是我的书）和 This bk is mine.（这本书是我的）。
反身代词
表示“自己”，如 myself, yurself, himself, herself, itself, urselves, yurselves, themselves。
常用于强调或表示动作的主体和对象一致，如：He hurt himself.（他伤到了自己）。
不定代词
包括 sme, any, nne, all, bth, either, neither, each, every 等。
注意它们的用法和区别，如：sme（一些）用于肯定句，any（任何）用于否定句或疑问句；bth（两者都）和 either（两者之一）的区别。
指示代词
包括 this, that, these, thse。
注意它们的用法，如：this/that（近指/远指）；these/thse（近指/远指的复数）。
一、 名词
一）、 名词的种类
二）、 名词的数
1. 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
【名师点睛】
①以-结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negres，heres，eches，ptates，tmates。但下列以-结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是：zers(zeres)零，msquits (msquites)蚊子，vlcans(vlcanes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，再加-ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wlves，halves。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves，也可以直接加-s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或wman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或wman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：wman dctr→wmen dctrs
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children man男人→men tth牙→teeth
ft脚，英尺→feet muse老鼠→mice phenmenn现象→phenmena
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；wrks 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
☞Sme deer are eating grass at the bttm f the hill.
☞Every pssible means has been tried, but nne has wrked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
sn-in-law → sns-in-lawpasser-by → passers-bystry-teller → stry-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/wman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：wman singer → wmen singers
2. 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；infrmatin信息，news新闻， weather天气， prgress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
Yur cntributin will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→tw drinks 两杯饮料 cffee咖啡→a cffee一杯咖啡
chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
☞Being able t affrd a drink wuld be a cmfrt in thse tugh times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
（3）“f+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有imprtance, value, use, significance, help 等。
☞It’s f n practical use t me. 这对我没什么实际用途。
☞The wrk I am ding is nt f much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。
3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配
◆修饰可数的量词： a number f, the number f, many, a great/gd many few , a few, several
◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amunt f , huge amunts f, a great deal f, much, t much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：sme, a lt f, lts f, plenty f , quantity f
三）、 名词的格
1. -’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
☞Tm’s and Jim’s rms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
☞Tm and Jim’s rm.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店at the teacher’s在老师办公室
2. f所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用f所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用f所有格。
the cntent f the nvel小说的内容
the name f the girl ver there那边那位女孩的名字
3. 双重所有格
指＂名词＋f＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋f＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play f Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend f mine(我的一个朋友)
二、 冠词
考点一：不定冠词
1. 与可数名词单数连用, 表示类别，泛指一类人或事物。
☞ —I kncked ver my cffee cup. It went right ver the keybard.
—Yu shuldn’t put drinks near a cmputer.
2. 用来表示不确定的某一个, 相当于 a certain。
☞—Hell, culd I speak t Mr. Smith?
—Srry, wrng number. There isn’t a Mr. Smith here.
3.用于数量、时间等名词前, 表示＂每一（单位）的……＂。
☞I earn 10 dllars an hur as a supermarket cashier n Saturdays.
4. 在抽象名词、物质名词前(特别是这两种名词有定语修饰时)用不定冠词, 使之意义具体化, 表示＂一种＂、
＂一件＂、＂一份＂等。
☞It is an hnur fr me t be invited t the party.我被邀请参加聚会是一种荣誉。(hnur是抽象名词,an hnur指一件荣誉的事)
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示＂再一，又一＂。
☞She didn’t like the clr f the tw bags and asked fr a third ne.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色，又要了一个。【名师点睛】
有些单词以元音字母开头，但读音却以辅音开头，这些单词前要用不定冠词a； 相反，有些以辅音字母开头、读音却以元音开头的单词前要用不定冠词an。如：a useful bk，an hur，an hnest child等。
考点二：定冠词
1. 用来特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。所特指的名词常被短语或定语从句所修饰。
☞Of all the reasns fr my decisin t becme a university prfessr, my father’s advice was the mst
imprtant ne.
2. 指说话的双方都知道的人或事物。
☞Dn’t wrry if yu can’t cme t the party. I’ll save sme cake fr yu.
3. 复述上文中提到的事物。
☞There is a shelf in my father’s rm. The shelfis new.
4. 用于单数可数名词之前, 表示该类事物, 相当于 a。
☞When yu cme here fr yur hliday next time, dn’t g t the htel; I can find yu a bed in my flat.
5. 序数词和形容词最高级前。比较级前若表示特指时也要用定冠词 the。
☞The cakes are delicius. He’d like t have a third ne because the secnd ne is rather t small.
6. 用于复数姓氏之前, 表示＂夫妇＂或＂全家＂。
☞The Whites settled dwn in Canada last year.
去年怀特一家在加拿大定居。
7. 表示世界上独一无二事物的名词前。
☞the sun, the mn, the earth, the wrld
8. 用于由普通名词构成的专有名词、江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾运河及些建筑物等名称前。
☞Accrding t he Wrld Health Organizatin, health care plans are needed in all big cities t prevent the spread f AIDS.
9. 定冠词the和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。
☞Many f the injured are still in danger.
许多受伤者仍处于危险中。
☞the rich the pr,the ld
the wunded the livingthe dead
10. 用在方位名词和西洋乐器名词前。
☞the eas 东部 play the pian 弹钢琴
考点三：零冠词
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
☞Teachers are badly needed in the remte districts.
偏远地区非常需要教师。
2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
☞Dr. Peter Spence，headmaster f the schl，tld us，＂A fifth f pupils here g n t study at Oxfrd and
Cambridge.＂
这所学校的校长Peter Spence博士告诉我们，这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。
3. 月、季、星期、节假、洲前；三餐、球类、惯用语前；学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。
☞A year can be divided int fur seasns — spring，summer，autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
4. n与such连用时应放在such之前，such后的名词不用冠词。
☞There is n such thing as a free lunch in the wrld.
天下没有免费的午餐。
5. 在turn(变成)作表语的名词前不用冠词，但becme后的可数名词作表语时前要加冠词。
☞He became a dctr while his brther turned teacher.
他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。
三、 介词
考点一：常用介词的基本用法
☞I heard a sht n (the mrning f ) March 18. 三月十八日(早晨) 我听到一声枪响。
☞She has been ill fr several days. 她已经病了几天了。
☞They wrked hard thrugh the winter. 整个冬天他们都在努力工作。
☞We have knwn each ther since ten years ag. 我们十年前就认识了。
☞We will have learned 2000 English wrds by the end f this term.
到本学期结束前，我们将学了两千英语单词了。
☞He walked acrss the rad carefully. 他小心地走过马路。
☞He walked thrugh the frest alne. 他独自一人走过森林。
☞They hid themselves amng the trees. 他们躲在树林中。
考点二：介词短语用法
常见的介词搭配：
1. “介词＋ 名词”型
(1) in 构成的短语
in advance 在前头，事先，预先 in case 如果，万一
in charge主管，掌管，看管 in cmmn共有，共同，公有
in demand有需要的 in dubt 感到疑惑的，难以确定的
in effect实际上，生效 in fact事实上
in rder按序，井然有序，情况良好； 恰当 in prgress进行中
in return作为回报 in vain徒劳
in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而
(2) n构成的短语
n guard 在值勤 n leave在休假
n hliday在度假 n strike罢工
n sale出售 n lan借贷
n the mve在移动，搬迁；离开 n the march在行军
n the g正在活动，正在奔走 n the air正在广播
(3) beynd构成的短语
beynd ne's pwer是某人力所不及的 beynd praise夸不胜夸
beynd ne's reach够不着 beynd descriptin难以形容
beynd wrds无法用语言形容 beynd dubt无疑
beynd ne's understanding 无法理解
(4) under构成的短语
under develpment 在发展中 under bservatin在观察中
under test在测试中 under cnstructin在建设中
under examinatin在检查(调查)中 under cnsideratin在考虑中
under repair在修理中
(5) at 构成的短语
at length 详细地，长时间 at sea茫然
at will任意地 at wrk在上班
at lunch在吃午饭 at rest在休息
at table在吃饭 at schl上学
at church做礼拜 at peace处于和平状态
(6) ut f 构成的短语
ut f breath 上气不接下气 ut f balance失去平衡
ut f date过时 ut f patience不耐烦
ut f cntrl失去控制 ut f business破产
ut f style过时，不时髦 ut f the rdinary不寻常的
ut f tuch失去联系
2． 复杂介词型
(1) 表示原因(通常在句中作状语), 意为“由于，因为”。
because f：表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系)；
n accunt f：常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素。
(2) 表示“除……之外”。
with the exceptin f＝ except, except fr“除……之外”；
apart frm (＝美式英语中的aside frm)是个复合介词，既可表示“除……之外”，相当于except (fr), 又可以表示“除……之外，(还，也)”，相当于besides；
in additin t“除……之外(还，也)”，相当于besides。
(3) 表示“有关，关于”。
cncerning=regarding“关于，就……而论，在……方面”；
with respect t“关于，就……而言”；
as fr和as t用于句首时表示“至于”。
(4) 表示“在……之前”。
ahead f=in advance f，可表示“(在空间或时间上比某人或某事物)更前，更早”， 还可表示“领先，优于”；
in frnt f 多指空间的前后关系，“在……前方”。
(5) 表示“支持，赞成”。
in supprt f 维护，支持，支援；
in favr f 可指某人“支持，赞成”，也可指事物“有利于……”
(6) 表示“鉴于，由于；根据，按照”。
in the light f 按照，考虑到 in terms f 就……而言，谈到
accrding t 根据；按照 in view f 鉴于，因为
(7) 表示“尽管”。
in spite f 尽管，不管
考点三：动词短语中介词
1.动词＋ away构成的短语动词有：
thrw away扔掉put away把……收拾好give away捐赠，分发
carry away运走run away 潜逃，跑开g away 走开
2．动词＋ fr构成的短语动词有：
answer fr负责prvide fr供给 all fr要求
plan fr打算，为……计划hpe fr希望，期待ask fr索取，寻找
send fr派人去请g fr努力获取pay fr偿还，赔偿
3．动词＋n构成的短语动词有：
try n试穿，试验put n穿上，上演have n穿着，戴着
pull n穿，戴hld n不挂断，坚持，继续carry n继续开展，坚持
keep n继续g n继续get n上（车）
4．动词＋ver构成的短语动词有：
cme ver过来hand ver移交g ver仔细检查，复习
get ver克服，恢复lk ver检查think ver仔细考虑
take ver接受，接管hand ver 移交turn ver翻转
5．动词＋ up构成的短语动词有：
bring up抚育，培养call up召唤，打电话给cme up走上前来，长出
cut up切碎fix up修理give up放弃；g up 上升，增长
grw up 长大lk up尊敬，向上看，查寻make up虚构，弥补，组成
put up举起，搭建set up建立，创（纪录）pick up 捡起，（开车）接某人，偶然得到
send up发射shw up 揭露，露面turn up出现，把……调高一点
6．动词＋ut构成的短语动词有：
cme ut出来g ut出去，熄灭lk ut留神，当心
walk ut走出set ut出发，开始put ut扑灭，生产
give ut发出，发表hand ut分发pick ut挑选
find ut找出，发现speak ut大声地说turn ut生产，结果是
get ut出去，离开carry ut实行，执行wrk ut计算出，解决，实行，行得通
bring ut出版start ut 出发，动身。
四、 代词
考点一：人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
一、 人称代词
1. 人称代词的分类和数：
2. 人称代词作主语时要用主格，作宾语时用宾格，作表语时常用宾格。
☞She’s my classmate.
☞I bught a present fr him.
【名师点睛】
在强调句中人称代词的使用应该根据人称代词具体作什么成分而定。
☞I met her in the hspital.→It was her wh I met in the hspital.
☞It was I that first arrived at the airprt.
二、 物主代词
1.物主代词的分类和数：
2. 物主代词的用法：
（1）形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语，不能单独使用。
（2）名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与f连用作
后置定语，但不能单独作定语
☞This isn’t my shirt; mine is ver there.
三、 反身代词
1. 反身代词的形式

2. 反身代词常在enjy, teach, hurt, buy, intrduce等动词后和by, fr, t ,f 等介词后作宾语
☞All f them enjyed themselves. 所有的人都玩得很好。
☞Help yurself t sme fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。
3. 反身代词有时用于 be, feel, seem, lk 等后作表语，表示身体或精神处于正常状态。
☞Yu dn’t seem yurself tday. 你今天好像不太好。
4. 强调用法：
反身代词在强调用法中表示强调，即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气，可译成“亲自”、“本人”。此时，它在句中作同位语。即使去掉，也不影响句子的完整性。如：
☞Yu must d it yurself. 你必须自己做。
☞I myself did the hmewrk last night。
昨晚是我自己做了家庭作业。
5. 含有反身代词的短语
fr neself 给(为)自己，独自 t neself 对自己
say t neself 心里想 talk / speak t neself 自言自语
cme t neself 苏醒过来 absent neself 缺席
beside neself 失常，若狂 by neself 独自地，单独地
f neself 独自，自发地
考点二：指示代词和替代词
1. this, that, these, thse的区别
（1）this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(thse)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
☞This is my desk and that is yurs.
☞In thse days they culd nt g t schl.
（2）this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。
☞I want t tell yu this：the English party will be held n Saturday afternn.
☞He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t cme.
（3）为了避免重复，常用that或thse代替前面已提过的名词。
☞The weather f Beijing is clder than that f Nanjing.
☞The ears f a rabbit are lnger than thse f a fx.
（4）this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍，that用于询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，相当于副词s。
☞Can hard wrk change a persn that much?
2. ne, the ne, that, it的区别
☞The ppulatin f Shandng is larger than that f Qinghai. 山东的人口比青海的人口多。
☞I dn’t like the blue shirt. I like the yellw ne. 我不喜欢这件蓝色的衬衫。我喜欢那件黄色的。
☞I can’t find my hat. I dn’ t knw where I put it. 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪儿了。
考点三：不定代词
1. bth, either, neither, , all, nne, n ne, nbdy
☞Bth f my parents are dctrs. 我的父母都是医生。
☞All f the students are interested in it. 所有的学生对此都很感兴趣。
☞He has tw sns, neither f whm is rich. 他有两个儿子，都不富有。
☞He has three sns, nne f whm is rich. 他有三个儿子，都不富有。
2. few, a few 与 little, a little的用法
☞It is very difficult, and few peple understand it. 它很难，没几个人能懂。
☞It is very difficult, but a few peple understand it. 他虽难，但是有些人懂。
☞Unfrtunately, I had little mney n me. 很不巧，我身上没带什么钱。
☞Frtunately, I had a little mney n me. 幸好我身上带着一点钱。
3. ther, the ther, anther与thers的用法
(1) 指单数时的区别：若泛指用anther，若特指用 the ther。如：
☞Give me anther (ne). 另外给我一个。
☞Shut the ther eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
(2) 指复数时的区别：若泛指用 ther(后接复数名词)，若特指用the ther(后接复数名词)。如：
☞There are ther ways f ding it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
☞Where have the ther students gne? 其他学生都到哪里去了？
(3) thers的用法：它永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于“ther+复数名词”，同样
地 the thers 大致相当于“the ther＋复数名词”。如：
☞Other peple [Others] may nt think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
☞He is cleverer than the thers [the ther students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
(4) anther的用法：一般只能表单数，且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时，
则也可接复数名词。如：
☞We need anther few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
☞In anther tw weeks it’ll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
考点四：it的用法
一、用作形式主语，替代动词不定式，动名词或从句
1. It is clear (bvius，true，pssible，certain...) that...该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语
从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，可能，肯定……）＂。
☞ It is very clear that he desn’t like it.＝That he desn’t like it is very clear. 很明显他不喜欢它。
2. It is said (reprted/learned/believed/thught/knwn/tld/hped...) that...该句型中的it仍是形式主语，真正主语
是that引导的主语从句；该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉……）＂。
☞ It is reprted that anther satellite has been put int rbit. 据报道又一颗卫星被送入轨道。
3. It is time (abut time，high time) that...该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是从句的谓语
动词常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用shuld＋动词原形，shuld不能省略，常译为＂是（正是）……的
时候了＂。
☞ It is time that children shuld g t bed.＝It is time that children went t bed. 孩子们该睡了。
4. It is the first (secnd...) time that...该句型中的that从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，
由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后
面从句则用过去完成时态，该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this/that替换，常译为＂是第一次做……＂。
☞ It is the first time I have been here. 这是我第一次到这里来。
5. It is a pity (a shame/an hnur/a gd thing/a fact/a surprise/...) that...该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（shuld＋动词原形），shuld可省略，表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。
☞ It is a pity that such a thing (shuld) happen in yur class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！
☞ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！
6. It happens (seems，lks，appears) that...该句型中it是形式主语，that引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen，
seem等词是不及物动词。
☞ It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来他再过几天才能回来。
7. It be＋adj.(kind, nice, brave, clever, stupid...) f sb＋t d sth该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定
式的逻辑主语由f引起，句中的形容词必须是表示逻辑主语特征的形容词（即句中的形容词是修饰逻辑
主语的）。常见的形容词有bad，brave，careless，clever，cruel，flish，gd(好心的)，hnest，hrrible，
kind，lazy，mdest，naughty，nice，plite，rude，silly，stupid，wise，wrng等。这个句型可以转换为：
sb is＋adj.＋t d sth
☞ It is kind f yu t say s.＝Yu are kind t say s. 你这么说真是太善良了。
8. It be＋adj.(difficult，easy，hard，imprtant) fr sb t d sth该句型与上一个同属一个句型。不定式的逻辑
主语由fr引起，形容词常表示重要性、紧迫性、频繁程度、难易、安全等情况（即句中的形容词是修饰
动词不定式的）。常见的形容词有imprtant，necessary，natural，easy，safe，cmmn，nrmal，hard，difficult，
dangerus，unusual，impssible，pleasant等。
☞ It is imprtant fr her t cme t the party.＝It is imprtant that she (shuld) cme t the party.
对她来说，参加这次聚会很重要。
9. It takes sb sme time t d sth 做某事花费某人……时间
☞ It tk me five days t slve the prblem. 解决这个问题花了我五天时间。
10. It csts sb sme mney t d sth 做某事花费某人……钱
☞ It will cst my father five thusand yuan t buy such a cmputer. 买这台电脑花了我父亲5, 000元。
11. It’s up t sb t d sth 应由某人(负责)做……
☞ It is up t yu t decide whether t take the jb r nt. 做不做这份工作由你决定。
12. It’s useless/(f) n use/(f) n gd ding sth
该句型常译为＂做……是徒然的/没有益处的＂，句中的动名词短语是真正的主语，表语可以是n use(＝nt any use)，n gd(＝nt any gd)等。
☞ It’s n use arguing with her. 跟她争论没有用。
二、作形式宾语
1. 用于 ＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语＂ 句型中：当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语
从句时，常用it作形式宾语，而往往把真正的宾语——不定式、动名词或宾语从句置于补足语之后。
☞ I think it imprtant that we shuld keep calm. 我认为我们应该保持安静，这很重要。
☞ I feel it my duty that I shuld devte myself t teaching. 我感到致力于教学是我的责任。
☞ I make it a rule that I read English every mrning. 每天早晨读英语是我的习惯。
2. 用于＂主语＋及物动词＋宾语＂句型中：有些动词或短语动词不能直接跟that引导的宾语从句，需要在从句前先加上形式宾语it。
①appreciate，dislike，hate，like，lve，make(按时到达，成功)，have(表明，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐瞒)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等。
☞ I take it that yu will be leaving Shanghai sn. 我认为你会很快离开上海。
☞ The reprt has it that n ne was t blame fr the accident. 报告表明没有人要对这次事故负责。
☞ We published it that we had finished the prject ahead f time. 我们宣布我们已提前竣工了。
②answer fr(承担……的后果)，cunt n(期待)，depend n(依靠)，insist n(坚持主张，坚决要求)，see t(确保)等。
☞ I am cunting n it that yu will cme. 我期待你会来。
三、it构成强调句
1. 强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/wh＋其他成分。
2. 强调句型强调的成分
强调句型强调的成分：主语、宾语、状语。被强调部分指人时，用wh或that皆可；指物时，只能用that；被强调部分是时间、地点，原因或方式状语时，不用when，where，why或hw而用that。
☞ It was the beautiful lady that/wh I met in the htel yesterday.
我昨天在旅馆里遇到的正是这位漂亮女士。(强调宾语)
☞ It was in Beijing that we visited the Bird’s Nest and Water Cube.
正是在北京我们参观了鸟巢和水立方。(强调地点状语)
☞ It is my mther wh/that reminds me t get up n time every day.
每天都是我妈妈提醒我按时起床。(强调主语)
3. 对结构的强调
结构的强调句型为＂It is/was nt ＂在这一固定句型中，由于nt已经前移，that后只能用肯定形式。
☞ He didn’t g t bed until ten ’clck.→It was nt until ten ’clck that he went t bed. 直到10点他才睡觉。
☞ I didn’t realize it until I gt ff the bus.→It was nt until I gt ff the bus that I realized it.
一、单句语法填空
1．It is the fact that (graduate) frm British Universities are wrking all ver the island. (给词的适当形式填空)
2．She gt a headache if she had t read fr any (lng) f time. (所给词的适当形式填空)
3．The little by gave his all in the game, playing withut (hesitate) even when he was injured. (所给词的适当形式填空)
4．Peple ften have different pinins n sme ht issues, s it is impssible t make (assume) abut peple's reactins. (所给词的适当形式填空)
5．Outsiders have ften verlked the huge variety f musical (instrument) in Africa in the mistaken belief that Africans play nly drums. (所给词的适当形式填空)
6．Tday is September 10th. It’s (teacher) Day. Let’s say “Thank yu” t ur teachers. (所给词的适当形式填空)
7．The meat at this (butcher) is always very fresh. (所给词的适当形式填空)
8．The (president) attending the meeting himself gave them a great deal f encuragement. (所给词的适当形式填空)
9．Realizing small gals will als give yu (encurage) t achieve yur lng-term gal. （所给词的适当形式填空）
10．There are different (activity) in ur schl clubs. (所给词的适当形式填空)
11．It can be big headache fr the wrking parents t find reliable childcare during the busy hliday seasn. (用适当的词填空)
12．It’s dangerus fr a green hand like yu t drive at speed f 120 kilmetres an hur. (用适当的词填空)
13．Peple have tendency t lean twards whatever they are interested in. (用适当的词填空)
14．There, I wuld always see same elderly lady feeding the pigens. （用适当的词填空）
15．It is evident that AI will have impact n peple’s lives in the future. (用适当的词填空)
16．As cnsequence, children becme s reliant n their parents that they have n independent thught r creative ideas. (用适当的词填空)
17．It shws that a knwledge f first aid can make real difference. (所给词的适当形式填空)
18．This restaurant ffers unique dining experience, cmbining flavrs frm different cultures. (用适当的词填空)
19．He wuld rather earn hnest incme than bet n becming rich vernight. (用适当的词填空)
20．Army helicpters tried t evacuate injured after the earthquake. (用适当的词填空)
21．Traditinal Mia clthing and jewellery are recgnized wrldwide their high quality f craft skills and unique designs, which include hundreds f different styles. (用适当的词填空)
22．There is n better place t get delicius, filling, fun and glrius fd in ne f the many wet markets in Shanghai. (用适当的词填空)
23．I think she has many gd qualities being beautiful. (用适当的词填空)
24．He wn the badmintn match the fact that he was playing with the wrng hand. (用适当的词填空)
25．Live, high-detail satellite mapping culd prbably be used t keep tags n anybdy at any time, the persn’s knwledge. (用适当的词填空)
26．It started with things assessing credit risk frm lan applicatins, srting the mail by reading handwritten characters frm zip cdes. (用适当的词填空)
27．76 participants different cuntries walked shulder t shulder thrugh the perfrmance zne in a prgram that greeted all the peple arund the wrld. (用适当的词填空)
28．Hwever, it did nt stp her frm cmpleting her cllege and graduate studies befre becming a white-cllar wrker in Shanghai, her parents’ great supprt. (用适当的词填空)
29．Everybdy was tuched wrds after they heard her mving stry. (用适当的词填空)
30．We shuld adpt psitive attitude failures in life. (用适当的词填空)
31．Bred, Tm culdn’t cncentrate what his mther was saying. (用适当的词填空)
32． all the terrifying facts, hwever, sme cnservatinists say there is still hpe. (用适当的词填空)
33．These days, many ttem ples n lnger exist f decay and rt. (用适当的词填空)
34．The ttal amunt f packaging increased 12% between 1999 and 2005. (用适当的词填空)
35．When I tk the mney frm her grandparents, I lked back the girl, wh was giving me the mst ptimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. (用适当的词填空)
36．Appearance isn’t : in the lng run, peple will frm their pinins abut us based n hw we behave, nt n hw we lk. （用适当的词填空）
37．The tabs f ne culture may be very different frm f anther. （用适当的词填空）
38．“ made me feel that there were many things wrth sharing in my life, and it als gave me a sense f missin,” she explains. (用适当的词填空)
39．Instead f having t chse ne r the ther, we can benefit frm f the appraches. (用适当的词填空)
40．The little by pulled right hand ut f the pcket. (用适当的词填空)
41．The difference between a man wh succeeds and wh des nt lies nly in the way each treats pprtunities. (用适当的词填空)
42．In rder t keep team members psitive and mtivated, the team leader needs t shw these qualities. (用适当的词填空)
43．Equipped with mdern facilities, tday’s libraries differ greatly frm f the past. (用适当的词填空)
44．Over time, as the ppulatin grew, peple began cutting fd int small pieces s wuld ck mre quickly. (用适当的词填空)
45．I like singing my sister likes dancing. (用适当的词填空)
46．I culd have ignred him when he fell dwn, I stpped t help him. (用适当的词填空)
47．Office wrkers tried t put ut the fire, it was impssible t cntrl it. (用适当的词填空)
48．Drug abuse has serius effects n individuals physically and mentally, the ecnmic lsses caused by drug abuse are great. (用适当的词填空)
49．As a result f shwing up, Jasn tk pprtunities gt him clser t his gal. He sent wrk t a student shw and was accepted by Rbin Rule, the wner f Rule Gallery. (用适当的词填空)
50．Htels are largely given ver t rms fr individuals, “Hme is thught f as a place fr a family ver years, hsting lts f different activities.” (用适当的词填空)
51．Their rich cultural heritage prmtes health and well-being, bth physically mentally. (所给词的适当形式填空)
52．Visitrs can nt nly bserve a wide variety f kites, traditinal and mdern, small and giant, als engage in kite-making wrkshps, art perfrmances and experiential activities. (用适当的词填空)
53．Either Tm his twin sisters are ging t put n a perfrmance tmrrw evening. (用适当的词填空)
54．After cntrasting advanced literature abstract art, I have determined t chse the latter as my ptinal curse. (用适当的词填空)
55．The resultant material was t be studied by experts psychlgy. (用适当的词填空)
56．Opprtunity and challenge are tw things f ne issue, either f which can transfrm the ther. (用适当的词填空)
57．The bss wishes that his sick utstanding manager culd pull and cme back t wrk as sn as pssible. (用适当的词填空)
58．With the Chinese New Year the crner, children are eagerly expecting the reunin dinner and ther celebratins. (用适当的词填空)
59．The ld man’s vice was shaking, all his effrts t cntrl it. (用适当的词填空)
60．Yu need t find the right balance these tw cnflicting gals. (用适当的词填空)
二、语篇语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chinese medicine is an ld way f healing that has been used in China fr thusands f years. In recent years, the preservatin f Chinese medicine 1 (becme) a subject f cncern due t varius factrs such as mdernizatin and glbalizatin.
Chinese medicine represents a 2 (value) aspect f the wrld’s medical diversity. 3 (prtect) it is crucial nt nly fr preserving China’s cultural heritage but als fr cntributing t glbal medical knwledge. Just as bidiversity is critical t ecsystems, diversity in medical practice is critical t human health.
Chinese medicine carries 4 it a deep understanding f the human bdy’s relatinship t nature and the cncept f balance between yin and yang. By safeguarding this practice, we preserve a wealth f knwledge f health, 5 can ffer alternative perspectives n treatment and preventin.
In the digital age, technlgy can aid in the preservatin and 6 (prmte) f traditinal Chinese medicine. Effrts shuld 7 (make) t create digital archives (档案) f ancient texts, medicinal recipes, and treatment methdlgies. The develpment f applicatins and nline platfrms can facilitate the learning and the sharing f knwledge amng dctrs and enthusiasts wrldwide.
Preserving Chinese medicine is nt 8 (mere) abut maintaining a medical traditin; it is abut prtecting a cultural legacy and ensuring the cntinued relevance f 9 (it) wisdm in mdern healthcare. By recgnizing 10 imprtance and integrating mdern research methds, we can ensure that Chinese medicine cntinues t evlve and benefit humanity.
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Traditinal handicrafts are getting a new life thrugh pverty 11 (reduce) prgrams in China. The Sixth China Intangible Cultural Heritage Exp (展览会) 12 (kick) ff n Oct 23 in Jinan and shwed several pverty-alleviatin (扶贫) prjects 13 used intangible cultural heritage.
14 (dress) in clthing bearing hrsetail embridery (刺绣), Sng Shuixian, a natinal-level inheritr f the intangible heritage in Suthwest China’s Guizhu prvince, prmted such embridered prducts at the exp.
Hrsetail embridery uses hrse hair and silk thread 15 raw materials. The skill f weaving (编织)hrse hair with thread 16 sewing traditinal patterns has been passed dwn fr generatins by the Shui ethnic grup in Guizhu. “In the past, the embridery 17 (main) appeared n aprns, but nw we put them n daily clthes, handbags and ntebks t increase the embridery’ s 18 (cmmerce) value and meet cnsumers' demand,” Sng says.
The 54-year-ld ethnic Shui wman started learning hrsetail embridery frm her mther as a child. Since then, she has vwed t herself that she wuld dedicate her life t 19 (prtect) the handicraft.
Fllwing her suggestin, 20 center fr prtecting and inheriting hrsetail embridery was funded in Sandu last year. “Nw we have a better place t train mre wmen in the skills f hrsetail embridery,” Sng says.
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A new study by researchers frm the University f Trnt, Hangzhu Nrmal University and Harvard University has fund that 21 (simple) expressing trust in yung children can prmte their hnesty.
Cnducted thrugh 22 series f field experiments with 328 kindergarteners, the internatinal study was intended t knw whether children were less likely t cheat in a simple test f cunting accuracy if the adult 23 (direct) the test had previusly cnveyed her trust in them. The results shwed that when adults trusted children t help with small tasks, such as hlding their huse keys, and 24 (express) that they wuld trust them in the future, the children were significantly less likely t cheat n a subsequent test cmpared t children 25 weren’t given such trust messages.
“We were astnished by hw pwerful an effect a simple expressin f trust had 26 children’s subsequent hnesty was,” said Prfessr Li Zha f Hangzhu Nrmal University. “It seems that even at a yung age,children understand the value f trust and are willing t behave mre hnestly in respnse t feeling 27 (trust).”
Nt nly d the findings have imprtant theretical implicatins, but they als ffer 28 (practice) guidance t help parents and educatrs in develping mral character frm an early age. “ 29 (we) results pint t the prmise f using trust rather than threats r punishment 30 (develp) gd qualities in children,” said Dr. Zha.
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Chinese cnsumers are pursuing mre persnalized and flexible travel ptins fr the Natinal Day hliday, with significant increases 31 (see) in bkings fr self-driving turs and independent travel. Bth traditinal cultural turs and autumn shrt jurneys are gaining 32 (ppular).
Running a week, the Natinal Day hliday stands as the last lng hliday f the year, 33 (lead) t a cnsiderable increase in flexible scheduling by cnsumers. As f Sept 20, bkings f flights and htels during the hliday bth exceeded (超过) 34 (level) recrded during the same perid last year, Tuniu said.
The hliday is the best time 35 (enjy) fall fliage (秋季彩叶). Sme f the mst ppular dmestic destinatins include Huanggushu Waterfall in Guizhu prvince, 36 stands as the largest waterfall in Asia; Lushan Muntain as well as Huangshan Muntain in Anhui prvince.
Taking self-driving turs 37 (emerge) as ne f the mst ppular mdes f travel fr Chinese cnsumers in recent years. Fr the Natinal Day hliday, 38 increasing number f travelers are chsing t take high-speed trains t their destinatins, and then rent cars fr self-driving experiences.
39 (remarkable), mre female travelers have embarked n self-driving turs. Frm beaches with breathtaking views 40 vast grasslands, wmen have been traveling further.
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S far, smartphnes have been a jack-f-all-trades. But can yu imagine that in the near future, yu’ll prbably be able t use them t test if milk has gne bad withut even 41 (pen) the cntainer? Researchers up t nw 42 (develp) a new smartphne sensr t help with this. The high-tech methd culd ne day reduce the current waste f 20% f dairy prducts.
43 (interest), the new sensr isn’t the wrld’s first nn-invasive (非侵入性的) methd f testing the freshness f milk. Hwever, previus techniques either were t 44 (cnvenient) r nly wrked with transparent (透明的) and semi-transparent milk cntainers. The sensr, n the ther hand, favrs mass 45 (adpt), as it relies n the built-in vibratin mtr f the average smartphne.
Cntrary 46 the ppular belief, “best-by” and “use-by” dates can’t accurately predict 47 milk will g bad, as that depends n a series f factrs. Milk 48 (keep) at crrect temperatures can still be gd 49 cuple f days after its use-by date. Hwever, imprper cnditins can cause it t g bad befre the use-by date, s it makes mre sense fr users t check the freshness right befre cnsumptin 50 (avid) fd pisning.
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，dc trs，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，bxes，watches但stmach复数形式直接加s，即stmachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bdies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
bys，tys，pians，phts
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，prfs，rfs，chiefs
以结尾
通常加－s
radis，vides，zs，tbaccs
有的加－es
heres，ptates，tmates
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
cmfrt
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shck
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
人称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
人称代词
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
形容词性物主代词
my
ur
yur
yur
his/her/its
their
名词性物主代词
mine
urs
yurs
yurs
his/hers/its
theirs

第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
myself
yurself
himself / herself /itself
复数
urselves
yurselves
themselves
易混词
含义
this
指代上文说过的事物或下文要提到的事物。代替可数名词复数用these。
that
用来指代上文提到的某一个名词，可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，表示特指。代替可数名词复数用thse(相当于the nes)，后面必须有定语。
ne
(复数形式是nes)只能用来指代上文提到的某一个可数名词单数，表示同名异物。其前可以有定语，其后也可以有定语。
it
指上文提到的同一个事物，也可指代前面(或后面)整句话的意思。通常还可用作形式主语或形式宾语。