高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题11阅读理解之主旨大意题——逆转思维（含解析）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习题型归纳与变式演练专题11阅读理解之主旨大意题——逆转思维（含解析），共23页。

专题11 阅读理解之主旨大意题——逆转思维

层级二
拉分题目分分抢
相较于细节理解题来说，阅读理解题型中的推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题，题目相对比较难。对于这类题目，在考前复习中要特别关注，要迎难而上，认真分析，努力争创高分。



近3年高考主旨大意题题量统计
考纲解读
　　年份
卷别　　　
2022
2021
2020
1.主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
2．主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。
(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题；
(2)主题类，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。
新高考卷Ⅰ
1
1

新高考卷II
1
1

全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)
1
2
2
全国卷Ⅱ(全国甲卷)
3
1
2
全国卷Ⅲ


3



主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大， 但是难度较高， 是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型， 应给予足够的重视， 争取阅读得满分。
命题方式
解题捷径
选项特征
1.The best title of the passage is ________．
2．Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
3．The passage is mainly about ________．
4．What is the text mainly about?
5．The main idea of the second paragraph probably is _____．
6．What is the first paragraph mainly about？
1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。
2．如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
3．解题时我们可以利用逆转思维，即如果我们作为作者按这个大意或标题写这一篇文章或这一段文章该写哪方面内容，然后对比原文和选项，从而做出正确的判断。
正确选项特征
1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2．范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
干扰选项特征
1．以偏概全　　
2.主题过大
3断章取义
4.无中生有

微技能一 文章大意题——定位主旨知文意
文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。

解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。
(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句

(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句
转折词
句中如有but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。
总结词
如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。
疑问句
若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。


全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。

在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。21网版权
【典例1】　(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)
Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child，but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine，an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago，found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知)after controlling for differences in parents’ income，education and the amount of parent talk，Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child－parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46
months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not，on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes，”Levine said in a statement.21·世纪*教
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would，and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time.Higher－income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently，and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However，boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls，and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method. B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist. D．A teaching program.
【分析】　
第一步　读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。
第二步　利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。
第三步　排除错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意； 选项C以偏概全主次不分。故选B。
微技能二 段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意
段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。
做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。

【典例2】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A．Its appeal to the public.
B．Expectations for future studies.
C．Its practical application.
D．Scientists with new perspectives.
【分析】　
第一步　找出段落主旨句：分析可知，最后一段中第一句“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”为主旨句。
第二步　对比选项，确定答案：由文章主旨句可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。
微技能三 标题归纳题——文章主题定标题
该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)；有吸引力(能吸引读者眼球)。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。
利用4大技巧解题
关键词法
反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词
主题句法
根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题
穿珠
连串法
分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题
逆向法
根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项

结合3大特点解题

排除3种错误选项


【典例3】　(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife.Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever－increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地)．
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act(Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival.Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp.The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J．N.“Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa, who at that time appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological
Survey.Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come.Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat.Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
31．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．The Federal Duck Stamp Story B．The National Wildlife Refuge System
C．The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D．The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【分析】　
本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事(The Federal Duck Stamp Story)，全文都是围绕着这个主旨展开的。
·首段介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；
·第二段介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；
·第三段讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。
最后一句“Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.”更是点明了主题。故选 A。


精做高考真题
Passage 1、（2022·全国·高考乙卷）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A． What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【详情解析】
【D】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 2、（2022·全国新高考II卷）
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
What is a suitable title for the text?
A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【语篇解读】
本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【详情解析】
【B】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 3、（2021·全国高考II卷）
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A．Bring Artists to Schools B．When Historians Meet Artists
C．Arts Education in Britain D．The World's Best Arts Teacher
【语篇解读】
这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了英国一名女子在被评为世界最佳教师后获得了100万英镑的奖金，她将用这笔奖金发起一个项目，让艺术家进入学校。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚·扎菲拉库(Andria Zafirakou)表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命。“我们将做出改变，”她说。“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学。”）”可知，文章讲述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的奖金启动了一个项目，将艺术家带进学校，促进艺术教学。故选A。
Passage 4、（2021·全国·高考甲卷）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let’s state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It’s said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here’s the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
What is the best title for the text?
A．Geniuses Think Alike B．Genius Takes Many Forms
C．Genius and Intelligence D．Genius and Luck
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才?”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
【详情解析】
【B】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?(谁是天才)”和最后一段的“And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.(我们看得越多，就越会发现，像性别、种族和阶级这样的社会因素并不能决定天才的外表。正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage 5、（2020·全国·高考III卷）
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.” B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.” D．The performance of real apes.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。
【详情解析】
【B】主旨大意题。根据第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。
　挑战名校考题
Passage 1、（2022·江西·赣州市赣县第三中学高三期中适应性英语试卷）
Figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu, who won men’s singles Olympic gold medals in 2014 and 2018, said Tuesday he was retiring from competition.
He won the men’s singles gold at the Sochi Games in 2014 and again at the Pyeongchang Games in South Korea in 2018, becoming the first men’s skater to achieve consecutive (连续不断的) golds in the category since Dick Button in 1948 and 1952. At this year’s Winter Games in Beijing, he attempted to become the first man to complete a quadruple axel-4 rotations (旋转) in the air at the Olympics, a jump that he had previously come close to achieving in Japan. In Beijing, he came just short of completing the required rotations for the quadruple axel and fell on his rear, but he expressed satisfaction with his effort afterward and hinted he was ready to retire.
“In terms of how it feels for me, I don’t imagine it being all that different.” he said. “Of course, I feel strongly that I’d like to achieve success with the quadruple axel.”
Beyond his jumping ability, Hanyu’s gift for the dramatics and his gentle appearance made him popular among admirers. Some said he looked as if he had danced off the pages of a Japanese cartoon. They would throw Winnie the Pooh stuffed bears—reportedly his favorite cartoon character—on the ice after his performances. In China, crowds gathered outside the Beijing venue to express devotion to their favorite, and one Chinese follower on social media called Hanyu “the most beautiful icy fairy in my heart”.
In recent years, Hanyu has been suffering from injuries. He said he had constantly thought about retiring from competition since the 2018 Winter Games. “If we’re talking about when I considered turning professional. I was thinking about that at every single competition,” Hanyu said. He said he made the final decision after the Beijing Games as he was recovering from his ankle injury.
What would be the best title of this passage?
A．Ice Prince Yuzuru Hanyu Retires from Competition
B．Figure Skater Yuzuru Hanyu, Satisfied with Victory
C．Being Injured, the Ice Prince Sticks to His Dream
D．The Consecutive Golds Winner Has Made His Glory
【语篇解读】
这是一篇新闻报道。本文报道了花样滑冰选手羽生结弦宣布退役的新闻。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段内容“Figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu, who won men’s singles Olympic gold medals in 2014 and 2018, said Tuesday he was retiring from competition.”（获得2014年和2018年奥运会男子单人滑冰金牌的花样滑冰选手羽生结弦周二表示，他将退役。）可知，本文报道了花样滑冰选手羽生结弦宣布退役的新闻，A项“Ice Prince Yuzuru Hanyu Retires from Competition”意为“冰雪王子羽生结弦退役”是最佳标题。故选A项。
Passage 2、（2022--2023学年度山东省实验中学高三第一次诊断性考试）
To fully appreciate Australian cuisine, you have to consider the unique nature of its wildlife and geography. For one thing, there are the wide plains in the interior of the country, which are home to millions of grazing animals. For another, there is Australia’s long coastline, which is next to all the riches of the sea. It is no wonder then that much of Australian cuisine centres around red meat and seafood.
One of the most popular red meats in Australia is also unique to the continent: kangaroo. This may seem strange as the kangaroo is a national symbol of Australia. However, in recent years, kangaroos have increased in number to around 45 million. These kangaroos wander onto the roads and into cities, making trouble. Their increased numbers have also harmed plants and other wildlife. As a consequence, the government is encouraging people to use these animals as food, and kangaroo has become one of the most popular items on the Australian dinner table.
As for seafood, many of the first Europeans who came to Australia loved the sea. Perhaps this is one reason why so many Australians live near the coast. Since the coastline is so long, each region has its own dishes that are related to the seafood found in its waters. The list of seafood available at the local fish market is like a tour of the coast: salmon, prawns, oysters, tuna, shark, crab, and many more. However, if you want to really take in the full experience, you should go to the fish market in Sydney early in the morning and see the fish being prepared for sale. Better yet, you can sign up to go deep-sea fishing.
But then, how is all this food cooked? Perhaps the favourite way of cooking food in Australia is the barbecue, or “barbie”. Given the fine weather, Australians love to eat outside. Casual friendliness is the key to such meals. It is a time for friends and relatives to get together and have fun. Even strangers passing through will be offered a seat, a cold drink, and something off the grill. Often these barbecues feature a “mixed grill”, which means cooking all kinds of meat, seafood, and vegetables. So, at an Australian barbecue, you don’t have to eat kangaroo—or even eat meat at all—if you don’t want to.
Beyond this, what is Australian cooking? As Australia is a diverse country with people from many nations, Australian cooking now has flavors and cuisines from around the globe. No matter who you are and no matter what cuisine interests you, you are always sure to find a warm welcome and a full plate waiting for you in Australia.
Which is the suitable topic of this passage?
A．What’s cooking in Australia?
B．Are kangaroos important to Australians?
C．Is nature of Australian wildlife and geography unique?
D．Why is barbecue the favourite way of cooking food in Australia?
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了澳大利亚的美食，和这些美食诞生的原因。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。根据第一段中“To fully appreciate Australian cuisine, you have to consider the unique nature of its wildlife and geography.(要想充分欣赏澳大利亚的美食，你必须考虑到它独特的野生动物和地理环境)”以及最后一段“Beyond this, what is Australian cooking? As Australia is a diverse country with people from many nations, Australian cooking now has flavors and cuisines from around the globe.(除此之外，什么是澳大利亚烹饪?由于澳大利亚是一个多元化的国家，有来自许多国家的人，澳大利亚的烹饪现在有来自世界各地的口味和菜系)”可知，本文主要讲澳大利亚有什么美食。故选A项。
Passage 3、（2022-2023学年度河南安阳市Top二十名校高三联考试卷）
Vertical farming is the method of growing plants and crops over each other, mostly in buildings with many storeys. They often look like skyscrapers with glass around them, similar to a giant greenhouse. Such farming methods can already be seen in cities. For agriculture experts, vertical farming will be in widespread use in the future because the world’s population is growing constantly and there is more need for farming land.
The idea comes from Dickson Despommier, a professor at Columbia University, who in 1999, developed a method of growing food in city skyscrapers that could be as tall as thirty storeys. Today, such projects are carried out in many countries, for example Korea, Japan, Abu Dhabi and Singapore.
Vertical farming offers many advantages. Crops can be grown on a smaller area of land, water can be recycled and used over and over again. Plants grow on minerals and do not need soil. Many farming products can be harvested more than once per year. With some fruits, like strawberries, up to 30 harvests would be possible.
This new form of farming can also help nature and the environment recover from mistakes humans make when farming. Many resources could be saved, forests could be preserved and desertification limited. Burning less fossil fuels would result in fewer emissions, a reduction of global warming and healthier environments. Especially tropical regions with their high risk of getting diseases like malaria would benefit.
Vertical farming can protect crops from bad weather or disasters like hurricanes, storms, droughts or floods. The same weather conditions all year round provide ideal conditions for perfect crops.
With traditional farming, 30% of all food does not find its way to the consumer, either because it becomes spoilt during transport or is infested with bacteria. Vertical farming produces food where it is needed.
What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about vertical farming?
A．Its high production and availability. B．Its strengths to the environment.
C．Its safety to some tropical regions. D．Its effectiveness to stop disease.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了立体农场的好处。
【详情解析】
【B】主旨大意题。根据第四段“This new form of farming can also help nature and the environment recover from mistakes humans make when farming. Many resources could be saved, forests could be preserved and desertification limited. Burning less fossil fuels would result in fewer emissions, a reduction of global warming and healthier environments. Especially tropical regions with their high risk of getting diseases like malaria would benefit.(这种新的农业形式还可以帮助自然和环境从人类在农业中犯下的错误中恢复过来。许多资源可以被节约，森林可以被保护，沙漠化可以被限制。燃烧更少的化石燃料将导致更少的排放，减少全球变暖和更健康的环境。特别是患疟疾等疾病风险高的热带地区将受益。)”可知，本段主要讲述立体农场多环境的好处。故选B。
Passage 4、（2022--2023学年度湖北·武汉市武钢三中高三10月份月考试卷）
Vanilla (香草) is one of the world’s most popular spices and an important ingredient in products ranging from chocolate to perfume. However, the wholesale price of vanilla has reached up to $ 600 per kilogram, when just a few years ago it was sold at tenth of that. What is happening?
Madagascar supplies more than 80% of the world’s natural vanilla. Today, vanilla represents 20% of Madagascan exports, worth around $600 million at current prices. However, it is a difficult crop to grow. A vine takes three to four years to mature. The flowers open for just one day a year, so pollination (授粉) is done completely by hand. Nine months later, the green beans must be hand-picked when perfectly ripe to get their content. Months of processing and gradual drying in the sun are then necessary to produce the spice. Six hundred hand- pollinated blossoms yield six kilos of green beans, which can turn into one kilo of dried beans.
The price of Madagascan vanilla was once set by the government. But such were the high prices that in the 1980s buyers turned their attention to the cheaper, poorer-quality version available elsewhere, in particular Indonesia. Madagascar’s government was finally forced to end its price-fixing policy. Food giants such as Nestle and Unilever increased their use of man- made vanilla, adding to the pressure. For 30 years, Madagascar’s vanilla farmers earned just a small amount of money, and many ended up leaving the business. But even with fewer producers, the price of natural vanilla stayed low.
It was not until public tastes started shifting to all things natural that farmers’ fortunes revived. From around 2011, some producers began to focus once more on natural vanilla. In 2015, Nestle announced plans to use only natural ingredients in five years and Hershey’s followed suit. Its demand and prices have therefore rocketed in part because natural supplies are insufficient.
What does this passage mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making vanilla spice. B．The international vanilla business.
C．The truth behind the price of vanilla. D．The process of planting natural vanilla.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。香草是世界上最受欢迎的香料之一，也是巧克力和香水等产品的重要原料。然而，香草的批发价已经达到了每公斤600美元，而就在几年前，它的售价只有这一价格的十分之一。文章介绍了香草价格背后的真相。
【详情解析】
【C】主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“However, the wholesale price of vanilla has reached up to $ 600 per kilogram, when just a few years ago it was sold at tenth of that. What is happening?(然而，香草的批发价已经达到了每公斤600美元，而就在几年前，它的售价只有这一价格的十分之一。发生了什么？)”及下文介绍可知，文章介绍了香草价格背后的真相。故选C。
Passage 5、（2022-2023学年度·湖南·长郡中学高三期中考试）
A 2020 study in the journal Science concluded that marine heat waves have increased more than 20-fold as a result of climate warming. The authors found that in the first decade after satellites began recording ocean temperatures (i.e., after 1981), there were 27 large marine heat waves, with an average duration of 32 days and an average peak temperature anomaly of 8.5°F; in the 2010s, there were 172, which lasted 48 days on average with an average peak temperature almost 10°F above normal.
Much remains unclear about marine heat waves. For example, explains Nicholas Bond, research scientist at the University of Washington and Washington’s state climatologist, there is the question of why so many persist for weeks or months. “There must be something else going on that helps maintain them,” he says. He notes that one explanation is that as the ocean surface warms, it radiates heat into the atmosphere that prevents cloud cover from forming, exposing the seawater to increased sunlight and further warming.
However, enough is known about marine heat waves for scientists to be gravely concerned about their potential impacts. Of special note is the fact that those impacts can last long after the heat waves have disappeared. After three years of the Blob, the waters of the northeastern Pacific began to cool in 2016; but years later, scientists are still determining the extent to which the region’s ecosystem is likely to return fully to its pre-Blob status. Similarly, notes Scannell, who is a data scientist with Jupiter Intelligence, Inc., following the 2010-11 Western Australia event, “lots of kelp(巨藻) forests died, and it takes literally decades for those ecosystems to bounce back”.
Eric Oliver, a scientist from Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia, Canada, expressed his own opinion about the potential impact of the heat waves in tropical waters. “I think that’s really a tough issue,” he says. Life in the tropics, he notes, is adapted to “quite a narrow range of temperatures. So that’s where things can get really messy. We can have complete shifts in tropical systems.”
What does the 2nd paragraph mainly talk about?
A．Various factors that lead to marine heat waves.
B．The possible impacts of a warm ocean surface.
C．The possible reason why marine heat waves last long.
D．Scientists’ efforts in exploring the causes of heat waves.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了海洋热浪增加的原因以及其对生态的影响。
【详情解析】
【C】主旨大意题。根据第二段的主要内容，特别是前两句话“Much remains unclear about marine heat waves. For example, explains Nicholas Bond, research scientist at the University of Washington and Washington’s state climatologist, there is the question of why so many persist for weeks or months.‘There must be something else going on that helps maintain them’,” he says.（关于海洋热浪还有很多不清楚的地方。 例如，华盛顿大学的研究科学家、华盛顿州气候学家尼古拉斯·邦德解释说，有一个问题是为什么这么多的现象持续了几周或几个月。他说:‘肯定还有其他东西在帮助维持它们’）”可知，第二段主要讲的是海洋热浪持续时间长可能的原因。故选C项。
Passage 6、（2022·广东·深圳中学考前模拟演练）
Scientists have made great discoveries. But how have they influenced our personal lives? Do kids in your classroom even know when Einstein lived? You may be wondering: but why is it important to teach kids about modern-day scientists?
First, stories of scientists can encourage kids. Chris Hadfield is a Canadian who went to space, and he’s a real, guitar-playing person. He makes singing videos on YouTube! His story can make kids think scientists are also common people. Hearing scientists’ stories makes kids think “I can do that too!”
But not only that, the stories of famous scientists can encourage kids to never give up. Bill Nye was always refused when trying to be an astronaut. But today, he’s made a lot of successes in his role as a popular science educator and engineer. Besides, it’s no secret that scientific discoveries require trying, and trying again.
Another way some scientists can encourage kids is through their diversity. Neil deGrasse Tyson, for example, is an African-American, which is not common in his field. Such stories can make kids think anyone can be a scientist.
It’s important to know that scientists don’t need to be “gifted” or “good” at school. Often we consider a scientist as being an extremely smart kid at school. That doesn’t have to be true. They just need to have a great interest in science. Telling students stories of scientists can encourage them to show interest in science. As long as they’re interested, they are likely to become a scientist in the future.
Modern scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation others have laid. This is important — no one can do it alone. Scientists’ stories can encourage today’s young scientists to keep trying. They’ll be encouraged not to give up on the dream of making discoveries. Even if they haven’t made important discoveries, their research may help the following scientists.
What is the text mainly about?
A．Why scientists are important to us. B．Why students should be taught about scientists.
C．Why students love stories of scientists. D．Why scientists can encourage students.
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了教授学生关于科学家们的知识的原因，列举了一些著名的科学家的个人经历能够给学生带来的启发。想要通过他们的故事告诉我们，科学家也可以像我们周围的人一样平凡，鼓励孩子永不放弃和表现出对科学的兴趣，还能教导孩子们，知识是建立在别人打下的基础上的。
【详情解析】
【D】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Modem scientists teach kids that knowledge builds upon the foundation others have laid. This is important — no one can do it alone. Scientists’ stories can encourage today’s young scientists to keep trying. They’ll be encouraged not to give up on the dream of making discoveries. Even if they haven’t made important discoveries, their research may help the following scientists. (现代科学家教导孩子们，知识是建立在别人打下的基础上的。这一点很重要——没有人能独自完成。科学家的故事可以鼓励今天的年轻科学家继续努力。我们将鼓励他们不要放弃探索发现的梦想。即使他们没有重大发现，他们的研究也可以帮助之后的科学家)”可知，最后一段告诉我们，新的科学发现可能是基于其他人的发现，故选D。
Passage 7、（2022--2023学年度柳州高级中学、广西·南宁二中高三联考试卷）
What did you eat for lunch today? Did you choose this dish because it was healthy, cheap or because it was just very delicious? Are you a selective eater or an adventurous foodie?
I love exploring trends in food. Fusion cuisine is not for everybody. My Italian grandmother would turn her nose up at the thought of pizzas with mangoes topping but this marriage of tastes is perfectly fine in the 21st century. Chef and food writer Ching-He Huang, who presented a series on Chinese Food for the BBC, is a fan of fusion cuisine. She says: “Fusion has been happening for centuries, for as long as people have travelled, but with the internet and global travel, the exchange of ideas makes the process much faster.”
Wolfgang Puck is seen by many as one of the chefs who made fusion cuisine elegant. He opened his own restaurant in Los Angeles in the 1970s. This European devoted himself to Asian cuisine and became one of the first in a long line of celebrity chefs, because he adjusts the Asian cuisine to western customers’ appetites by mixing different types of flavors. He said in an interview with the Wall Street Journal that initially he got negative responses from traditional American-Chinese restaurant owners but he is not bitter.“ Cooking is like painting or writing a song. Just as there are only so many notes or colors, there are only so many flavors-it’s how you combine them that distinguishes you.” he explains.
My granny’s cup of tea would be the Slow Food Movement. Founded by Carlo Petrini in the 1980s and still going strong, it seeks to preserve traditional cuisine and the use of ingredients that are grown locally. But Petrini thinks fusion cuisine is trendy.
All these trends give us food for thought. We might be wasting an exciting opportunity to wake up our taste buds (味蕾) when we scoff (狼吞虎咽) a sandwich at our desks. Tomorrow, why not find an exotic (异国风味) restaurant and enjoy a feast?
Which of the following best summarized the passage?
A．Fusion cuisine is becoming more and more popular. Why not have a try?
B．People attach great significance to Slow Food Movement. Why not call for it?
C．Chefs are making fusion cuisine elegant. Why not preserve traditional cuisine?
D．Fusion cuisine is criticized by many people. Why not avoid it?
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍融合菜（Fusion cuisine）并号召大家尝试。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。由文章第一段“What did you eat for lunch today? Did you choose this dish because it was healthy, cheap or because it was just very delicious? Are you a selective eater or an adventurous foodie?(你今天午饭吃了什么？你选择这道菜是因为它健康、便宜还是因为它非常美味？你是一个挑剔的食客还是一个爱冒险的美食家？)”，第二段的“She says: “Fusion has been happening for centuries, for as long as people have travelled, but with the internet and global travel, the exchange of ideas makes the process much faster.”(她说：“融合菜已经发生了几个世纪，从人们旅行开始，但随着互联网和全球旅行，思想交流使这个过程变得更快。”)”和文章最后一段“All these trends give us food for thought. We might be wasting an exciting opportunity to wake up our taste buds when we scoff a sandwich at our desks. Tomorrow, why not find an exotic restaurant and enjoy a feast?(所有这些趋势都让我们深思。当我们在桌子上吃三明治时，我们可能会浪费一个激动人心的机会来唤醒我们的味蕾。明天，为什么不找一家充满异国情调的餐厅，享受一顿盛宴呢？)”以及结合全文可知，这篇文章主要讲述融合菜正在变得越来越流行并号召读者尝试。故选A项。
Passage 8、（2022--2023学年度海南琼海市嘉积中学高三第一次月考试卷）
It’s common that a Japanese-American bows on the phone—but only in Japanese. Behaviors and manners can become so routine that they appear even when there’s no need for them. Those who are bilingual (双语的) and bicultural know first-hand that how we behave can depend on what language we are speaking. Scientists have shown that who you are in the moment can depend on the language you are using at that time.
This is because when you have an experience, the language you are using becomes associated with it. For bilingual people, this means certain memories are more closely associated with one language than the other—a phenomenon called “language-dependent memory”. For example, a childhood memory is more likely to be remembered when the language spoken during that childhood event is spoken again.
How we think and feel can thus change depending on what language we are using. For example, people who are bilingual have an intensified stress response when listening to the words of scolding in a native language. This may be, in part, because our early memories associated with learning a “bad” word or being scolded by our parents happened in our native language.
Because emotions play a key role in how we make decisions, people are often more sensible when making choices in the less emotional foreign language. Language can even influence our decisions. When asked whether they would be willing to give one person’s life to save a group, people who speak more than one language are much more likely to say “yes” when answering in a foreign language. The unpleasant feelings that can prevent us from making difficult choices are reduced when we’re using a non-native language.
The language we speak has an influence on how we think, feel, and even behave. In a way, knowing different languages can provide people with a variety of views through which to see the world.
What is the best title for the text?
A．You are what you are speaking. B．Language determines your character.
C．A new language, a new self. D．More languages, better future.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一个人使用的语言决定了他的身份。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“Scientists have shown that who you are in the moment can depend on the language you are using at that time.(科学家已经证明，你当时是什么样的人，取决于你当时使用的语言。)”和最后一段“The language we speak has an influence on how we think, feel, and even behave.(我们所说的语言会影响我们的想法、感觉甚至行为。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是你使用的语言决定了你的身份，所以这篇文章最好的题目是“You are what you are speaking.(你所说的决定你的身份)”。故选A。
Passage 9、（2022-2023学年度重庆南开中学高三11月份月考试题）
According to the American Chemistry Council, in 2018 in the United States, 27million tons of plastic ended up in landfills compared lo just 3.1 million tons that were recycled. Worldwide the numbers are similarly bad, with just 9% of plastic being recycled according to a recent OFCD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)report. The statistics are even worse for certain types of pastie. For example, out of 80,000 lens of polystyrene containers generated in the United States, a negligible amount(less than 5,000 tons) was recycled.
Now, researchers at the University of Queensland have found that a species of worm with an appetite for polystyrene could be the key to plastic recycling on a mass scale. They discovered that the Zophobas morio also called “super-worm” can eat through polystyrene, thanks to a bacterial enzyme (酶) in its “Stomach”. Dr. Chris Rilke and his team from UQ’s School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience fed super-worms different diets over a three-week period, with some given polystyrene, some outer skin of grain separated from the flour, and others pul on a fasling diet.
“We found the super-worms fed a dict of just polystyrene not only survived, but even had slight weight gains,” Dr. Rilke said. “This suggests the worms can get energy from the polypropylene,most likely with the help of their internal micro-organisms. They are like mini recycling plants, tearing up the polystyrene with their mouths and then feeding it to the bacteria in their ‘stomach’. ”
Co-author of the research, PhD candidate Jiarui Sun, said they aimed to grow the bacteria in the lab and further test their ability to break down polystyrene. “We can then look into how we can upgrade this process lo a level required for an entire recycling plant,” Ms. Sun said.
What is the text mainly about?
A．The severity of plastic pollution. B．The future of recycling industry.
C．Super-worm’s commercial success. D．Super-worm’s ability to digest plastic.
【语篇解读】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了目前全球的塑料回收率很低，全文围绕科学家发现的一种专门吃塑料的“超级蠕虫”展开。
【详情解析】
【D】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段前两句“Now, researchers at the University of Queensland have found that a species of worm with an appetite for polystyrene could be the key to plastic recycling on a mass scale. They discovered that the Zophobas morio also called “super-worm” can eat through polystyrene, thanks to a bacterial enzyme (酶) in its “Stomach”.(现在，昆士兰大学的研究人员发现，一种喜欢聚苯乙烯的蠕虫可能是大规模回收塑料的关键。他们发现，这种被称为“超级蠕虫”的Zophobas morio可以通过聚苯乙烯吃东西，这要感谢它“胃”里的一种细菌酶)”可知，全文围绕科学家发现的一种专门吃塑料的“超级蠕虫”展开。由此可知，D项“Super-worm’s ability to digest plastic.(超级蠕虫消化塑料的能力)”符合题意。故选D。
Passage 10、（2022-2023学年度四川·广安市第二中学高三期中测试）
Abandoned by a breeder (饲养动物的人) at only eight weeks old because she was deaf, Puppy had a tough start in life. But less than a month after being saved, the little dog is learning to recognize sign language commands with her new family.
Marie Williams, 41, and her partner Mark Morgan, 43, who are themselves both deaf, adopted the little dog from the animal charity The Blue Cross. The couple and their three sons Liam, 16, Lewis, 13, and Owen, 5, who have normal hearing, are teaching the loving dog sign language commands, including instructions for sit, come and roll over.
Marie Williams, from West Mersea, Essex, said, “We were thinking about getting a dog but when we saw Puppy was deaf we just could not believe it. She was so beautiful and the fact that she was deaf just made us fall in love with her even more—we knew that she would fit right into our family. ”
The distinctive dog, who has one blue eye, was dirty, sick and nervous when she was abandoned by a breeder who decided the deaf dog would not make him any money.
Miss Williams said, “I feel so angry that someone abandoned her because in his eyes she was not ‘perfect’. It goes to show with a little effort it is easy to cope with a deaf puppy—she has already learned the signs for several basic commands. I want everyone to see how well we have bonded with Puppy and how well she is getting on—she is so special to us. ”
Julie Stone, manager of The Blue Cross, said, “It was amazing to see how Marie, Mark and their children immediately bonded with Puppy and how they knew just how to get her attention. They are a brilliant match and Puppy has found the perfect home where I know that she will get the love she deserves. ”
The Blue Cross, which depends entirely on public donations, rehomes thousands of dogs, cats, horses, and small animals every year through its network of adoption centers.
What is the text mainly about?
A．A deaf dog’s new home. B．How to treat a deaf dog well.
C．The importance of the animal charity. D．Sign language commands.
【语篇解读】
本文为一篇记叙文。一对失聪的夫妇通过“蓝十字”慈善机构收养了一只失聪小狗。这只小狗曾被主人遗弃。如今又重获家的温暖。
【详情解析】
【A】主旨大意题。根据第一段内容“Abandoned by a breeder (饲养动物的人) at only eight weeks old because she was deaf, Puppy had a tough start in life. But less than a month after being saved, the little dog is learning to recognize sign language commands with her new family.(小狗在八周大的时候就被饲养员遗弃了，因为她是聋子。但获救后不到一个月，这只小狗就开始和她的新家人学习识别手语指令了)”并结合全文可知，本文主要讲述了一对有爱心的失聪夫妇收养了一只被遗弃的失聪小狗Alice，并给了它一个温暖的新家的故事。故选A。