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所属成套资源:高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练(上海专用)
专题04 完形填空(上)-高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练(上海专用)
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这是一份专题04 完形填空(上)-高考英语二轮热点题型归纳与变式演练(上海专用),文件包含专题04完形填空上解析版docx、专题04完形填空上原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源,其中试卷共46页, 欢迎下载使用。
TOC \ "1-3" \h \z \u \l "_Tc148898652" 题型综述2
\l "_Tc148898652" 解题攻略2
\l "_Tc148898653" 题型01 利用语义复现解题3
\l "_Tc148898654" 题型02 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题4
\l "_Tc148898655" 题型03 利用逻辑关系解题6
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型04 利用语境暗示分析法解题8
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型05 利用固定搭配及词组辨析解题 PAGEREF _Tc148898656 \h 9
\l "_Tc148898656" 题型06 利用生活常识解题10
\l "_Tc148898652" 高考练场11
\l "_Tc148898657" 变式演练22
题型介绍
上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力,而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学,结构清晰,主题明显,但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大,区分度高,是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主,涉及名、动、形、副四类词,有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语,突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路:语义优先于语法原则;上下文语境分析原则。
命题类型
词汇选择题:主要考查名词、动词、形容词和副词等实词在具体语境中的运用。
逻辑关系题:考查考生对文章逻辑关系的理解,需要根据上下文的逻辑关系进行选择。
语境理解题:要求考生在理解上下文的基础上,选择最合适的词汇。
解题思路
抓住首句,明确说明对象:首句通常不设空,提供了文章的主题或说明对象,帮助考生快速把握文章的大意。
理清段落关系:通读全文,明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面进行说明的,概括每一段的侧重点,理清各段之间的关系。
弄清说明顺序,把握文章脉络:作者在说明过程中会选择合理的说明顺序(如时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序等),把握这些顺序有助于理解文章的整体结构。
关注语境和逻辑:在选择答案时,要结合上下文的语境和逻辑关系,确保所选词汇使文章意思通顺、逻辑合理。
先易后难,逐步推进:先解决那些容易判断的空格,再逐步处理较难的题目,避免在难题上耗费过多时间。
技巧一:利用语义复现解题
【题型诠释】
复现是一种语义衔接手段,它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念,使整篇文章上下连贯,有机地衔接在一起因此,考生可根据文章的具体情况,理解文章的结构和语境利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。它包括:1.原词复现;2.同义复现;3.反义复现;4.代词复现等。
该类题是完形填空中比较简单的,要仔细阅读,但是这些词可能隐藏的比较深;上文可能暗示下文答案,下文可能暗示上文答案,甚至上下文信息相隔较远,因此要注意集中寻找这些暗示信息。
(2025·上海黄埔一模)
T raise yur reward sensitivity, begin by planning ne activity per day that will make yu happy r give yu a sense f ____22____. It can be as small as treating yurself t a favrite snack r reading a few pages f a nvel. This will make yu less likely t ____23____ psitive experiences. After yu’ve enjyed that ____24____ mment,
24. A. criticalB. dailyC. rareD. spare
【答案】 24. B
【24题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:在你享受了那个日常的快乐时刻后,闭上眼睛,大声地回顾你在哪里、什么时候体验到了最大的快乐。A. critical关键的;B. daily日常的;C. rare罕见的;D. spare空闲的。根据上文“T raise yur reward sensitivity, begin by planning ne activity per day that will make yu happy r give yu a sense f ______ .”可知,作者建议我们每天一项活动,所以这是日常的快乐时刻。故选B。
(2025·上海闵行一模)
The methd was cstly and had the unintended 27 f altering the rhins' behavir, making the cllected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was wrking alngside lcal 28 . Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints. They culd effectively create a true picture f individual rhins' activities withut the use f any invasive (侵入的) techniques. Cnsequently, the team were interested t knw whether the trackers' knwledge culd be effectively 29 a cmputerized technique fr mnitring animal mvement.
28. A. prgrammers B. phtgraphers C. trackers D. fficials
答案: 28. C
28. C:从后文 “Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints.” 可知,这里指的是当地追踪者,“trackers”(追踪者)符合语境,“prgrammers”(程序员)、“phtgraphers”(摄影师)、“fficials”(官员)均不符合能通过脚印识别动物的语境,所以选 C。
Within each species, each individual has its wn unique ft 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just nce, and the characteristics f its ftprints are prperly phtgraphed and measured, its ftprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again.
30. A. features B. sizes C. clrs D. shapes
答案: 30. A
30. A:每个动物个体都有自己独特的脚印特征,“features”(特征)符合语境,“sizes”(尺寸)、“clrs”(颜色)、“shapes”(形状)都过于片面,“features” 可涵盖这些方面,且下文有同义词characteristics 复现,所以选 A。
技巧二:利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题
【题型诠释】
在完形填空中,我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中,仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇,它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索,可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案。
解答该类问题时,要善于把握与作者的写作态度、感悟色彩相关的词汇,特别是某些形容词、副词。这类题型主观性较强,心理描写较多。属于较难的题目。
解该类题时,注意一要紧扣能够体现文章或段落主旨的关键词,二要计言简练。
(2025·上海徐汇一模)
Have yu ____24____ talked t yur neighbr abut this issue? Is it a reasnable time t be playing music? Is yur neighbr trying t ____25____ yu, r are they just enjying their evening?
Relying n practical wisdm in Aristtle’s case-by-case apprach makes a lt f sense fr handling ____26____ cnflicts. But what abut when there’s n ne t ____27____ fr yur anger? Imagine a trnad cmpletely destrys yur huse while yur neighbr’s hme is ____28____.
24. A. remtelyB. reluctantlyC. previuslyD. ultimately
25. A. upsetB. cnquerC. imitateD. mtivate
26. A. cmmercialB. dmesticC. culturalD. interpersnal
27. A. cnsultB. blameC. rejectD. hide
28. A. discveredB. lckedC. untuchedD. explded
【答案】 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C
【解析】
【24题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:你之前和你的邻居谈过这个问题吗?A. remtely遥远地;B. reluctantly不情愿地;C. previusly以前;D. ultimately最终。根据前文“But hw much anger shuld yu feel? And what actins, if any, shuld yu take?T answer these questins, Aristtle wuld need t knw mre details.”可知,此处是在讨论具体的细节,即愤怒背后有没有其他具体原因,所以是问之前是否和邻居谈过这个问题,故选C项。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:你的邻居是想惹你生气,还是只是想享受他们的夜晚?A. upset使烦恼;B. cnquer征服;C. imitate模仿;D. mtivate激励。根据后文“r are they just enjying their evening?”可知,此处是假设邻居放音乐的行为让你睡不着,所以是问邻居是想惹你生气吗,还是单纯的只是想享受他们的夜晚而忽略了你的感受,故选A项。
【26题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:在处理人际冲突时,依赖亚里士多德的具体案例中的实用智慧是非常有道理的。A. cmmercial商业的;B. dmestic家庭的;C. cultural文化的;D. interpersnal人际的。根据前文“let’s say yu’ re ging t sleep early because yu have an imprtant meeting tmrrw and yur neighbr just started playing lud music.”可知,此处是讨论邻居之间的冲突,所以是人际冲突,故选D项。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:但是,但是当你的愤怒没有人可以责怪时,又该怎么办呢?A. cnsult咨询;B. blame责怪;C. reject拒绝;D. hide隐藏。根据后文“Imagine a trnad cmpletely destrys yur huse while yur neighbr’s hme is _______.”可知,此处的例子是假设你的愤怒没有人可以责怪的,即邻居的房子完好无损,而你的房子被龙卷风摧毁了,故选B项。
【28题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意:想象一下,一场龙卷风完全摧毁了你的房子,而你的邻居的房子却毫发无损。A. discvered发现;B. lcked锁住;C. untuched未受影响的;D. explded爆炸。根据前文“Imagine a trnad cmpletely destrys yur husewhile yur neighbr’s hme is ”可知,此处是一种对比,你的房子被龙卷风完全摧毁,而邻居的房子没有受到龙卷风的影响,故选C项。
(2025·上海静安一模)
My greatest fear when grwing up in a French cuntryside was that my English mther wuld speak t me in public in her native tngue ludly. I wuld feel ____21____ when she used English n the way back frm schl. Speaking a different language made her, and even me, lk strange.
21. A. regretfulB. ashamedC. uniqueD. refreshed
【答案】21. B
【21题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当她在放学回家的路上说英语时,我会感到羞耻。A. regretful后悔的;B. ashamed羞愧的;C. unique独特的;D. refreshed恢复精神的。根据前文“My greatest fear when grwing up in a French cuntryside was that my English mther wuld speak t me in public in her native tngue ludly.(我在法国农村长大,最大的恐惧是我的英国母亲会在公共场合大声用她的母语对我说话)”可知,作者的母亲会在公共场合大声说英语,作者作为法国人,在公共场合听到母亲说英语会感到羞愧,故选B。
技巧三:利用逻辑关系解题
【题型诠释】
在句组层次题中,利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握,就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系并不缥缈,它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法,我们可以通过确切、具体的线索,把答案的逻辑意义推测出来,从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做,使得题目的难度大大降低。
这种逻辑关系包括:(1) 句中逻辑关系;(2)句间逻辑关系:往往通过转折、让步、递进、因果等明确的逻辑关系词来体现。当然,句子的逻辑关系也不一定体现在一句话的内部,它还可以渗透到篇章的层面上,在句与句之间表现出来。(3) 段间逻辑关系:这种逻辑关系主要体现在段落之间的衔接上。
(2025·上海徐汇一模)
Anger is a cmplicated emtin. But is it ever mrally right t be angry? And if s, when? One f the mst fundatinal understandings f ____21____ cmes frm the Greek philspher Aristtle. In his mdel, there’s a sweet spt fr ur actins and emtinal reactins, and it’s up t yu t develp practical wisdm abut when yu shuld feel what and hw strngly t feel it.
____22____, let’s say yu’ re ging t sleep early because yu have an imprtant meeting tmrrw and yur neighbr just started playing lud music. If yu can’t sleep, yu might ruin yur meeting, s feeling angry is definitely ____23____. But hw much anger shuld yu feel? And what actins, if any, shuld yu take?
21. A. mtinB. passinC. urgeD. anger
22. A. In cnclusinB. HweverC. What’s mreD. Fr example
23. A. exceptinalB. understandableC. uselessD. tragic
【答案】21. D 22. D 23. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了愤怒这一情感的道德正当性及其在不同情境下的合理表达。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:对愤怒最基础的理解之一来自于希腊哲学家亚里士多德。A. mtin运动;B. passin激情;C. urge冲动;D. anger愤怒。根据本文的标题“When is anger justified?”可知,本文讨论的是“愤怒”,故选D项。
【22题详解】
考查短语辨析。句意:例如,假设你因为明天有重要的会议所以要早睡,而你的邻居却开始大声放音乐。A. In cnclusin总之;B. Hwever然而;C. What’s mre而且;D. Fr example例如。根据后文“let’s say yu’ re ging t sleep early because yu have an imprtant meeting tmrrw and yur neighbr just started playing lud music.”可知,此处是举例说明愤怒何时是合理的,故选D项。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:如果你睡不着,你可能会毁了你的会议,所以感到愤怒是可以理解的。A. exceptinal例外的;B. understandable可以理解的;C. useless无用的;D. tragic悲惨的。根据前文“If yu can’t sleep, yu might ruin yur meeting,”可知,因为睡不着而可能毁了会议,所以感到愤怒是可以理解的,故选B项。
(2025·上海杨浦一模)
If s, maybe it wuld be great fr peple t take ut their aggressin and frustratin n human-and animal-like rbts that mimic pain. ___31___, they aren’t harming a living being. On the ther hand, it culd be bad if it makes peple insensitive t vilence in ther cntexts. Wuld a child wh grws up kicking a rbt dg find it ___32___ t kick a real dg? Unfrtunately, desensitizatin (脱敏) remains a difficult thing t study.
31. A. In additinB. After allC. In a wayD. On the cntrary
32. A. harderB. funnierC. easierD. wrse
【答案】31. B 32. C
【解析】
【31题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意:毕竟,他们并没有伤害任何生物。A. In additin另外;B. After all毕竟;C. In a way在某种程度上;D. On the cntrary相反。根据上文“it wuld be great fr peple t take ut their aggressin and frustratin n human-and animal-like rbts that mimic pain”和下文“they aren’t harming a living being”可知,此处表示毕竟他们并没有伤害任何生物。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意:一个踢机器狗长大的孩子会觉得踢真狗更容易吗?A. harder更难的;B. funnier更有趣的;C. easier更容易的;D. wrse更糟的。根据下文“Unfrtunately, desensitizatin (脱敏) remains a
技巧四:利用语境暗示分析法解题
【题型诠释】
在句组层次题中,有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文的语境暗示来解题,即根据已知信息,推导出正确答案。完形填空题中虽然也穿插了对语法、短语和词的辨析、句子结构的考查等,但对文章故事情节发展线索的逻辑考查仍是重点。
暗示与上下对应的思维方法,是突破此类完形填空最关键的思维方式。考生在做题时要有全局观念,进行连贯性思维,做题时要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解,进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。难选之处前后通常多有暗示,这种暗示多为后面暗示前面。
(2025·上海浦东新区一模)
A new exhibitin in Lndn als examined the dminance f cute qualities in culture, bringing tgether art, games and tys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the rganizer. “It has made its way int almst every element f ur lives.”
24.A. taken ver B. brken inC. dated backD. fallen apart
答案: 24.A
21.A:根据上文 “A new exhibitin in Lndn als examined the dminance f cute qualities in culture”及后文 “It has made its way int almst every element f ur lives.” 可知,可爱已经占据了主导地位。“taken ver” 意为 “接管,占据主导地位”,符合语境。“brken in” 意为 “闯入,打断”;“dated back” 意为 “追溯到”;“fallen apart” 意为 “破裂,崩溃”,均不符合语境,所以选 A。
(2025·上海金山一模)
If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they fail, what abut when they wrk ___23___? This is nt an idle questin, but a serius ne. Discussins abut A in particular easily get lst in ayptherical (假设的) debates abut whlesale jb lsses r, wrse, the nature f cnsciusness.
23. A. prperlyB. purpselesslyC. cntinuuslyD. unwillingly
【答案】23. A
【23题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意:如果机器可以在某些工作失败的时候给它们增加意义,那么当它们正常工作的时候呢?A. prperly正常地;B. purpselessly无目的地;C. cntinuusly持续不断地;D. unwillingly不情愿地。根据上文“If machines can add purpse t sme jbs when they fail”提到工作失败的时候,由此可知,此处应表示机器正常工作的时候,和上文的fail形成呼应。故选A项。
技巧五:利用固定搭配法及词组辨析解题
对于这类题型,学生在平时的学习中,要多掌握一些语法现象、多记多背一些固定结构和习惯搭配,并掌握它们的基本用法,这样就能够轻松解题了。
(2025·上海松江一模)
Tw years later, the Internatinal Olympic Cmmittee (IOC) held a cnference t seriusly discuss “t what extent and in what frm the arts and literature can participate. ” The event prgram listed several arts categries that were ____31____ .
31. A. under cntrlB. under cnsideratinC. in useD. in prgress
【答案】 31. B
【31题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意:活动计划列出了几个正在考虑的艺术类别。A. under cntrl处于控制之下;B. under cnsideratin考虑中;C. in use在使用;D. in prgress正在进行中。根据后文“Officials ultimately agreed t add five arts cmpetitins t the Olympics in 1908: literature, painting, sculpture, music and architecture.(官员们最终同意在1908年的奥运会上增加五项艺术比赛:文学、绘画、雕塑、音乐和建筑)”可知,一开始只是考虑几个列出的艺术类别。故选B。
(2025·上海青浦一模)
In cnclusin, shuld yu watch the Olympic Games if yu want t __35__ yur diet? Of curse, but it might be better t chse the physical activities yu find the mst difficult t perfrm — and watch them withut mderatin.
35. A. put up with B. keep up with C. make up fr D. set up fr
答案 B
35. B:如果想 “跟上” 自己的饮食计划(即保持饮食规律),是否应该看奥运会呢?“keep up with”(跟上,保持)符合语境,“put up with”(忍受)、“make up fr”(弥补)、“set up fr”(为…… 做准备)均不符合,所以选 B。
技巧六:利用生活常识解题
解决此类题型时,应该把自己学到的有关文化背景知识和生活常识灵活运用,注意中西文化的一些差别。但有些没有定论的、或自己没有把握的知识,不能作为判断的依据,这时就要尊重原文的描述。
(2025·上海奉贤一模)
The rigid crridrs f Weltn Academy carried the weight f traditin and cnfrmity (循规蹈矩). Jhn Keating, an English teacher with a (n) ___21___ f mystery and passin, stepped int the academy like a breath f freshness in a dull rm. His very presence was a (n) ___22___ t the lng-established nrms f the schl.
21. A. airB. gestureC. mdD. utlk
22. A. threatB. barrierC. challengeD. pprtunity
【答案】21. A 22. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在保守的威尔顿学院,一位富有激情与独特气质的英语教师约翰·基廷用一种独特的方式教授学生,给他的学生带来了巨大的影响。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:约翰·基廷是一位充满神秘和激情的英语老师,他走进了学院,就像一股清新的气息进入了沉闷的房间。A. air气质,氛围;B. gesture姿势;C. md情绪;D. utlk展望。根据下文“mystery and passin”可知应该是带有神秘和激情的氛围,故选A。
【22题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意:他的出现本身就是对这所学校长期建立的规范的挑战。A. threat威胁;B. barrier障碍;C. challenge挑战;D. pprtunity机会。根据下文“He was nt ne t simply stand at the frnt f the classrm and lectured abut Shakespeare’s petry r the rules f grammar. (他不是那种简单地站在教室前面讲
授莎士比亚诗歌或语法规则的人)”可知他的教学理念和方式与学校传统的规范不一致,因此他是学校长期建立的规范的挑战。故选C。
(2025·上海浦东新区一模)
What d humans perceive t be cute? In the 1940s, Knrad Lrenz, an Austrian zlgist, fund that peple are (25)_________ t babies with big eyes and a small nse, as well as shrt arms, legs, because they bring jy. S bsessed with these characteristics that cats and dgs may have been (26)_________ t bring ut thse same features.
25.A. accustmedB. expsedC. intrducedD. attracted
26.A. walkedB. shapedC. entertainedD. mnitred
答案: 25.D 26. B
25.D:根据前文 “peple are... t babies with big eyes and a small nse” 可知,人们被大眼睛、小鼻子的婴儿所吸引。“attracted” 意为 “被吸引”,符合常识。“accustmed” 意为 “习惯的”;“expsed” 意为 “暴露的”;“intrduced” 意为 “被介绍”,均不符合语境,所以选 D。
26.B:根据前文 “S bsessed with these characteristics” 可知,人们对这些可爱的特征如此着迷,以至于猫
和狗可能被塑造出同样的特征。“shaped” 意为 “塑造”,符合语境。“walked” 意为 “走路”;“entertained” 意为 “娱乐”;“mnitred” 意为 “监控”,均不符合语境,所以选 B。
(以2023年6月上海高考真题为例,深度解析高考完形填空命题趋势)
Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics, dds and prbability. Yet they’ve lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty. (41) ______, patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment. But nw that infrmatin abut every medical cnditin imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether dctrs’ apparent (42)_____ when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd. With the infrmatin verlad brught by the prgress f medicine and technlgy answers are (43)______ black r white.
Medical schls are nly just starting t teach dctrs hw t deal with this, and patients' expectatins haven't (44) ______, either.
“Medicine has always fallen shrt f the srt f certainty that we find in math and gemetry”, says Dr. Rss Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana Schl f Public Health in Trnt. “If yu think abut knwledge and what it des, it’s abut (45) ______ uncertainty, nt abut creating certainty. ”
Dctrs in training, like gamblers, need t be (46) ______ wrking in a field in which they’re cnstantly weighing the dds based n a myriad f factrs. When Upshur teaches medical students hw t diagnse an ailment(小恙), he tells them t (47) ______ their inquiry ---- cme up with a list f pssibilities, rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin. “Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm, yu usually dn’t have certainty abut what wuld be the best (48) ______ and what the utcmes will be in the lng run.”
Technlgy has helped (49) ______ the quest fr certainty. We are reaching a pint where we can feed a list f symptms int a cmputer and get a mre (50) ______ diagnsis than frm a dctr. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a prfessr f medicine at Harvard Medical Schl, sees such develpments as bth a/an (51) ______ and an pprtunity. On ne hand, he says, “technlgy tries t push yu t a/an (52) ______ level f certainty. D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease. ”
On the ther hand, cmputers can’t (53) ______ a diagnsis r a treatment t patients in a cmfrting way. Take a rutine screening test fr early-stage lung cancer. Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule (癌症结节). It can als (54) ______ quite precisely the risk f develping an actual cancer based n the size and shape f a ndule. What it can’t d, (55) ______, is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a 1 percent chance f becming a cancer.
A.On the hand B. Afterwrds C. As a result D.Abve all
42.A. victim B. instance C. transparencyD. certainty
43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarelyD. mainly
44.A. adred B.transfrmed C.fadedD.adjusted
45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling
46. A. cmpared with B. accunted fr C. accustmed tD.annyed at
B.train C.clarifyD.braden
48.A. identifyB. cure C.defendD.cause
49.A. enlightenB.redefineD.guarantee
50. A. accurateB.plainC.seriusD.remedial
51.A. challengeB. encunterC.cnversatinD.dispute
52.A. dangerusB. maximalC.unfavrableD.cntrasting
53. A.stuffB.hintD. indicate
54.A. cncludeB. understand C.assumeD. calculate
55. A.hweverB. therefreC. mreverD.hence
【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA
【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性,然而,随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸,专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题,而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性,而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性,但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险,但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此,医生需要在不确定性中进行决策,并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。
外刊题源:
Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics, dds and prbability. Yet they’ve lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty. (41) As a result, patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment. But nw that infrmatin abut every medical cnditin imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent (42) certainty when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd. With the infrmatin verlad brught by the prgress f medicine and technlgy answers are (43) rarely black r white.
Medical schls are nly just starting t teach dctrs hw t deal with this, and patients' expectatins haven't (44) adjusted, either.
“Medicine has always fallen shrt f the srt f certainty that we find in math and gemetry”, says Dr. Rss Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana Schl f Public Health in Trnt. “If yu think abut knwledge and what it des, it’s abut (45) limiting uncertainty, nt abut creating certainty. ”
Dctrs in training, like gamblers, need t be (46) accustmed t wrking in a field in which they’re cnstantly weighing the dds based n a myriad f factrs. When Upshur teaches medical students hw t diagnse an ailment(小恙), he tells them t (47) braden their inquiry ---- cme up with a list f pssibilities, rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin. “Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm, yu usually dn’t have certainty abut what wuld be the best (48) cure and what the utcmes will be in the lng run.”
Technlgy has helped (49)redefine the quest fr certainty. We are reaching a pint where we can feed a list f symptms int a cmputer and get a mre (50) accurate diagnsis than frm a dctr. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a prfessr f medicine at Harvard Medical Schl, sees such develpments as bth a/an (51) challenge and an pprtunity. On ne hand, he says, “technlgy tries t push yu t a/an (52) maximal level f certainty. D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease. ”
On the ther hand, cmputers can’t (53) cmmunicate a diagnsis r a treatment t patients in a cmfrting way. Take a rutine screening test fr early-stage lung cancer. Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule (癌症结节). It can als (54) calculate quite precisely the risk f develping an actual cancer based n the size and shape f a ndule. What it can’t d, (55) hwever, is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a 1 percent chance f becming a cancer.
【长难句解析】
1.Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics, dds and prbability. Yet they’ve lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty.
【译文】医生是科学家,他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来,他们被教导说,与病人打交道时,他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。
perate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。
2. (41) As a result, patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment.
【译文】因此,病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。
3. But nw that infrmatin abut every medical cnditin imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent (42) certainty when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd.
【译文】但是,现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息,鉴于此,专家们质疑:与病人沟通时,医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。
nw that因为、鉴于;every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。
4.With the infrmatin verlad brught by the prgress f medicine and technlgy answers are(43) rarely black r white. Medical schls are nly just starting t teach dctrs hw t deal with this, and patients' expectatins haven't (44) adjusted either.
【译文】随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载,答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题,而病人的期望也还没有能适应(这一变化趋势)。
with…brught复合结构“随着/在……”;
5. “Medicine has always fallen shrt f the srt f certainty that we find in math and gemetry”, says Dr. Rss Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana Schl f Public Health in Trnt. “If yu think abut knwledge and what it des, it’s abut (45) limiting uncertainty, nt abut creating certainty. ”
【译文】"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性",多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用,它是关于限制不确定性,而不是创造确定性。"
fallen shrt f达不到、缺少。
6.Dctrs in training, like gamblers, need t be (46) accustmed t wrking in a field in which they’re cnstantly weighing the dds based n cuntless factrs. When Upshur teaches medical students hw t diagnse a disease, he tells them t (47) braden their inquiry ---- cme up with a list f pssibilities, rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin.
【译文】接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样,需要习惯于在这个领域工作,在这个领域中,他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时,他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单,而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。
weigh掂量、权衡;hme in n对准、指向。
7.“Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm, yu usually dn’t have certainty abut what wuld be the best (48) cure and what the utcmes will be in the lng run.”
【译文】"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断,你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法,以及从长远来看,结果会是什么。"
In the lng run长期来看。
8.(9) Technlgy has helped(49) redefine the quest fr certainty. We are reaching a pint where we can feed a list f symptms int a cmputer and get a mre (50) accurate diagnsis than frm a dctr. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a prfessr f medicine at Harvard Medical Schl, sees such develpments as bth a/an (51) challenge and an pprtunity. On ne hand, he says, “technlgy tries t push yu t a/an (52) maximal level f certainty. D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease. ”
【译文】技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步:我们可以把症状清单输入计算机,得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说,一方面,"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性:你有这个疾病。"
Redefine重新定义;reaching a pint where达到某个……的程度。
9. On the ther hand, cmputers can’t (53) cmmunicate a diagnsis r a treatment t patients in a cmfrting way. Take a rutine screening test fr early-stage lung cancer. Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule (癌症结节).
【译文】另一方面,计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别,计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。
a rutine screening test定期筛查。
10. It can als (54) calculate quite precisely the risk f develping an actual cancer based n the size and shape f a ndule. What it can’t d, (55) hwever, is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a 1 percent chance f becming a cancer.
【译文】它还可以根据结节的大小和形状,相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而,它不能做的是决定如何告诉你,你的肺部有一个结节,有1%的机会成为癌症。
develping 患上某种疾病;break the news爆料、告诉实情。
【答案详解】
41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到,医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案,而该空后提到,患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此,此处能够承接上下文的只有C项,as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”,故选C。n the hand一方面:afterwrds adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):abve all最重要的是:尤其是。
42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Dctrs are scientists wh perate in a wrld f statistics,dds and prbability. Yet they've lng been taught that when dealing with patients they shuld cnvey a reassuring level f cnfidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关,再结合相关选项,此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在,只要点击几下鼠标,就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息,专家们正在询问,医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子,实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。
43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether dctrs' apparent certainty--when cmmunicating with their patients actually des mre harm than gd.可知,专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响,所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量,答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地,经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their dctrs t give them a clear diagnsis and a straightfrward curse f treatment可知,患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程,再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况,患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”,故选D。adre v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应,调整,校正。
45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的nt abut creating certainty可推知,该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近,limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用,那就是限制(limiting)不确定性,而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打,打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合,收集:装配,组合:组装。
47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的cme up with a list f pssibilities--rather than quickly hme in n a single slutin 可推知,文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上,所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时,他告诉他们扩大(braden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性,而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”,故选D。cver v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明,澄清:净化: braden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。
48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when yu make a diagnsis that yu think is firm可知,此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关,再分析选项,此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断,你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法,从长远来看会有什么结果?”。故选B。identify v、识别,认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。
49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知,医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病,而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性,这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”,故选B。enlighten v.启发,阐明:redefine v.再定义: cmmit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。
50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease.可推知,此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”,故选A。accurate adj.正确的,精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serius adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的,辅导的。
51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点,并结合选项可知,此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为,这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge),也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encunter n.遭遇,偶遇:(体育)比赛:cnversatin n.交谈,谈话:dispute n.争论,争端,纠纷。
52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的D this test t get a 99 percent level f certainty that yu have this disease可知,将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病,即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerus adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的,最高的,持续时间最长的:unfavrable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:cntrasting adj.极不相同的,迥异的。
53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide hw t break the news that yu have a ndule in yur lung that has a l percent chance f becming a cancer可推知,计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病,但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面,计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(cmmunicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示,提示:cmmunicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明,暗示:指示。
54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based n yur age, yur smking status, and yur gender, a cmputer can d a great jb f evaluating the chances f finding a cancerus ndule可知,此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。cnclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白,理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。
55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容,可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病,而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”,前后有一定的转折性,故选A。hwever adv.然而:不管怎样:cnj.不管怎样:therefre adv.因此:mrever adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此,所以。
2023年1月春考
外刊来源:
Fr the past five years. I've been examining the prs and cns f reading n-screen versus in print. The _______bttm line is that while digital devices may be fine fr reading that we dn't intend t (41 ) _______r reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better dne in print.
Readers themselves have a keen sense f what kind f reading is best suited fr which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if csts are the same, abut 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard cpy fr schlwrk. If a text is lng, 92 percent wuld chse hard cpy. Fr (44) _______texts, it's a tss-up.
Digital reading als (45 ) _______distractin and invites multitasking. Amng American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reprted it was easiest t cncentrate when reading in hard cpy.(The figure fr Germany was 98 percent. ) In this cuntry.26 percent indicated they were (46)________t multitask while reading in print, cmpared with 85 percent when reading n-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneusly juggling Facebk and bking a vacatin fight. Yu get the pint.
Several pen-ended questins n my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what peple liked mst ( and least) abut reading in each medium. Cmmn (49)_______fr what students liked mst abut reading in print included “I can write n the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier t fcus.” When asked what they liked least abut reading (50 )_______, a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't “real reading,” while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted” r “dn't absrb as much.”
My all-time favrite reply t the questin "What is the ne thing yu (51 )________abut reading in print?" came frm an American: "It takes me lnger because I read mre carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed t prmte?
Readings in the humanities tend t be lengthy, intellectually weighty, r bth. The (52)_______f digital reading fr the humanities is that screens-particularly thse n devices with Internet cnnectins-undermine ur encunters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed fr fcused cncentratin, reading slwly, pausing t argue virtually with the authr,r rereading. (54 )_______, they are infrmatin and cmmunicatin machines, best used fr searching and skimming-nt scrutinizing.
Teachers and schlars must lk beynd tday's career-mindedness in talking abut challenges t the humanities. We need t think mre carefully abut students' munting rejectin f lng-frm reading , nw (55 )_________ by digital technlgies that further cmplicate ur struggle t engage students in serius text-based inquiry.
41. A. make up B.take n C.hld utD.chew ver
42. A.designB. mediumC. cverD. cntent
43.A. prefer B.referC.ffer D.transfer
44. A. lwerB. higherC.shrter D. lnger
B.encuragesC.encavesD. cunteracts
46.A. likelyB. rderlyC. deadlyD. cleanly
B. satisfyingC. strugglingD.picnicking
48. A.recmmendingB. indicatingC.recgnizingD. revealing
B.additinsC.slutinsD.instruments
50. A. casuallyB.delicatelyC. digitallyD. instantly
51. A.disadvantageB. dislikeC.misjudgeD. declur
52. A.advanceB. suspectC.pleasureD. challenge
53. A.vehiclesB.services C.devicesD. figures
54. A. AccrdinglyB. RatherC.ThusD. Therefre
55. A.qualifiedB.terrifiedC.identified D.intensified
【答案】41-55 DBACB ACDAC BDCBD
【导读】文章主要是对比了在屏幕上阅读和纸质阅读的利弊。结论是,虽然数字设备适合阅读不需要深入理解或重复阅读的内容,但对于需要进行“深度阅读”的文本来说,纸质阅读几乎总是更好的选择。调查研究显示,大部分学生认为纸质阅读更适合学业,尤其是长篇文本。数字阅读容易分散注意力,容易引发多任务处理,而纸质阅读更利于专注。一些被调查者表示,在纸质阅读时很少分心,而在屏幕上阅读时则经常分心。针对喜欢纸质阅读的原因,调查结果显示,人们喜欢可以在纸张上做笔记、更容易记住材料和更容易集中注意力。对于不喜欢数字阅读的原因,一些被调查者表示数字阅读不是“真正的阅读”,还有人抱怨容易分心或无法吸收足够的信息。最后,文章呼吁教师和学者要关注学生对长篇阅读的拒绝,特别是数字技术进一步加剧了我们在引导学生进行严肃的以文本为基础的研究方面的挑战。
【解析】
41.D【解析]根据该空之后提及的reread(意为“重读,再读”)可推知,此处想要表述的句意为:“虽然数字设备可能适合阅读我们不打算反复阅读(chew ver)的内容需要所谓‘深度阅读’的文本几乎总是在印刷品中做得更好”。故选D.matake n 承担:hld ut 保持;chew ver 细嚼;仔细考量。
42.B[解析] 结合该段所举例子和文章提及的相关内容,再根据相关选项分析,可推知本篇文章讲述的内容与阅读媒介相关,即填入 medium 更符合文意,即此句意为:“读者自己对什么样的阅读最适合哪种媒介(medium)有着敏锐的感觉”故选 B。design n. 设计;设计方案; 布局;安排;构思; medium n.介质:方法:媒介;材料,形式;cver n.封皮;覆盖物:掩盖,掩饰; cntent n.内容:含量。
43.A[解析] 结合该空前后提及的 90%的人选择硬堵贝可推知,在所调查的人中这些人更喜欢使用这种方式,因此结合选项分析,A 项更符合文意。句意为:“我对美国、德国和日本的大学生进行的调查研究表明,如果成本相同,大约90%的人 (至少在我的样本中) 更喜欢 (prefer) 硬拷贝(即打印件) 作业”。故选 A。prefer v.更喜欢;较喜欢; refer v. 参考;指;描述;谈及; ffer v. 提供:供应: transfer v.转移(感情): 转让(权力等): 改变(环境)。
44.C【解析]结合上文提及的lf a text is lng. 92 percent wuld chse hard cpy可知,上文提及了“对于长文本,人们倾向于硬拷员一,结合选项分析,此处想表述的是一如果文本很长。92%的人会选择硬拷员,对于较短的(shrter)文本,这是一个悬而未决的问题”。故选C。lwer adj:下面的,在底部的,低注的:higher adj.高等级的:糖到独高的; shrter adj较相的,更短的; lnger adj比较长的; 长期的。
45.B【解析]连词and前后连接并列端分,再根据该空之后提及的invites multitasking可知,数字阅读会导数多任务处理。结合选项分析,B项符合文意。句意为:一数字阅读也促进(encurages)分散注意力,并引发多任务处理”。故选B。disarm v.解除……的武装:裁军:使无害,消除…的杀伤力; encurages v. 促进:激励;:刺激; encaves v.把.搬入洞中: 藏于洞中: cunteract v.抵消:抵抗:抵制。
46.[解析]结合该空之后提及的cmpared with 8.5 percent when reading n-screen可知,此处想要表述的是数字阅读和印刷品阅读对注意力分散的影响,根据上文可知印刷品阅读注意力分散情况相对低一点。句意为:“在这个国家,26%的人表示他们在阅读印刷品时可能会(likely)同时处理多项任务,而在屏幕上阅读时这一比例为85%”。故选 A.likely adj.可能的:有希望的:预料的:adv.可能: 或许;rderly adj.有秩序的:整洁的;有条理的;表现良好的;adv.依次地:有规则地:有条理地;deadly adj.致命的;极度的;彻底的;枯燥的:adv.极其:非常;cleanly adv.干净地;清洁地;干净利落地; adj.爱清洁的;干净的。
47.C【解析]结合上文提及的“多任务处理”可推知此处想要表述的是三个任务同时进行,因此结合相关选项,C项符合文意。句意为:“想象一下,一边在Facebk上玩游戏,一边预订度假航班,一边在《芬尼根守灵记》中苦苦挣扎(struggling)"。故选C。delight v.使高兴:使愉快;使快乐; satisfy v.使满足:使满意:使确信:向……证实:struggle v.斗争;努力;奋斗;争取;抗争: picnick v.野餐。
48.D【解析]根据句意以及句子结构分析,该空处填入形容词,结合相关选项可知,该句话想要表述的是“我的调查中有几个开放式的问题特别有启发性(revealing)”,故选D。recmmend v.建议;推荐;介绍;indicating v.表明;显示:暗示:示意:象征;recgnizing v.认识;承认;(正式)认可,接受,赞成; revealing adj.有启示作用的;给人启发的。
49.A【解析]结合上文内容可知,这里讲述的内容与调查问卷相关,再结合下文提及的a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't “real reading," while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted” r “dn't absrb as much”可知,该空应该与被调查的人的回复有关,因此结合选项分析,该空处想要表述的是:对于学生最喜欢印刷品阅读的内容,常见的回答(respnses )包括“我可以在纸上写字,更容易记住材料”和“更容易集中注意力”。故选A。 respnses n.响应;反应;回答;答复;additins n.增加;添加;slutins n.溶液:解决办法:答案;instruments n.仪器;仪表;器械:手段:器具。
50.C【解析]该段提及的内容是被调查者关于印刷版阅读和数字阅读的相关反馈,结合该空之后提及的a number f Japanese students reprted that it wasn't "real reading," while respndents frm all three cuntries cmplained that they “get distracted" r "dn't absrb as much"可知,这里讲述的内容与数字阅读的特点相关,即此处句意为:“当被问及他们最不喜欢数字(digitally)阅读的地方时,一些日本学生表示这不是‘真正的阅读’,而来自这三个国家的受访者则抱怨他们‘分心了’或‘吸收不了那么多’”。故选C。casually adv.随意地:随便地:漫不经心地:delicately adv.合意地;digitally adv.以数字方式;数位地:instantly adv.立即:立刻:马上。
51.B【解析]根据句子结构分析,该空需要填入动词,故可排除A项,再结合上下文内容可知,此处讲述的是关于人们是否喜欢某种阅读媒介的问题。因此此处句意为:“对于‘你不喜欢(dislike)在印刷品中阅读的一件事是什么?’这个问题,我最喜欢的回答来自一位美国人……”。选B。disadvantage n.缺点:不利因素;障碍:dislike vt.不喜欢;厌恶:不喜爱;misjudge vt.判断错误;错看:形成错误认识:declur v.脱色;漂白。
52.D【解析]根据下文提及的particularly thse n devices with Internet cnnectins--undermine ur encunters with meaty texts可知此处讲述的是数字阅读的缺点,即此处句意为:“数字阅读对人文学科的挑战(challenge)在于,屏幕--尤其是那些连接互联网的设备上的屏幕会破坏我们与丰富文本的接触”。故选D。advance n.进展;行进;进步:预付款:suspect n.嫌疑犯:嫌疑分子:可疑对象:pleasure n.愉快:欣慰:荣幸:challenge n.挑战:质疑:质询。
53.C【解析]上文提及了数字阅读的缺点,结合相关选项可知,此处与数字阅读联系最为紧密的是C项,即此处表述的是数字阅读设备的缺陷。句意为:“这些设备(devices)并不是为了集中注意力、慢慢阅读、停下来与作者进行虚拟辩论或重读而设计的”。故选C。vehicles n.车辆:手段,工具:交通工具:services n.公共事业:服务性企业;公共服务系统:公共事业机构:devices n,装置:设备;方法:仪器:figures n.位数:算术;数字符号:字码。
54.B【解析]结合该空前后提及的fr fcused cncentratin,reading slwly, pausing t argue virtually with the authr, r rereading 和 they are infrmatin and cmmunicatin machines, best used fr searching and skimming-nt scrutinizing可知,该空前后是两种完全相反的观点,因此B项符合文意。句意为:“相反(Rather),它们是信息和通信机器,最好用于搜索和略读,而不是仔细查”。故选B。 Accrdingly adv.因此:相应地:所以:照着:Rather adv.相当地:在某种程度上:有点儿,稍微;相反,反而,而是;Thus adv.因此:从而:这样;所以:如此:Therefre adv.因此:所以;因而。
55.D【解析]结合上文提及的We need t think mre carefully abut students' munting rejectin f lng-frm reading可知,学生本来就对长格式阅读有排斥感,再结合该空前后内容和相关选项,推知此处想表述的是“我们需要更仔细地考虑学生们对长格式阅读的日益排斥,现在数字技术加剧了(intensified) 这种排斥,使我们在让学生参与严肃的基于文本的探究方面的斗争更加复杂”。故选D。 qualified adj.有资格的;具备……的知识(或技能);具备……的学历(或资历); terrified adj.很害怕;恐惧;;极度惊慌的;identified adj.被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同的:intensified adj.加强的。
(一)
(2025年浦东新区一模)
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passages there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
Brwse thrugh any scial-media feed, and befre lng a cute vide will appear. The supply f these (21)_________ clips, shrt parts f vides, is huge. On ne scial media platfrm there are 65 millin vides tagged(贴标签) #cute. The demand is mre (22)_________: thse vides have been viewed mre than 625 billin times.
Lng dismissed as girlish and silly, cuteness has recently becme a subject f serius (23)_________, inspiring scientific research and academic literature, named “Cute Studies”. A new exhibitin in Lndn als examined the dminance f cute qualities in culture, bringing tgether art, games and tys. Cuteness “has (24)_________”, says Claire Catterall, the rganizer. “It has made its way int almst every element f ur lives.”
What d humans perceive t be cute? In the 1940s, Knrad Lrenz, an Austrian zlgist, fund that peple are (25)_________ t babies with big eyes and a small nse, as well as shrt arms, legs, because they bring jy. S bsessed with these characteristics that cats and dgs may have been (26)_________ t bring ut thse same features. Cartn characters have evlved as well. (27)_________, Mickey Muse’s arms, legs and nse have shrunk while his head and eyes have becme larger.
It was exactly in the 20th century that cuteness dug in its (28)_________ claw(爪). Walt Disney brught a parade f wide-eyed creatures acrss the wrld. Japanese kawaii culture als went glbal. After the emergence f mass prductin, cute tys became (29)_________ attainable acrss the market. Sanri, the cmpany behind the Hell Kitty brand, (30)_________ this trend, generating $3.8 billin in annual sales by prducing prducts n an unmatched scale.
Then, with the Internet, cuteness became (31)_________ n demand. Peple culd share amusing cntent f their children r favrite animals any time. In 2022, mre than 90,000 vides f cats were upladed t a majr scial media platfrm every day.
Cuteness has real-wrld uses. Lvt, a wide-eyed cmpanin rbt, respnds (32)_________ when hugged. Such an innvatin may help relieve (33)_______ amng the elderly. Plicymakers, t, might emply this pwer t (34)________ peple’s behaviur. Putting images n bins f sea turtles r dlphins trapped in rubbish has been shwn t reduce plastic waste. Mr. Kringelbach says that an appreciatin fr cute things is a(n) (35)_________ in itself, but it als “has the ptential t change the wrld”. S why nt use the pwer f cuteness t create a better, mre lving wrld?
21.A. liveB. casualC. adrableD. interactive
22.A. substantialB. urgentC. reasnableD. practical
23.A. cmmitmentB. inquiryC. hazardD. cmpetitin
24.A. taken ver B. brken inC. dated backD. fallen apart
25.A. accustmedB. expsedC. intrducedD. attracted
26.A. walkedB. shapedC. entertainedD. mnitred
27.A. On the cntraryB. In additinC. Fr instanceD. In ther wrds
28.A. sharp B. scaryC. pwerfulD. tiny
29.A. ccasinallyB. ptentiallyC. temprarilyD. readily
30.A. tk advantage fB. lked frward t
C. brke away frmD. came up with
31.A. available B. flexibleC. digitalD. fundamental
32.A. thrughlyB. indifferentlyC. awkwardlyD. psitively
33.A. distractinB. dutiesC. lneliness D. dubts
34.A. redirectB. excuseC. displayD. reward
35.A. issueB. delightC. reminderD. feature
参考答案:
21. C 22. A 23. B 24.A 25.D 26. B 27. C 28. D 29.D 30. A
31.A 32. D 33. C 34. A 35. B
【导语】
文章围绕 “可爱” 这一主题展开,主要探讨了可爱文化在现代社会的盛行、其产生的原因、发展历程以及实际应用。
可爱内容的供需现状:社交媒体上可爱视频数量庞大,需求可观,“可爱” 已从被轻视转变为严肃研究的主题,伦敦还举办相关展览,组织者称其已融入生活各元素。
可爱的标准及影响:20 世纪 40 年代,奥地利动物学家发现人类易被大眼睛、小鼻子等特征的婴儿吸引,受此影响,猫狗及卡通形象也朝着凸显这些可爱特征演变。
可爱文化的发展:20 世纪,迪士尼及日本卡哇伊文化推动可爱文化走向全球,大规模生产使可爱玩具在市场上随处可得,三丽鸥公司借此取得巨额销售业绩。互联网的出现让可爱内容按需可得,人们可随时分享可爱瞬间。
可爱的现实应用:可爱具有实际用途,如宽眼的陪伴机器人 Lvt 被拥抱时积极回应,有助于缓解老年人孤独;政策制定者利用可爱元素引导人们减少塑料垃圾。文章指出欣赏可爱事物本身是一种乐趣,且有改变世界的潜力,呼吁利用可爱的力量创造美好世界。
答案解析
C:根据前文 “a cute vide will appear” 以及后文 “thse vides have been viewed mre than 625 billin times” 可知,这里说的是可爱的视频片段,“adrable” 意为 “可爱的”,符合语境。“live” 意为 “现场的”;“casual” 意为 “随意的”;“interactive” 意为 “互动的”,均不符合此处对可爱视频片段的描述,所以选 C。
A:由 “thse vides have been viewed mre than 625 billin times” 可知,对可爱视频的需求是巨大的。“substantial” 意为 “大量的,可观的”,符合语境。“urgent” 意为 “紧急的”;“reasnable” 意为 “合理的”;“practical” 意为 “实际的”,均不符合需求巨大这一语境,所以选 A。
B:根据后文 “inspiring scientific research and academic literature, named ‘Cute Studies’” 可知,可爱已经成为严肃研究的对象。“inquiry” 意为 “探究,调查”,符合语境。“cmmitment” 意为 “承诺,奉献”;“hazard” 意为 “危险”;“cmpetitin” 意为 “竞争”,均不符合语境,所以选 B。
A:根据后文 “It has made its way int almst every element f ur lives.” 可知,可爱已经占据了主导地位。“taken ver” 意为 “接管,占据主导地位”,符合语境。“brken in” 意为 “闯入,打断”;“dated back” 意为 “追溯到”;“fallen apart” 意为 “破裂,崩溃”,均不符合语境,所以选 A。
D:根据前文 “peple are... t babies with big eyes and a small nse” 可知,人们被大眼睛、小鼻子的婴儿所吸引。“attracted” 意为 “被吸引”,符合语境。“accustmed” 意为 “习惯的”;“expsed” 意为 “暴露的”;“intrduced” 意为 “被介绍”,均不符合语境,所以选 D。
B:根据前文 “S bsessed with these characteristics” 可知,人们对这些可爱的特征如此着迷,以至于猫和狗可能被塑造出同样的特征。“shaped” 意为 “塑造”,符合语境。“walked” 意为 “走路”;“entertained” 意为 “娱乐”;“mnitred” 意为 “监控”,均不符合语境,所以选 B。
C:前文说卡通人物也在进化,后文以米老鼠为例说明,“Fr instance” 意为 “例如”,符合语境。“On the cntrary” 意为 “相反”;“In additin” 意为 “此外”;“In ther wrds” 意为 “换句话说”,均不符合语境,所以选 C。
D:这里形容爪子,结合前文提到的可爱的特征,“tiny” 意为 “微小的”,与可爱的形象相呼应,符合语境。“sharp” 意为 “锋利的”;“scary” 意为 “可怕的”;“pwerful” 意为 “强大的”,均不符合可爱这一主题,所以选 D。
D:根据前文 “After the emergence f mass prductin” 可知,大规模生产后,可爱的玩具在市场上很容易买到。“readily” 意为 “容易地,乐意地”,符合语境。“ccasinally” 意为 “偶尔”;“ptentially” 意为 “潜在地”;“temprarily” 意为 “暂时地”,均不符合语境,所以选 D。
A:根据后文 “generating $3.8 billin in annual sales by prducing prducts n an unmatched scale” 可知,三丽鸥公司利用了这一趋势。“tk advantage f” 意为 “利用”,符合语境。“lked frward t” 意为 “期待”;“brke away frm” 意为 “脱离”;“came up with” 意为 “想出”,均不符合语境,所以选 A。
A:根据后文 “Peple culd share amusing cntent f their children r favrite animals any time.” 可知,有了互联网,可爱的内容随时可获取。“available” 意为 “可获得的”,符合语境。“flexible” 意为 “灵活的”;“digital” 意为 “数字的”;“fundamental” 意为 “基本的”,均不符合语境,所以选 A。
D:根据前文 “Cuteness has real - wrld uses.” 以及后文 “Such an innvatin may help relieve...” 可知,这个陪伴机器人在被拥抱时会积极回应。“psitively” 意为 “积极地”,符合语境。“thrughly” 意为 “彻底地”;“indifferently” 意为 “冷漠地”;“awkwardly” 意为 “尴尬地”,均不符合语境,所以选 D。
C:根据前文 “a wide - eyed cmpanin rbt” 可知,这种创新可能有助于缓解老年人的孤独感。“lneliness” 意为 “孤独”,符合语境。“distractin” 意为 “分心”;“duties” 意为 “职责”;“dubts” 意为 “怀疑”,均不符合语境,所以选 C。
A:根据后文 “Putting images n bins f sea turtles r dlphins trapped in rubbish has been shwn t reduce plastic waste.” 可知,政策制定者可以利用可爱的力量来引导人们的行为。“redirect” 意为 “重新引导”,符合语境。“excuse” 意为 “原谅,借口”;“display” 意为 “展示”;“reward” 意为 “奖励”,均不符合语境,所以选 A。
B:根据前文 “Cuteness has real - wrld uses.” 以及后文 “but it als ‘has the ptential t change the wrld’” 可知,对可爱事物的欣赏本身就是一种乐趣。“delight” 意为 “乐趣”,符合语境。“issue” 意为 “问题”;“reminder” 意为 “提醒”;“feature” 意为 “特征”,均不符合语境,所以选 B。
(二)
(2025年闵行一模)
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passage there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
Effective mnitring f endangered species is key t their survival. Studying the 21 , range, and habits f wild animals is essential t ensure their habitat remains free frm develpment and illegal hunters. Traditinal methds f mnitring wild animals, especially large nes, include radi-tagging(无线电标记). T d this, individual animals must at first be captured s that cllars can be 22 .
One rganizatin that 23 this technique was WildTrack. In the late 1990s, the team was using radi-cllars t mnitr black rhins (犀牛) in Namibia. Hwever, the team sn realized that the chemicals used t immbilize the rhin t fit the cllars 24 female fertility. Nt nly that but als a large prprtin f the radi-cllars 25 within the first 6 mnths and had t be replaced. 26 , as animals grew, the cllars wuld tighten, annying r even hurting them. The methd was cstly and had the unintended 27 f altering the rhins' behavir, making the cllected data unreliable. At the same time, the team was wrking alngside lcal 28 . Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints. They culd effectively create a true picture f individual rhins' activities withut the use f any invasive (侵入的) techniques. Cnsequently, the team were interested t knw whether the trackers' knwledge culd be effectively 29 a cmputerized technique fr mnitring animal mvement.
Within each species, each individual has its wn unique ft 30 . If an animal is sighted and identified just nce, and the characteristics f its ftprints are prperly phtgraphed and measured, its ftprint can be 31 whenever it is sighted again. If that is dne repeatedly, cnservatinists can draw up a 32 f all, r at least a significant prprtin f the individuals within the ppulatin. After that, cnservatinists can use it t identify an animal and its mvements by its print. The data gathered can be used fr a range f 33 , fr example, t mnitr bidiversity. WildTrack is currently using ftprint identificatin technlgy in Greece t study the ptential effect f a large highway cnstructin thrugh brwn bear habitat.
Identifying an animal frm its ftprint is nt withut its 34 , hwever, as each time the individual places its ft n the grund, it leaves a slightly different track, accrding t the grund type, misture (湿度), and mvement. T accunt fr these 35 , it is necessary t cllect multiple tracks frm each animal n a range f surfaces.
21. A. flexibility B. diet C. mvement D. behavir
22. A. fixed B. updated C. remved D. examined
23. A. ppsed B. develped C. prmted D. adpted
24. A. enhanced B. harmed C. tested D. ensured
25. A. lasted B. matched C. failed D. bent
26. A. Therefre B. Hwever C. Likewise D. Mrever
27. A. cnsequence B. mistake C. cause D. target
28. A. prgrammers B. phtgraphers C. trackers D. fficials
29.A. cmpared t B. translated int C. integrated int D. classified int
30. A. features B. sizes C. clrs D. shapes
31. A. cpied B. recgnized C. erased D. marked
32. A. budget B. schedule C. blueprint D. database
33. A. purpses B. experiments C. slutins D. services
34. A. limitatins B. lsses C. challenges D. cncerns
35. A. variatins B. signs C. factrs D. standards
答案:
21.C 22. A 23. D24. B 25. C 26. D 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A
31. B 32. D 33. A34. C31. 35. A
文章大意
本文主要探讨了濒危物种的监测方法。传统监测野生动物(尤其是大型动物)的方法是无线电标记,但该方法存在诸多弊端,如影响犀牛繁殖能力、设备易损坏需更换、会伤害动物并改变其行为,导致数据不可靠。与此同时,WildTrack 团队发现当地追踪者能通过脚印识别个体动物,且无需侵入性技术。基于此,团队思考能否将追踪者的知识转化为计算机化技术。实际上,每个动物个体的脚印都有独特特征,通过拍照和测量其脚印特征,可建立数据库用于识别动物及其活动,收集的数据能用于多种目的。不过,从脚印识别动物也面临挑战,因为脚印会因地面类型、湿度和动物移动等因素而不同,所以需要从不同表面收集多个脚印以应对这些变化。
答案解析
21. C:文章围绕监测濒危物种展开,研究野生动物的移动、活动范围和习性对保护其栖息地至关重要。“mvement”(移动)符合语境,而 “flexibility”(灵活性)、“diet”(饮食)、“behavir”(行为)在文中虽也相关,但结合后文主要讨论通过监测动物移动来保护它们,“mvement” 最为合适,所以选 C。
22. A:传统监测方法是无线电标记,首先要捕获动物,目的是安装无线电项圈,“fixed”(安装,固定)符合将项圈固定在动物身上的意思,“updated”(更新)、“remved”(移除)、“examined”(检查)均不符合语境,所以选 A。
23. D:WildTrack 这个组织采用了无线电标记技术,“adpted”(采用,采纳)符合语境,“ppsed”(反对)与文意相悖,“develped”(发展)和 “prmted”(推广)在此处不如 “adpted” 准确,所以选 D。
24. B:文中提到给犀牛安装项圈使用的化学物质对雌性犀牛的生育能力产生了不好的影响,“harmed”(损害,伤害)符合语境,“enhanced”(增强)、“tested”(测试)、“ensured”(确保)均不符合对生育能力产生负面影响的描述,所以选 B。
25. C:根据后文 “had t be replaced” 可知,很大一部分无线电项圈在最初 6 个月内就出现故障不能用了,“failed”(失败,此处指设备失灵)符合语境,“lasted”(持续)、“matched”(匹配)、“bent”(弯曲)均不符合设备需要更换所暗示的设备故障的语境,所以选 C。
26. D:前文提到了安装无线电项圈的一些问题,这里进一步说明随着动物长大,项圈会变紧,对动物造成困扰,“Mrever”(此外,而且)用于进一步补充说明问题,“Therefre”(因此)表因果,“Hwever”(然而)表转折,“Likewise”(同样地)不符合此处递进的逻辑,所以选 D。
27. A:这种方法不仅成本高,还产生了改变犀牛行为的意外后果,“cnsequence”(后果)符合语境,“mistake”(错误)、“cause”(原因)、“target”(目标)均不符合 “改变犀牛行为” 这一结果的描述,所以选 A。
28. C:从后文 “Animal tracking is ne f the ldest human skills, and these experts have years f experience in identifying individual animals by their ftprints.” 可知,这里指的是当地追踪者,“trackers”(追踪者)符合语境,“prgrammers”(程序员)、“phtgraphers”(摄影师)、“fficials”(官员)均不符合能通过脚印识别动物的语境,所以选 C。
29. B:团队想知道追踪者的知识能否有效地转化为一种用于监测动物移动的计算机化技术,“translated int”(转化为)符合语境,“cmpared t”(与…… 相比)、“integrated int”(融入)、“classified int”(分类为)均不符合将知识转化为技术的意思,所以选 B。
30. A:每个动物个体都有自己独特的脚印特征,“features”(特征)符合语境,“sizes”(尺寸)、“clrs”(颜色)、“shapes”(形状)都过于片面,“features” 可涵盖这些方面,所以选 A。
31. B:如果动物的脚印特征被正确拍摄和测量,那么无论何时再次看到它的脚印就能被识别,“recgnized”(识别)符合语境,“cpied”(复制)、“erased”(擦除)、“marked”(标记)均不符合通过脚印特征识别动物的语境,所以选 B。
32. D:重复上述操作后,保护主义者可以建立一个所有或至少大部分个体的数据库,“database”(数据库)符合语境,“budget”(预算)、“schedule”(日程安排)、“blueprint”(蓝图)均不符合建立用于识别动物的信息库的语境,所以选 D。
33. A:收集的数据可以用于一系列目的,“purpses”(目的)符合语境,“experiments”(实验)、“slutins”(解决方案)、“services”(服务)在文中没有依据表明数据用于这些方面,所以选 A。
34. C:从脚印识别动物并非没有挑战,后文说明了原因,“challenges”(挑战)符合语境,“limitatins”(限制)更侧重于本身的局限性,“lsses”(损失)、“cncerns”(担忧)不符合后文描述的因脚印变化带来的实际困难这一语境,所以选 C。
35. A:为了应对脚印因地面类型、湿度和移动等因素产生的变化,需要从不同表面收集多个脚印,“variatins”(变化)符合语境,“signs”(迹象)、“factrs”(因素)、“standards”(标准)均不符合语境,所以选 A。
(三)
(2025年普陀区一模)
Directins: Fr each blank in the fllwing passage there are fur wrds r phrases marked A, B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the wrd r phrase that best fits the cntext.
In Indnesia, researchers recently captured a remarkable behavir n vide. A wild ape named Rakus, with a deep wund n his cheek, was seen ___ 21___ a kind f leaves, chewing them up, and applying them t his injury. Surprisingly, the wund healed withut infectin. Studies reveal that these plants have medical prperties, which likely ___ 22 ___ his recvery. Rakus's actins demnstrate a deep understanding f btany—a knwledge f plants few humans ___ 23 ___tday.
Althugh ur cllective knwledge f plant science grws, individual ___24 ___ f plants is declining. In mdern life, while we still depend n plants fr survival, fewer peple find it necessary t knw much abut them___ 25 ___ . Mst f us rely n btanists t identify and understand plants, trusting their expertise(专门知识)t ensure ur wellbeing. Hwever, the number f prfessinal btanists is shrinking, and this___26 ___ has raised cncerns within the field.
The Natinal Center fr Educatin Statistics sunded an early alarm in 2015, nting that the number f btany degrees awarded in the United States had fallen belw 400. While that number has since ___ 27 ___ slightly, with 489 degrees awarded in 2023, the number f institutins ffering btany degrees cntinues t decline, frm 76 in 2002 t 59 in 2023. "Btany Ph. Ds. are disappearing, " says Kathryn Parsley, a bilgist wh fcuses n plants but didn't pursue a btany degree due t limited___28___.
Funding shifts are a primary factr leading t btany's decline. The Natinal Science Fundatin (NSF), ___29___ , has mved its funding pririties away frm traditinal btany, ___30 ___ applied sciences with ecnmic ptential. This ___31 ___ impacts university funding decisins, leading many schls t reduce r eliminate btany prgrams.
The declining ___32 ___ in btany is further driven by "plant blindness, "a phenmenn where peple ignre plants in their envirnment, failing t recgnize their imprtance. In the United States and the United Kingdm, as btany prfessrs retire, they are ften nt ___33___ , leaving a gap in plant expertise. This ___34___ culd becme a pressing issue, particularly in sectrs like eclgical restratin, where plant identificatin skills are crucial.
While sme btanists believe the field is evlving rather than disappearing, the demand fr plant knwledge remains critical. Prpsed legislatin, such as the Btany Bill in the U. S. , seeks t preserve plant expertise. ___35 ___ , the challenge f maintaining essential plant skills persists, highlighting the urgent need t recgnize and address the value f btany.
21. A. cveringB. absrbingC. harvestingD. skipping
22. A. accunted frB. put ffC. tk nD. resulted frm
23. A. reviseB. enhanceC. subscribeD. pssess
24. A. samplingB. understandingC. ccupatinD. rganizatin
25. A. persnallyB. riginallyC. naturallyD. jyfully
26. A. greedB. traditinC. impressinD. trend
27. A. enduredB. stimulatedC. recveredD. discunted
28. A. editinB. availabilityC. researchD. cnservatin
29. A. fr instanceB. fr sureC. in caseD. n the ther hand
30. A. channelingB. equippingC. favringD. blcking
31. A. entryB. cmbinatinC. cmparisnD. shift
32. A. interestB. emergenceC. intentinD. evidence
33. A. invitedB. replacedC. registeredD. invlved
34. A. launchB. shrtageC. mtiveD. pattern
35. A. HenceB. MreverC. MeanwhileD. Nevertheless
答案:
21-25 CADBA 26-30 DCBAC 31-35 DABBD
文章大意
文章主要讲述了植物学领域面临的现状。在印度尼西亚,野生猿 Rakus 利用具有药用特性的植物治疗伤口,显示出对植物的深刻了解。然而,尽管人类对植物科学的集体知识在增长,但个体对植物的了解却在下降,专业植物学家数量也在减少。2015 年美国颁发的植物学学位数量下降,尽管 2023 年有所回升,但提供植物学学位的机构数量持续减少。资金转向是导致植物学衰落的主要因素,如美国国家科学基金会将资金优先投向具有经济潜力的应用科学,影响了大学对植物学项目的资金投入。此外,“植物盲” 现象使人们忽视植物重要性,导致植物学领域兴趣降低,植物学教授退休后常无人接替,造成专业知识缺口。尽管有人认为植物学在演变而非消失,且有相关立法试图保护植物学专业知识,但维持植物学关键技能的挑战依然严峻。
答案解析
21. C:根据后文 “chewing them up, and applying them t his injury” 可知,Rakus 是先 “采集” 一种叶子,然后咀嚼并敷在伤口上。“harvesting”(采集,收获)符合语境,“cvering”(覆盖)、“absrbing”(吸收)、“skipping”(跳过)均不符合采集叶子这一动作,所以选 C。
22. A:研究表明这些植物具有药用特性,这很可能 “解释了” 他伤口愈合的原因。“accunted fr”(解释,说明…… 的原因)符合语境,“put ff”(推迟)、“tk n”(承担,呈现)、“resulted frm”(由…… 导致)均不符合,所以选 A。
23. D:Rakus 的行为展示了对植物学的深刻理解,这种关于植物的知识现在很少有人 “拥有”。“pssess”(拥有)符合语境,“revise”(修订)、“enhance”(提高)、“subscribe”(订阅,同意)均不符合,所以选 D。
24. B:前文提到人类对植物科学的集体知识在增长,通过 “althugh” 转折可知,个体对植物的 “理解” 在下降。“understanding”(理解)符合语境,“sampling”(采样)、“ccupatin”(职业)、“rganizatin”(组织)均不符合,所以选 B。
25. A:在现代生活中,虽然我们仍依赖植物生存,但很少有人觉得 “个人” 有必要深入了解它们。“persnally”(个人地)符合语境,“riginally”(最初地)、“naturally”(自然地)、“jyfully”(快乐地)均不符合,所以选 A。
26. D:专业植物学家数量减少这一 “趋势” 在该领域引发了担忧。“trend”(趋势)符合语境,“greed”(贪婪)、“traditin”(传统)、“impressin”(印象)均不符合,所以选 D。
27. C:2015 年美国颁发的植物学学位数量降至 400 以下,从 “while” 可知,2023 年数量有所 “恢复”,达到 489 个。“recvered”(恢复)符合语境,“endured”(忍受)、“stimulated”(刺激)、“discunted”(打折)均不符合,所以选 C。
28. B:生物学家 Kathryn Parsley 因可获得的机会有限,没有攻读植物学学位。“availability”(可获得性)符合语境,“editin”(版本)、“research”(研究)、“cnservatin”(保护)均不符合,所以选 B。
29. A:此处以美国国家科学基金会为例说明资金转向是导致植物学衰落的主要因素,“fr instance”(例如)符合语境,“fr sure”(肯定地)、“in case”(万一)、“n the ther hand”(另一方面)均不符合,所以选 A。
30. C:美国国家科学基金会将资金优先从传统植物学转移开,“青睐” 具有经济潜力的应用科学。“favring”(青睐,偏爱)符合语境,“channeling”(引导)、“equipping”(装备)、“blcking”(阻碍)均不符合,所以选 C。
31. D:这种资金的 “转移” 影响了大学的资金决策。“shift”(转移)符合语境,前文提到资金优先方向的改变,“entry”(进入)、“cmbinatin”(结合)、“cmparisn”(比较)均不符合,所以选 D。
32. A:“植物盲” 现象进一步导致人们对植物学的 “兴趣” 下降。“interest”(兴趣)符合语境,“emergence”(出现)、“intentin”(意图)、“evidence”(证据)均不符合,所以选 A。
33. B:在美国和英国,植物学教授退休后,往往没有被 “接替”,留下了植物专业知识的缺口。“replaced”(接替,取代)符合语境,“invited”(邀请)、“registered”(注册)、“invlved”(涉及)均不符合,所以选 B。
34. B:上文提到教授退休后无人接替,这种 “短缺” 可能成为一个紧迫的问题。“shrtage”(短缺)符合语境,“launch”(发射,发起)、“mtive”(动机)、“pattern”(模式)均不符合,所以选 B。
35. D:虽然有立法试图保护植物学专业知识,但维持植物学关键技能的挑战依然存在,前后为转折关系。“Nevertheless”(然而)符合语境,“Hence”(因此)表因果,“Mrever”(此外)表递进,“Meanwhile”(同时)表并列,均不符合,所以选 D。
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