初中英语2025届中考语法复习句子成分讲解和练习

这是一份初中英语2025届中考语法复习句子成分讲解和练习，共5页。试卷主要包含了讲解，练习等内容，欢迎下载使用。
一、讲解
1.主语（Subject）
是句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等充当。
【例】Nuns（名词）：The bk is n the table.（“bk”是主语，它是一个名词，表示句子所描述的对象是“书”）
Prnuns（代词）：He likes reading.（“He”是主语，指代人）
Gerunds（动名词）：Swimming is gd exercise.（“Swimming”是主语，是一种动作行为，在这里作主语表示“游泳这个行为”）
2.谓语（Predicate）
说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。由动词或动词短语构成。
【例】She sings beautifully.（“sings”是谓语，描述主语“she”的动作）
They are happy.（“are”是系动词，和“happy”一起构成谓语，说明主语“they”的状态）
3.宾语（Object）
表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词或介词之后。可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等。
【例】Direct Object（直接宾语）：He bught a bk.（“bk”是直接宾语，是动词“bught”的对象）
Indirect Object（间接宾语）：She gave me a pen.（“me”是间接宾语，“pen”是直接宾语，间接宾语通常表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的）
4.表语（Predicative）
用在系动词（如be, lk, sund, feel, smell, taste, becme, get等）之后，说明主语的身份、特征或状态。可以是名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。
【例】She is a teacher.（“a teacher”是表语，说明主语“she”的身份）
The sup tastes delicius.（“delicius”是表语，说明主语“sup”的特征）
5.定语（Attribute）
用来修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的性质、特征、数量等。可以是形容词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。
【例】The beautiful girl is my sister.（“beautiful”是定语，修饰名词“girl”，说明女孩的特征）
I have a lt f bks.（“a lt f”是定语，修饰名词“bks”，说明书的数量）
6.状语（Adverbial）
用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、程度等。可以是副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句等。
【例】He runs fast.（“fast”是状语，修饰动词“runs”，说明动作的程度）
She went t schl early in the mrning.（“early in the mrning”是状语，说明动作发生的时间）
7.表语（Predicative）
表语的位置与功能：
表语紧跟在系动词之后，其核心作用是对主语进行补充说明，让主语的特征、状态、身份等信息更加清晰。除了前面提到的常见类型，还有一些特殊情况。
分词作表语：
现在分词和过去分词都能充当表语。现在分词作表语时，主语多为物，描述主语具有的特征，通常具有“令人……”的含义。例如，The mvie is really exciting.（这部电影真令人兴奋。“exciting”说明电影本身具有让人兴奋的特质） 过去分词作表语时，主语常为人，强调主语的感受或所处状态，意思是“感到……”。如，I am interested in this stry.（我对这个故事感兴趣。“interested”体现出“我”的感受 ）
从句作表语（表语从句）：
表语从句放在系动词后，充当句子的表语。引导词有that（无实际意义，在句中不充当成分，但不能省略）、if/whether（是否）、连接代词（what, wh, whm, whse, which）和连接副词（when, where, why, hw）等。例如，The truth is that he has never been t the place.（事实是他从未去过那个地方。“that he has never been t the place”整个从句作表语，对“truth”进行解释说明 ）；The questin is whether we can finish the wrk n time.（问题是我们是否能按时完成工作。“whether we can finish the wrk n time”作表语，表明“questin”的具体内容 ）
8.同位语（Appsitive）
同位语的定义与作用：
同位语是对前面的名词或代词作进一步解释，说明其具体内容，在语法上与所修饰的词地位等同。它可以使句子所表达的信息更加详细、具体。
名词或名词短语作同位语：
最常见的情况是名词或名词短语紧跟在被解释说明的词之后。例如，My friend Tm is a very kind persn.（“Tm”是“My friend”的同位语，进一步明确朋友的名字 ）；The city, a beautiful castal city, attracts many turists every year.（“a beautiful castal city”是“The city”的同位语，对这座城市的特点进行补充说明 ）
代词作同位语：
代词也能充当同位语，对前面的名词或代词进行强调。如，We students shuld study hard.（“students”是“We”的同位语，强调“我们”的身份是学生 ）；They themselves cmpleted the difficult task.（“themselves”是“They”的同位语，起到强调“他们自己”的作用 ）
从句作同位语（同位语从句）：
同位语从句用于对抽象名词（如fact, news, idea, belief, dubt等）作进一步解释说明。引导词通常为that（that在从句中不充当成分，但不能省略），有时也用whether, wh, when, where等。例如，The news that ur team wn the game spread quickly.（“that ur team wn the game”是同位语从句，对“news”的具体内容进行说明，即“我们队赢得比赛”这一消息 ）；There is sme dubt whether he will cme.（“whether he will cme”是同位语从句，对“dubt”的内容进行阐述，即对“他是否会来”存在疑问 ）
二、练习
1.指出下列句中主语的中心词：
The teacher with tw f his students is walking int the classrm.
There are a lt f banana trees n the island.
The useful dictinary was given by my mther last year.
T d tday's hmewrk withut the teacher's help is very difficult.
2.选出句中谓语的中心词：
I dn't like the picture n the wall.
The days get lnger and lnger when summer cmes.
D yu usually g t schl by bus?
There will be a meeting at the library this afternn.
Did the twins have prridge fr their breakfast?
Tm didn't d his hmewrk yesterday.
What I want t tell yu is this.
We had better send fr a dctr.
He is interested in music.
Whm did yu give my bk t?
3.挑出下列句中的宾语：
My brther hasn't dne his hmewrk.
Peple all ver the wrld speak English.
Yu must pay gd attentin t yur prnunciatin.
Hw many new wrds did yu learn last class?
Sme f the students in the schl want t g swimming, hw abut yu?
The ld man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
They made him mnitr f the class.
G acrss the bridge and yu will find the museum n the left.
Yu will find it useful after yu leave schl.
They didn't knw wh "Father Christmas" really is.
4.挑出下列句中的表语：
The ld man was feeling very tired.
Why is he wrried abut Jim?
The leaves have turned yellw.
Sn they all became interested in the subject.
She was the first t learn abut it.
5.挑出下列句中的定语：
They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
What is yur given name?
On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
I am afraid sme peple frgt t sweep the flr.
The man dwnstairs was trying t sleep.
I am waiting fr the sund f the ther she!
6.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语：
She likes the children t read newspapers and bks in the reading-rm.
He asked her t take the by ut f schl.
She fund it difficult t d the wrk.
They call me Lily smetimes.
I saw Mr Wang get n the bus.
Did yu see Li Ming playing ftball n the playgrund just nw?
7.挑出下列句中的状语：
There was a big smile n her face.
Every night he heard the nise upstairs.
He began t learn English when he was eleven.
The man n the mtrbike was travelling t fast.
With the medicine bx under her arm, Miss Li hurried ff.
She lves the library because she lves bks.
I am afraid that if yu've lst it, yu must pay fr it.
The students fllwed Uncle Wang t see the ther machine.
8.划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语：
Please tell us a stry.
My father bught a new bike fr me last week.
【答案解析】
1.主语中心词：
The teacher with tw f his students is walking int the classrm.中心词是“teacher”，“with tw f his students”是后置定语修饰“teacher”。There are a lt f banana trees n the island.中心词是“trees”，“a lt f banana”是定语修饰“trees”。The useful dictinary was given by my mther last year.中心词是“dictinary”，“useful”是定语修饰“dictinary”。
T d tday's hmewrk withut the teacher's help is very difficult.中心词是“T d tday's hmewrk”，这是一个不定式短语作主语，“withut the teacher's help”是状语。
2.谓语中心词：
I dn't like the picture n the wall.谓语中心词是“like”，“dn't”是助动词，帮助构成否定句。
The days get lnger and lnger when summer cmes.谓语中心词是“get”，“lnger and lnger”是表语。D yu usually g t schl by bus? 谓语中心词是“g”，“D”是助动词，“usually”是副词作状语。
There will be a meeting at the library this afternn.谓语中心词是“will be”，这是一个复合谓语。Did the twins have prridge fr their breakfast? 谓语中心词是“have”，“Did”是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句。Tm didn't d his hmewrk yesterday.谓语中心词是“d”，“didn't”是助动词，帮助构成否定句。What I want t tell yu is this.谓语中心词是“is”，“What I want t tell yu”是主语从句。
We had better send fr a dctr.谓语中心词是“send”，“had better”是情态动词短语，后接动词原形。He is interested in music.谓语中心词是“is”，“is interested in”是系表结构。Whm did yu give my bk t? 谓语中心词是“give”，“did”是助动词，“Whm”是间接宾语，“my bk”是直接宾语。
3.宾语：
My brther hasn't dne his hmewrk.宾语是“hmewrk”。Peple all ver the wrld speak English.宾语是“English”。Yu must pay gd attentin t yur prnunciatin.宾语是“attentin”，“t yur prnunciatin”是介词短语作状语修饰“pay attentin t”。
Hw many new wrds did yu learn last class? 宾语是“wrds”，“Hw many new”是定语修饰“wrds”。
Sme f the students in the schl want t g swimming, hw abut yu? 宾语是“t g swimming”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语。
The ld man sitting at the gate said he was ill.宾语是“he was ill”，这是一个宾语从句。They made him mnitr f the class.宾语是“him”，“mnitr f the class”是宾语补足语。
G acrss the bridge and yu will find the museum n the left.宾语是“the museum”，“acrss the bridge”是状语，“n the left”是后置定语修饰“the museum”。
Yu will find it useful after yu leave schl.宾语是“it”，“useful”是宾语补足语，“after yu leave schl”是状语从句。
They didn't knw wh "Father Christmas" really is.宾语是“wh "Father Christmas" really is”，这是一个宾语从句。
4.表语：
The ld man was feeling very tired.表语是“tired”，“very”是副词修饰“tired”。
Why is he wrried abut Jim? 表语是“wrried abut Jim”，这是一个系表结构，“abut Jim”是状语修饰“wrried”。
The leaves have turned yellw.表语是“yellw”。Sn they all became interested in the subject.表语是“interested in the subject”，这是一个系表结构，“in the subject”是状语修饰“interested”。
She was the first t learn abut it.表语是“the first t learn abut it”，这是一个名词短语作表语，“t learn abut it”是后置定语修饰“the first”。
5.定语：
They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.定语是“family”，修饰“name”。
What is yur given name? 定语是“given”，修饰“name”。On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.定语是“third”，修饰“lap”。
I am afraid sme peple frgt t sweep the flr.定语是“sme”，修饰“peple”。The man dwnstairs was trying t sleep.定语是“dwnstairs”，修饰“man”。I am waiting fr the sund f the ther she! 定语是“ther”，修饰“she”。
6.宾语补足语：
She likes the children t read newspapers and bks in the reading-rm.宾语补足语是“t read newspapers and bks in the reading-rm”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。
He asked her t take the by ut f schl.宾语补足语是“t take the by ut f schl”，这是一个不定式短语作宾语补足语。She fund it difficult t d the wrk.宾语补足语是“difficult t d the wrk”，“difficult”是宾语补足语，“t d the wrk”是真正的宾语，“it”是形式宾语。 They call me Lily smetimes.宾语补足语是“Lily”。
I saw Mr Wang get n the bus.宾语补足语是“get n the bus”，这是一个不带t的不定式短语作宾语补足语。
Did yu see Li Ming playing ftball n the playgrund just nw? 宾语补足语是“playing ftball n the playgrund just nw”，这是一个现在分词短语作宾语补足语。
7.状语：
There was a big smile n her face.状语是“n her face”，这是一个介词短语作地点状语。Every night he heard the nise upstairs.状语是“Every night”和“upstairs”，分别表示时间和地点。
He began t learn English when he was eleven.状语是“when he was eleven”，这是一个时间状语从句。The man n the mtrbike was travelling t fast.状语是“n the mtrbike”和“t fast”，分别表示地点和程度。
With the medicine bx under her arm, Miss Li hurried ff.状语是“With the medicine bx under her arm”，这是一个with复合结构作状语。
She lves the library because she lves bks.状语是“because she lves bks”，这是一个原因状语从句。I am afraid that if yu've lst it, yu must pay fr it.状语是“that if yu've lst it, yu must pay fr it”，这是一个宾语从句作状语。The students fllwed Uncle Wang t see the ther machine.状语是“t see the ther machine”，这是一个不定式短语作目的状语。
8.直接宾语和间接宾语：
Please tell us a stry.直接宾语是“stry”，间接宾语是“us”。
My father bught a new bike fr me last week.直接宾语是“bike”，间接宾语是“me”，“fr me”是状语，表示对象。