高考英语语法词汇专项突破：05解读“With+复合宾语”与“独立主格结构”+巩固训练+答案

这是一份高考英语语法词汇专项突破：05解读“With+复合宾语”与“独立主格结构”+巩固训练+答案，共12页。

【热点导读】
一、with +复合宾语
二、独立主格结构
三、with +复合宾语和独立主格结构的功能
四、“with +复合宾语”、”独立主格“及其与其他句式转换
五、“With+复合宾语”、“独立主格结构”的命题热点和解题策略
热点一、短语与句子的区别。主要是与状语从句、定语从句和并列句的区别。如：
热点二、非谓语动词用法。其中的不定式、现在分词、过去分词所表示的时间和语态为重要考点。
热点三、独立主格结构中的there be句型。there be句型包含“有”的含义，如果没有there，或者没有be动词，则没有“有”的含义。
【高考真题展示】
（2023▪全国乙卷）Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the mdern. Frm Buddhist temples t museums, narrw hutng ryal palaces, it is hme t mre than 3,000 years f glrius histry even dwn t its layut, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system f ring rads.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北京这座城市的古老建筑和现代化发展之间的独特结合，同时探讨了城市如何在不断发展的同时保护其丰富的遗产。作者作为一名摄影师，记录了这座城市的变化，并表示将来还会继续拍摄北京的风貌。
【答案与解析】
第一空：考查介词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿，它拥有3000多年的辉煌历史，甚至从它的布局来看，这座城市一直保持着精心建造的环城道路系统。根据上文的“Frm Buddhist temples t museums”可知，空处和上文保持一致，表示“从……到……”，用介词t。故填t。
第二空：考查非谓语动词。句意：从佛教寺庙到博物馆，狭窄的胡同和皇家宫殿，它是3000多年辉煌历史的家园，即使是在它的布局上，这座城市也保持着精心建造的环城公路系统。这里为非谓语动词担当定语，表示“精心建造的……”，和被修饰词“system f ring rads”之间为被动关系，用过去分词。故填built。
分析句子发现，在最后的with the city keeping its carefully (build) system f ring rads.部分其实是一个“with+名词+现在分词”结构。其中的介词是with，宾语是名词 the city，现在分词短语keeping...作宾语的补足语，与宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，所用现在分词的主动形式。
【重难点与热点解读】
“with+复合宾语” 和“独立主格结构”成为近几年高考试题新宠并不奇怪，对它们的考查从词性上看可以涉及到：介词、名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词，其中的动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词属于非谓语动词，同时也考查到短语与句子的区别。这两个结构极为相似，用法也基本相同，为此把两个放在一起讲解。
一、with +复合宾语
“with+复合宾语”结构中的with是介词，作其宾语的是名词或代词，宾语后跟宾语补足语，宾语同补足语一起构成复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间有逻辑上的主语和表语关系、主语和谓语关系。可以作其补足语的词性有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词七种。这一结构在句中主要作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等，也可以作定语。主要构成形式有：
(一) with＋宾语＋形容词（短语）
I sleep with the windw pen unless it's really cld.
我总是开着窗户睡觉, 除非天气非常冷才关上窗户。
The bys were made a snwman, with hands red with cld.
孩子们堆雪人，手都冻红了。
(二) with＋宾语＋副词（短语）
With prductin up by 60%, the cmpany has had anther excellent year.
产量提高了60%，公司又经历了一个极好的年头。
(三) with+宾语+名词
He died with his daughter yet a schlgirl.
他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。
(四) with＋宾语＋介词短语
The master was walking up and dwn the rm with the irn ruler under his arm and a bk in his hand.
老师在教室里踱来踱去, 胳膊下夹着铁戒尺, 手里拿着书。
(五) with＋宾语＋动词不定式（或动词不定式短语）
With a lt f difficult prblems t settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
由于有好多棘手的问题要解决，刚当选的总统正经历一个困难时期。
(六) with＋宾语＋现在分词（或现在分词短语）
I culdn’t finish my wrk with thse children playing arund.
这些孩子在周围玩耍，我没有办法完成作业。
(七) with＋宾语＋过去分词（或过去分词短语）
In the reading rm, we fund her seated at a desk, with her attentin fixed n a bk.
在阅览室，我们发现她坐在桌子旁。她在聚精会神的看书。
【拓展一】把with改为withut则构成 withut+复合宾语结构，是with+复合宾语结构的否定形式，同样在句中主要作状语，也可以作定语。如：
A girl with a necklace arund her neck gt n the bus.
一个脖子上戴着项链的女孩上了公共汽车。
She knws the kind f rm yu like and reserves ne withut any request n yur part.
她知道你喜欢哪种房间，你不用提出要求，她就为你预订好了。
【拓展二】除了介词with和withut可以跟复合宾语，介词like也可以跟复合宾语结构,多用现在分词作宾语补足语，在句中作方式状语。即：like+名词/代词+现在分词。如：
The ld pine tree still std there like a umbrella cvering the entrance f the cave.
那个老松树在挺立在那里，就像一把雨伞罩着岩洞的入口。
The nise sunded like a train ging under my huse.
那声音就像一列火车行驶在我的屋子底下。
Bamb has lng leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching t tuch smething.
竹子那修长的树叶在风中摇动, 好象伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
The tree stands at the gate, like a miss welcming guests.
那棵树站在门口, 像一位小姐欢迎客人。(like + 名词+现在分词短语，表示行为方式)
二、独立主格结构
状语有时可以由一个名词或代词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任,称为独立主格结构。该结构与“with＋复合宾语结构”极为相似，即将其中的with去掉，并把原来作为宾语的宾格代词改为主格代词（名词不再变化），即是一个“独立主格结构”。独立主格作状语与分词作状语的一个主要区别就是，分词作状语一般要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格就是其逻辑主语独立于句子的主语，就是其有自己的逻辑主语。
独立主格结构只是一种短语结构，不是句子，因此，它与句子的主干之间一般只用逗号隔开，而不能加用诸如and, but, s之类的连接词。这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况，偶作作定语。主要构成形式有：
(一)名词/代词＋形容词（短语）
The Trjans asleep, the Greek sldiers crept ut f the hllw wden hrse．
特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。
Tday’s festivals have many rigins, sme religius, sme seasnal, and sme fr special peple r events.
现在的节日有很多的由来，一些是宗教的、一些是季节性的、一些是纪念特殊的人和事件的。
(二)名词/代词＋副词（短语）
He std befre his teacher, his head dwn.
他低着头站在老师面前。
(三)名词/代词＋介词短语
1. In frnt f the huse was a tall tree，its tp well abve the tps f the ther trees.
房子的前面是一棵高高的树，树冠高出其他树许多。
2. The mment I sat in the armchair, a rbber burst int the rm, knife in hand.
我刚在扶手椅子上坐下，一个劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。
（注意：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构要加。）
(四)名词(代词)+名词
1. Tw hundred peple died in the accident, many f them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
2. Then there were tw grey reef sharks, each abut ne and a half metres lng, which suddenly appeared frm behind sme cral.
然后，还有两条灰色的沙湖鳖，每条大约1.5米长，突然从珊瑚后面游泳了出来。
(五)名词/代词＋动词不定式（或动词不定式短语）
She prpsed a picnic, she herself t pay the railway tickets, and Mary t prvide the fd.
她建议去野炊，她自己付车费，玛丽提供食物。
(六)名词/代词＋现在分词（或现在分词短语）
1. There being n buses，we had t walk hme.
注意：there being 是there be 句型的独立主格结构，其中的being不可以省掉。一般的“名词/代词+being+形容词/介词短语的 being可以省掉，但强调进行的being dne，there being 中的being不省掉。
2. The questin having being settled (The questin settled), we wund up the meeting.
问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。
3. … but this being my first experience, I stayed at the tp and watched them.
我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他们。
(七)名词/代词＋过去分词（或过去分词短语）
1. All things cnsidered, I think we ught t give the jb t Gerge.
各方面考虑起来，我想我们应当把工作交给乔治。
2. He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes lking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。
注意：当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。
三、with +复合宾语和独立主格结构的功能
“with +复合宾语”和独立主格的功能基本相同，作状语时可以表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随等。“with +复合宾语”也可以作定语。
（一）作时间状语
The guest having left，they went n with their discussin.
那个客人走后，他们继续讨论。
（二）作条件状语
Weather permitting，we will g picnicking by the waterfall.
要是天气好的话，我们就到瀑布边去野炊。
（三）作原因状语
1. With my wife away, I had t ck myself.
因为夫人不在家我得亲自做饭。
2. Tm having been late ver and ver, his bss was very disappinted.
汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
3. An imprtant lecture t be given tmrrw, the prfessr has t stay up late int night.
因为明天要发表一个非常重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
（四）作伴随状语或用来补充说明
1. Then last night，I fllwed him here，and climbed in，swrd in hand.
然后我便跟踪他的弟弟来到这里，手里拿有一柄剑。
2. "Marquis," said the by, turning t the man，his eyes pened wide and his hand raised.
男孩转向那个人, 眼睛瞪得大大地, 举起他的右手, 说道: "侯爵,”
（五）作结果状语
The war was ver, withut a sht being fired.
一枪没打战争就结束了。
（六）作方式状语
Wu Sng fught the tiger, with a stick his nly weapn.
武松打虎，手中只有一根棍子作为武器。
The tree stands at the gate, like a miss welcming guests.
那棵树站在门口像一位小姐欢迎客人。
（七）作定语
1. There were rws f white huses with trees in frnt f them.
那里有成排的白色房屋，前面有树。
2. Clse t the bank I saw deep pls, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。
四、“with +复合宾语”、”独立主格“及其与其他句式转换
（一）“with +复合宾语”和独立主格结构的相互转换
“with +复合宾语”和独立主格结构的转换是把“with +复合宾语”的介词with去掉就成了独立主格结构，要注意的是：如果前者复合宾语的宾语是宾格代词改为主格代词，如果是名词则不再变化。复合宾语是“名词+in+名词”则在独立主格中都不用冠词或形容词性物主代词。如：
He std at the dr, with a cmputer in his hand.
He std at the dr, cmputer in hand.
Flag n shulder, the sldier rushed t the tp f the muntain.
The sldier rushed t the tp f the muntain, with a flag n his shulder.
（二）跟句子相互转换
由于二者都可以作状语，因此可以与状语从句进行转换。根据所作状语的功能可以转换成时间状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。如果作伴随状语或补充说明的时候转换为and连接的并列句。由于“with +复合宾语”可以作定语，所以还可以转换成定语从句。如：
1. It is s wet there that the trees are extremely tall, sme measuring ver 90 metres. (P34 Bk 3人新教材)
It is s wet there that the trees are extremely tall, and sme measure ver 90 metres.
It is s wet there that the trees are extremely tall, sme f which measure ver 90 metres.
2. In fact, it has ne-third f the wrld’s ttal fresh water, and much f it is in the Great Lakes.
In fact, it has ne-third f the wrld’s ttal fresh water, much f it in the Great Lakes.
In fact, it has ne-third f the wrld’s ttal fresh water, much f which is in the Great Lakes.
3. Withut anything left in the cupbard, she went ut t get smething t eat.
Because there was anything left in the cupbard, she went ut t get smething t eat.
Nthing left in the cupbard, she went ut t get smething t eat.
4. Time permitting, we will pay a visit t him befre we leave.
If time permits, we will pay a visit t him befre we leave.
5. I wn’t be able t g n hliday with my mther being ill.
I wn’t be able t g n hliday because my mther is ill.
6. The dirty clthes having been washed, the girl hung them up utside.
After the dirty clthes (had been/was) washed, the girl hung them up utside.
五、“With+复合宾语”、“独立主格结构”的命题热点和解题策略
热点一、短语与句子的区别。主要是与状语从句、定语从句和并列句的区别。如：
【考例1】（XXXX·浙江卷）Bats are surprisingly lng-lived creatures, sme ______ a life span f arund 20 years.
A. having B. had C. have D. t have
【解题策略】选A。首先要注意句子中间的逗号，由此可以看出是一个单句，前面已经是一个完整的句子，而且没有连词，因此可以推断后面只可能是一个短语，不是句子，因此也就不可能用谓语动词，这样只有A和D答案供选。再根据不定式表示将来，现在分词表示现在，本句是陈述一个事实。故选A，是独立主格结构的“代词+现在分词”。
【考例2】(XXXX福建卷) Yu have n idea hw she finished the relay race her ft wunded s much.
A. fr B. when C. with D. while
【解题策略】选C。前面是句子，后面的wunded不是谓语动词，因为句子中没有连词，如果填上连词则wunded应该加上was，因此排除连接句子的连词B和D项。根据题干看出是“名词+过去分词”，符合“with+复合宾语”结构，故选C。
【考例3】(XXXX-XXXX学年河南省许昌一高高三第五次月考英语试卷)There were lts f peple in the reading rm, mst f _______ with their heads bent ver their bks.
A. whm B. which C. that D. them
【解题策略】选D。前面是一个句子，如果后面也是句子就要用连词，根据介词with以及their heads与bend之间的动宾关系看出bent是过去分词，不是谓语动词。所以，应该是“代词+介词短语”的独立主格结构，故选D。注意不要与定语从句混淆。比较：There were lts f peple in the reading rm, mst f whm bent their heads ver their bks.
热点二、非谓语动词用法。其中的不定式、现在分词、过去分词所表示的时间和语态为重要考点。
【考例1】(XXXX辽宁卷) The ld cuple ften take a walk after super in the park with their pet dg _____them.
A. t fllw B. fllwing C. fllwed D. fllws
【解题策略】选B。四个备选项有三个是非谓语动词形式，C项虽然也可以看成是谓语动词，但是是过去时形式，显然与前面句子的谓语动词take时态不一致。要考虑非谓语动词时态和语态。根据介词with看出连接的不是句子，排除D。“with+复合宾语”结构中的宾语与复合宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，fllw的动作是由dg发出的，所以用主动形式，根据句意fllw them与take a walk同时发生，由此得出B正确。
【考例2】(山东卷) The cuntry has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the mst recent _____at the end f last March.
A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. t be launched
【解题策略】选B。这句话前面已经有了has already sent up作谓语动词了, 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子, 所以A答案是最迷惑的, 如果是分号或者有个连词and就可以用A。后面三个备选项都是非谓语动词，the mst recent其实就是the mst recent unmanned spacecraft省略，是承前省略形式，由所给的选项都是被动的形式，所有主要解题关键在时态。C表示正在，D表示将来，根据时间状语at the end f last March看出选B，属于“名词/代词+现在分词”的独立主格结构。
【考例3】(XXXX湖南卷)I send yu 100 dllars tday, the rest _________ in a year.
A. fllws B. fllwed C. t fllw D. being fllwed
【解题策略】选C。根据句子结构看出是短语，所选不是句子，因为没有连词。再根据时间状语tday与表示将来的时间状语in a year“一年之后”看出用表示将来的动词不定式。故选C。
热点三、独立主格结构中的there be句型。there be句型包含“有”的含义，如果没有there，或者没有be动词，则没有“有”的含义。如：
【考例1】(原创题) _______ n further business, the meeting was stpped at 9:15 p.m., and the next regular meeting is scheduled fr May 15, at 8:40 p.m.
A. It being B. There being C. Being D. There was
【解题策略】选B。根据逗号后面的句子和句子没有连词排除D。根据句子的意思看出是“有”的意思，即“由于没有更多的事要讨论”。A答案只说明“是”，是系表结构，体现不出“有”的意思，there being是独立主格结构，故选B。句意是：由于没有更多的事要讨论，会议在晚上9点1刻暂时休会。下次例会安排在5月15日下午8点40分举行。
【考例2】(XXXX江西卷)______and n way t reduce her pain and suffering frm the terrible disease, the patient sught her dctr’s help t end her life.
A. Having given up hpe f cure B. With n hpe fr cure
C. There being hpe fr cure D. In the hpe f cure
【解题策略】选B。根据逗号后的句子看出前面应该是短语作状语，再根据第一个and看出所填部分应该是与n way并列的部分。根据句意看出C和D错误，如果C改为There being n hpe fr cure则可以用，这样there being…就是独立主格结构。A项具有形容词性质，不能与名词并列。故选B，该部分是由介词with构成的短语及现在分词短语suffering frm the terrible disease构成的，介词with有两个宾语，分别是 n hpe fr cure和 n way t reduce her pain。句意是：这位病人由于没有治愈的希望和减轻其痛苦的方法，她饱受疾病煎熬，于是请求大夫结束她的生命。
【牛刀小试】
一、句型转换: 根据汉语意思转换句型，每空一词。
1. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
(1)When we _____ the city frm the hilltp, we can find it mre beautiful.
(2) _______ the city frm the hilltp, we can find it mre beautiful.
(3) The city _____ frm the hilltp, we can find it mre beautiful.
(4) ________ frm the hilltp, the city lks mre beautiful.
2. 那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
(1)The strange man was walking dwn the street, ______ a stick _____ ____ _____.
(2) The strange man was walking dwn the street, _______ he ______ a stick in his hand. (carry)
(3)The strange man was walking dwn the street, _____ in _______.
3. 这里是前三卷，第四卷下个月出版。
(1)Here are the first three vlumes _____ the furth ne ______ ____ ____ next mnth.(cme ut)
(2)Here are the first three vlumes, the furth ne ____ ____ ___ next mnth. .(cme ut)
(3)Here are the first three vlumes _____ the furth ne is _____ _____next mnth. .(cme ut)
5. 岁月流逝，由于我一再提起这个故事，以至于连自己都开始相信这是我的亲身经历了。
(1) As time ______ ______, I repeated the stry s ften that I began t think f it as smething that had happened t me. (g n)
(2) With time_____ ______, I repeated the stry s ften that I began t think f it as smething that had happened t me. (g n)
6. 他们在会议上提出了很多计划，但是在工作很少有实施。
(1) They put frward a lt f plans at the meeting, nne f _______ _______ ______ in their wrk. (carry ut)
(2) They put frward a lt f plans at the meeting, nne f ______ _______ ______ ______ in their wrk. (carry ut)
(3) They put frward a lt f plans at the meeting, _______ nne f _____ ______ ______ ______ in their wrk. (carry ut)
(4) They put frward a lt f plans at the meeting, _______ nne f them ______ ______ in their wrk. (carry ut)
二、从所给的A、B、C、D四个选项选出最佳答案。
1. The girl in the pht was smiling sweetly, _____________.
A. her lng hair was flwing in the breeze B. her lng hair flwing in the breeze
C. her lng hair flwed in the breeze D. her lng hair t flw in the breeze
2. There were a lt f peple in the reading rm, mst f_____ seated there chatting and laughing.
A. them B. whm C. that D. which
3. Mr. Smith ffered us a lift when he was leaving the ffice, but ur wrk_________, we didn’t accept the ffer.
A. hadn’t been finished B. wasn’t finished
C. nt having finished D. nt having been finished
4. ______ n nbdy in the rm, we realized that there was n use crying.
A. Because there is B. There was C. There being D. It being
5. We planted 500 trees tday, the rest_____ tmrrw.
A. is t be planted B. are t plant C. being planted D. t be planted
6. _______ s many hmewrk t d, Mary wn’t have time t play with her friends this mrning.
A. Withut B. With C. By D. Because
7. Frm space the earth lks like a huge water-cvered glb，with a few patches f land ____ ut abve the water.
A. t stick B. stuck C. sticking D. stick
8. And tday，if yu g t Salt Lake City，yu can see a mnument ____ seagulls n tp f it.
A. with B. like C. fr D. ver
9. Many large cities, such as Liverpl and New Yrk, have had experiments f this kind, ________ ld factries turned int successful art centers.
A. fr B. with C .as D .like
10. ________ur fd ________, we had t walk t a village fr help.
A. Since; runs ut B. Because; run ut C. With; running ut D. Fr; running ut
11. When I finish the stry, Lenin jumped up frm his chair and started pacing the flr, ____, deep in thught.
A. with his head bending B. in his head bent C. his head bending D. his head bent
12. All flights_______ because f the snwstrm, many passengers culd d nthing but take the train.
A. had been put ff B. were put ffC. have been put ff D. having been put ff
参考答案：
一、
1. (1) see (2) Seeing (3) seen (4) Seen
2. (1) with; in his hand (2) and; carried (3) stick; hand
3. (1) with; t cme ut (2) t cme ut (3) and; cming ut
4. (1) went n (2) ging n
5. (1) them carried ut (2) which were carried ut (3) but; them were carried ut (4) with; carried ut
二、1-5 BADCD 6-10 BCABC 11- 12 DD