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    高考英语语法词汇专项突破:05定语从句难点全解读(2-1)

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    这是一份高考英语语法词汇专项突破:05定语从句难点全解读(2-1),共29页。试卷主要包含了whse用法,先行词是the way的情况,“介词+关系代词+不定式”,“介词+关系副词”引导定语从句,如何确定用关系代词还是关系副词等内容,欢迎下载使用。

    在英语语法中,定语从句是一个非常重要的概念,它可以用来修饰名词或代词,让句子更加准确和清晰。定语从句通常由关系代词或关系副词引导,其中最常用的关系代词有 wh, whm, whse, that, which和as。而关系副词则包括 where, when,和 why。关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语,关系副词在从句中作状语。
    在实际的使用中,定语从句可以用来进一步描述人和事物,提供更多的细节和信息,使句子更加精准和有力。例如,我们可以用一个定语从句来描述一个人的特征,或者用它来解释一个事件的原因。
    总之,英语语法定语从句是一个非常实用的语法结构,它可以帮助我们更好地表达自己的思想,让我们的英语表达更加准确、清晰和生动。
    但是,在实际运用中并不容易。看似那么几个关系词,在不同的语境不同的句子结构中却又是比较复杂的。下面就根据常遇到的定语从句的难点进行解析。
    难点一、whse用法
    1、whse既可以指代“……人的”,也可以指代“……物的”,其本身在定语从句中作定语,引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。可以与表示所属关系的f whm/ f which互换。如:
    I stayed with my uncle whse huse was ppsite where my grandfather lived, and walking hme with him ne day we met the dctr. (先行词指人,表示“人的”,引导限制性定语从句)
    我还去了外公住处对面的舅舅家,陪他呆了些时日,回家时,我们问了医生。
    I am a junir student cming frm Arts & Metiers ParisTech in France which is a mechanical engineering schl and whse main task is cultivating general engineer.
    我是一名大三的学生在法国巴黎高科艺术和特长的一个机械工程学校,其主要任务是培养总工程师到来。(先行词指物,表示“物的”,引导限制性定语从句)
    Mrs. Ddd wanted a special day t hnr her father William, whse wife died while giving birth t their sixth child.
    多德夫人希望有一个特殊的日子来向她的父亲———威廉.斯玛特表示敬意。 他的妻子在生他们第六个孩子时因难产而死。(先行词指物,表示“人的”,引导非限制性定语从句)
    【考例1】(2020年新课标Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist ______ paintings were almst lifelike. The artist’s reputatin had made him prud.
    答案与解析:whse。考查定语从句中作定语的关系代词。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist,且先行词在从句中作定语,可以理解为“the artist’s paintings…”,故应用关系代词whse表示“这位画家的……”。故填whse引导限制性定语从句。句意:中国古代有一位画家,他的画几乎栩栩如生。
    【考例2】(2020天津卷·第二次)Dr. Rwan, ______ secretary resigned tw weeks ag, has had t d all his wn typing.
    A. whseB. f whmC. f whichD. which
    答案与解析:A 。考查定语从句关系代词。分析句子的结构和句意看出是定语从句,先行词是名词Dr. Rwan,根据定语从句的主语secretary与先行词之间的关系看出应该是“Dr. Rwan的秘书”,所以用作定语的关系代词whse。B答案的f whm虽然可以与whse转换,但是题干的 secretary前面应该加上作为限定词的定冠词the,即f whm the secretary,或the secretary f whm。句意是:罗文博士所有的打字都得自己做,他的秘书两周前辞职了。
    【考例3】(上海XXXX) Have yu seen the film “ Titanic”, _____ leading actr is wrld-famus?
    A. its B. it’s C. whse D. which
    答案与解析:C。主要难点是whse表示“……的、谁的”的意思在一些同学的印象中已经根深蒂固,而忽视它还可以指“……物的”这一用法。根据前后两个谓语动词可以看出是两个句子,需要用连词连接,可排除A、B,因为它们不具有连接句子的作用,所以只能从C、D中选。根据句意看出是“影片《泰坦尼克号》的主演”,因此是定语从句,先行词是名词the film “ Titanic”,表示“……的”用关系代词whse,应选C,此处whse引导非限制性定语从句,表示“物的”。句意是:你看过《泰坦尼克号》吗?片中的男主角是世界著名的演员。
    2、whse可与表所属关系的f which或f whm相互转换,其语序是:名词/代词+f+which / whm 结构:whse name =the name f which/whm=f which/whm the name
    【考例】(上海XXXX) Recently I bught an ancient Chinese vase, _____ was very reasnable.
    A. which price B. the price f which C. its price D. the price f whse
    答案与解析:由句中的“,”可知本题是一个复合句,应用连词才能把这两个句子连接起来,先排除C;D项中的whse在介词f的后面,不可选,因为whse不能作宾语,故选B。本句可以转换成:Recently I bught an ancient Chinese vase, whse price was very reasnable.
    【考例】(XXXX四川卷) Fr many cities in the wrld, there is n rm t spread ur further, _______ New Yrk is an example.
    A. fr which B. in which C. f which D. frm which
    答案与解析:C。考查定语从句。本题的定语从句的先行词是many cities,which指代先行词在句中作为f的宾语,f表示所属关系,f which放在an example的后面。故C正确.句意是:对于世界上的很多城市而言,没有空间可继续发展了,纽约就是其中的一个例子。
    【考例】 Our English teacher lives in that huse, ______ windws face t the nrth.
    答案与解析:whse。考查定语从句。本句所含定语从句的关系词表示所属关系,所以用whse。也可以转换成… f which the windws face t the nrth./ the windws f which face t the nrth.。句意是:我们的英语老师就住在那座房子里,房子的窗户朝北。
    如果f不表所属关系则f which(whm)不可与whse转换。
    【考例】Althugh the baby ______ is nt hers, she lves him as if he were her wn child.
    A. f that she is taking gd care B. wh she is taking gd care
    C. f whm she is taking gd care D. whse she is talking gd care
    答案与解析:C。考查定语从句。take care f的意思是“照顾、照看”,是一固定短语,关系代词that前不可以用介词,排除A; B项缺少介词f;由于介词f在本题不表示所属关系,所以“f+关系代词”不可转换成whse,本题只能选C。
    【考例】At last I passed the final examinatin, _______ I was prud. S it was with my parents and teachers.
    A. whse B. f whm C. which D. f which
    答案与解析:D。考查定语从句。定语从句包含短语be prud f“以……而骄傲(自豪)”,句中的介词f属于短语be prud f,也就是说,f which在此不表示“所属关系”,所以只能选D,不可以选A。本题句意是:最终我通过了期末考试,为此我感到骄傲。
    难点二、抽象意义的地点或时间名词作先行词用关系副词 where
    1. 关系副词where的先行词是指地点的名词或代词,也可以是case,situatin, state,pint,jb, stage等表示情况、状态、程度等的名词,引导词本身在从句中作状语,句中的先行词基本上都可以与at 或 in 搭配成表示地点的短语。如:
    I have heard f a case where a sldier riding a bus did nt ffer his seat t a wman with a baby even when it began t cry. 有个战士坐车,一位妇女抱着娃娃,他不让座,娃娃哭了他也不理。
    He's gt himself int a dangerus situatin where he is likely t lse cntrl ver the plane. 他使自己陷入一个似乎要失去对飞机控制的危险处境。
    Imagine a situatin where tw strangers are talking t each ther after smene they bth knw has left the rm, r the cafe r party, etc.(外研版第六册第一模块)
    想像这样一个情景:在两个陌生人都认识的某一个人离开房间、咖啡馆或聚会后,他们继续交谈。
    They have reached the pint where they have t separate with each ther. 他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。
    This is a difficult and stressful jb, but ne where yu can really help peple.(外研版第五册第二模块)
    这是一份很困难而且很有压力的工作,但却是一份能真正帮助别人的工作。
    One day, the schl held a party, where I was invited t talk abut Tianjin.(08天津试题改错)
    有一天,学校举办了一次聚会。在聚会上,邀请我谈一谈天津。
    The great mathematician Jhn vn Neumann was ne f the funders f game thery. In particular, he shwed that all games fall int tw classes: there are what he called games f "perfect infrmatin", games like chess, where the players can't hide anything r play tricks; they dn't win by chance but by means f lgic and skills.(2000高考全国试题)
    大数学家约翰-冯-纽曼是棋牌理论的奠基者之一。特别是他证明了所有的游戏都可被分成两类:一类是他称作“完全信息”游戏,比如下棋。在棋盘上,玩家不可能隐藏任何东西或做手脚;他们赢棋靠的不是运气,而是逻辑和技巧。
    In the USA, cnversatin is less lively than in many ther cultures, where everyne talks at the same time.(外研版第六册第一模块)
    与很多其他的文化不同,在美国,交谈不是很热烈;在很多其他文化中,大家都在同时谈话。
    【考例】(2019年天津卷)Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences.
    A. why B. where C. which D. what
    答案与解析:B。考查定语从句。句中she can say individual wrds but nt full sentences是一个定语从句,先行词是the stage,关系词在定语从句中作地点状语,用关系副词where,故选B。句意:他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。
    【考例】(2015天津卷)The bss f the cmpany is trying t create an easy atmsphere ______ his emplyees enjy their wrk.
    A. whereB. whichC. whenD. wh
    答案与解析:A。本题考查定语从句的关系词,从句中缺少状语,atmsphere表示抽象地点的范畴,所以选择where。句意为:这个公司的老板在努力营造一个轻松的氛围,在这个轻松的氛围中,他的员工享受着他们的工作。考查定语从句时,首先要分析从句中的句子成分,要看是否缺少主语或宾语、表语,如果缺少主语或宾语、表语,则用关系代词,如果缺少状语,则用关系副词.
    【考例】(2007 陕西卷)Tday, we’ll discuss a number f cases beginners f English fail t use the language prperly.
    A. which B. as C. whyD. where
    答案与解析:D。根据句意和先行词case看出意思是“在这些案例中”,即in the cases,因此可以看出用in which可以,但是没有此备选项,A少介词in。as作为连接词引导原因状语从句,主从句又没有因果关系;作为关系代词,as作所引导定语从句的主语或宾语等,但是实际上从句主语、宾语成分具备。D项where表示“在地方”,相当于in which,在句中作关系副词。故选D。句意是:今天,我们要讨论一些案例,在这些案例中,英语初学者们没有恰当地使用语言。 所以,最佳答案为选项D。
    【考例】(XXXX浙江)I have reached a pint in my life ______ I am suppsed t make decisins f my wn.
    A. whichB. whereC. hw D. why (选B)
    答案与解析: a pint是先行词,把它放入定语从句I am suppsed t make decisins f my wn中, 可以看出其不能单独充当某一成分,但是可以加入介词at, 则构成状语at a pint, 意思是“在一个阶段”, 在定语从句中明显充当(引申的)地点状语,所以,关系词应该选用at which(即at a pint),或直接使用关系副词where。如果which代替a pint, 则必须在定语从句中直接充当成分,否则排除;而hw不能用于引导定语从句, 且从句也不缺少方式状语;why引导定语从句时, 在从句中充当原因状语,先行词通常是why,都不符合该句句意要求。B。此题考查定语从句的关系词的用法。句意是:我已经达到了我人生中的一个阶段---(在这个阶段)我应该做出自己的决定。
    【考例2】(XXXX四川卷)She’ll never frget her stay there ________ she fund her sn wh had gne missing tw years befre.
    A. that B. which C. where D. when
    答案与解析:D。her stay为先行词,可以理解为抽象的一段时间(她呆在那里期间),when指代her stay在定语从句中做时间状语。句意是:她永远也忘不了她在那儿逗留期间, 在那时她找到了两年前走失的儿子。根据先行词her stay看出此处的关系副词when相当于during which。故选D。
    难点三、reasn作为先行词时引导定语从句的关系词与其他从句的引导词的判定
    1. 关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词是指原因的名词(reasn)或代词,引导词本身在从句中作状语,why从句的内容表示结果。可以与“介词+关系代词”的fr which转换。注意关系副词why一般不引导非限制性定语从句,如需要则用fr which。如:
    Can yu tell me the reasn why he didn't attend the meeting last week?
    能告诉我他上周没有参加会议的原因吗?
    The reasn why he was chsen remains unknwn. 他为什么被选上的原因还是不清楚。
    A thught crssed my mind that maybe this was the reasn why everyne was aviding her and did nt try t help.
    我突然想到,也许这就是每个人对她避而远之,不愿帮她的原因。
    I want t aplgize fr nt cming t yur birthday party. The reasn why I didn't shw up was that I had t d sme wrk fr my teacher.
    我想为没来参加你的生日聚会而道歉。我没能到场的原因是我必须帮我的老师做一些事情。
    关系副词why在所引导的定语从句中作原因状语,先行词通常是reasn,可以与fr which转换。如:
    The reasn why her brther is fired is that he is ften late fr wrk.
    他哥哥被炒鱿鱼的原因是他经常迟到。
    可以转换成:The reasn fr which her brther is fired is that he is ften late fr wrk.
    Write dwn symptms yu're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated t the reasn fr which yu scheduled the appintment.
    记下你正在经历的症状,包括任何症状,就算症状好像与你预约医生的原因不相关联也要记下。
    可以转换成:Write dwn symptms yu're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated t the reasn why yu scheduled the appintment.
    2. reasn作为先行词的定语从句引导词并不总是用why,如果其在所引导的定语从句中作主语、表语、定语等,则应该用关系代词如that, which, whse,f which等。如:
    When we cnsider IQ, we find that this is the reasn that can explain abut 50% f the difference.
    当我们考虑到智商的时候,我们发现这是能够解释大约50%差异的原因。
    Then what’s the reasn that prmted yu t leave Sutheast Cmpany?
    那是什么原因促使你离开东南公司呢?
    Recently sme American scientists have fund the reasn that/ which can clearly explain the disappearance f all different kinds f living things n the earth.
    最近,美国科学家发现了能够解释清楚地球上各种生物灭绝的原因。
    The cllege students' lack f basic legal quality leads t legal and scial prblems, the reasn f which / whse reasn is that legal educatin in clleges is quite insufficient.
    大学生基本法律素质的缺乏,引发许多法律问题和社会问题。导致此现象的主要原因是高校法制教育力度不够。
    【考例】(上海春招XXXX)Is this the reasn ______ at the meeting fr his carelessness in his wrk?
    A. he explained B. what he explained C. hw he explained D. why he explained
    答案与解析:本题由于先行词是reasn,不少考生想当然地选D作为正确选项,实际上正确答案应该是A。为什么呢?我们要先从定语从句的谓语动词看起,那么就会发现谓语动词explain是及物动词,而这个及物动词没有宾语,由此可以推断出所填的关系词作定语从句的宾语,所以用关系代词,排除B、C、D,A项认为是省去了作宾语的关系代词。句意是:这就是他在会上解释他工作粗心的原因吗?
    3. reasn后跟that引导的同位语从句时候,从句说明reasn的具体内容,表示原因或目的,that与引导定语从句不同,其本身在所引导的同位语从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,不可以用which代替。如:
    Sme peple dislike it because f its bitter taste, but mre and mre peple are becming interested in traditinal Chinese medicine fr the reasn that it's an effective way t cure illnesses.
    有些人不喜欢它,因为它的味道很苦,但是越来越多的人开始对中药感兴趣,因为它是治疗疾病的有效方法。
    Which is nt the reasn that the Frbidden City attracts mre visitrs frm abrad?
    哪个不是紫禁城吸引更多外国游客的原因?
    Sme peple dislike it because f its bitter taste, but mre and mre peple are becming interested in traditinal Chinese medicine fr the reasn that it's an effective way t cure illnesses.
    有些人不喜欢它,因为它的味道很苦,但是越来越多的人开始对中药感兴趣,因为它是治疗疾病的有效方法。
    难点四、先行词是the way的情况
    1. the way后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用that,此时的that属于关系副词,在较正式的文体里用in which来引导。如:
    I dn't like the way (that/ in which) yu treat yur mther. 我不喜欢他对待他母亲的方式。
    I didn’t like the way (that/in which) he talked t me. 我不喜欢他跟我讲话的样子。
    The key t refrming higher educatin, cncludes Mr. Menand, is t alter the way in which "the prducers f knwledge are prduced".
    莫南德先生总结道,改革高等教育的关键,在于改变 “培养知识分子 ” 的方式。
    What better wrd t describe the way in which we have been frced t live?
    还有什么更好的字眼能用来描述我们被迫选择的生活方式呢?
    Firstly, it prvides vital infrmatin abut the way that peple evlved—infrmatin nt always easily btainable frm excavated artefacts alne.
    首先,它提供了关于人类进化方式的重要信息——仅从出土文物中很难获得这些信息。
    【考例】(XXXX湖北卷) What surprised me was nt what he said but _____he said it.
    A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
    答案与解析:A。考查含有way作为先行词从定语从句。根据题干的并列连词nt…but…看出是与前面的表语从句what he said并列,具有名词性,所以不可以是介词短语,排除B和C。the way是先行词,he said it为定语从句,逻辑语序为he said it ______,引导词为从句的方式状语,可用in which、that或省略。D项的错误在于把引导词误用为从句的宾语。句意为“令我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式”。
    注意:如果way作为从句的主语、动词或者介词的宾语时,则可以用关系代词that或者which引导。如:
    Can yu tell me the way that/which can be used t slve the prblem?
    你能告诉我解决这个问题的办法吗?
    Judging frm Kelly's and Maria's study habits, the best way t study is the way that wrks fr yu.
    从凯利和玛丽亚的学习习惯来看,适合自己的学习方式才是最好的学习方式。
    that可以作关系副词,但是在中学阶段一般不提倡使用,只是在几个较为特殊的情况下才提到。way作为先行词时就是其中一例,表示用某种方法与介词in搭配,如in this way,在定语从句中用in which,而in which可以用关系副词that代替,由于此时的that在所引导的从句中不作主语,所以又可以省掉,那么就会有三个答案:in which, that或省掉。考例:
    难点五、“介词+关系代词”结构中的介词和关系代词的选用
    (一)介词的选用要考虑
    1. 先行词的需要。
    注意介词与先行词之间的搭配关系,像具体日期用n,年份、月份、世纪用in等。如:
    Life is a hspital in which every patient wants t change his bed.
    人生是一所病院,每一个住院患者都一心想换自己的床。(in a hspital)
    He will never frget the day n which they nce stayed tgether.
    他永远也忘不了他们曾一起呆过的那一天。(n the day)
    1997 was the last year in which she brught tgether distant branches f her family fr a celebratin f life.
    1997年是她最后一年把家里的远亲都请来庆祝生日的宴会。(in the year)
    The schls themselves admit that nt all children will be successful in the jbs fr which they are being trained.
    学校本身承认,并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业取得成功。(be trained fr the jbs)
    The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
    我学生在新年晚会上表演的那场英语剧很成功。(in the play)
    【考例】(XXXX 重庆卷)Human facial expressins differ frm thse f animals in the degree ______ they can be cntrlled n purpse.
    A. with which B. t which C. f which D. fr (选B)
    答案与解析:考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构。在本句中先行词为degree, 将其代入定语从句后应为: They (Human facial expressins)can be cntrlled n purpse t a degree.t a degree — partly, nt very much 部分地, 有点, 在某种程度上。句意: 人的面部表情在某种程度上不同于动物的面部表情, 人类在某种程度上可以有意地控制自己的面部表情。
    2. 与定语从句中谓语动词搭配。
    谓语动词跟介词的搭配的关系密切时,介词不可与动词拆开,如果关系不密切,则可以把介词放在关系代词前。像lk after, hear frm, lk fr, lk after的等不可以拆开。如:
    She paid the man frm whm she had brrwed sme mney(=She paid the man.She had brrwed sme mney frm him.)(brrw sth.frm sb.意思是“向某人借东西”。)
    Wh's the man with whm yu just shk hands? =Wh's the man (that/whm) yu just shk hands with? 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?
    Last mnth, part f Sutheast Asia was struck by flds, frm whse effects the peple are still suffering.
    上个月,东南亚的部分地区发生洪水,人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。(suffer frm sth.)
    Is this the bk yu are lking fr? 这是你找的书吗?(此处的fr不可以拆开)
    【考例】(2021天津卷·第一次)William Hastie nce suggested that histry infrms us f past mistakes we can learn withut repeating them.
    A. frm which B. in which C. with whmD. fr whm
    答案与解析:考查定语从句。分析句子可知,past mistakes为现行词,_____ we can learn withut repeating them.为定语从句,从句中谓语动词can learn可知,要从过去的错误中学习,learn frm“从……中学习”,可知应用frm which引导定语从句。故选A。句意:威廉·哈斯蒂曾经说过,历史会告诉我们过去的错误,我们可以从中学习避免重复犯错。
    【考例】 (XXXX上海卷) Wind pwer is an ancient surce f energy we may return in the near future.
    A. n which B. by which C. t which D. frm which
    答案与解析:C。考查定语从句的“介词+关系代词”。根据所给的备选项可以看出是“介词+关系代词”结构,关键是从句不及物动词return与哪个介词搭配,短语return t的意思是“回到, 恢复”。故选C。句意是:风能是我们在不久的将来恢复利用的一种古老的能源。
    【考例】(XXXX陕西) Gun cntrl is a subject ____ Americans have argued fr a lng time.
    A.f which B.with which C.abut which D.int which
    答案与解析:C。动词短语argue abut的意思是“为……争吵 /争论”,其中的abut是介词,根据动词argue和subject可以看出选C,which代词subject,是定语从句, 关键要走注意介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系。句意是:枪支控制是美国人好长时间以来争论的问题。
    3. 定语从句中的形容词的需要。如:
    China is a large cuntry with a lng histry f which we are greatly prud.
    中国是一个有着悠久历史的大国,我们对此感到非常自豪。(be/feel prud f以……为自豪)
    The West Lake, fr which Hangzhu is famus, is a beautiful place wrth visiting nce mre.
    杭州著名的西湖是一个美丽的地方,值得再去一趟。(be famus fr)
    The wman t whm Spieberg is married is an actress.
    与斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一名演员。(be married t)
    4. 若表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”,则用介词f,即:数词(不定量数词)/含所属关系名词(many, mst, all, nne, each, ne, the majrity, the rest, sme, any, half, x%...)+f whm/which引导定语从句。如:
    There are ver 3,000 wrkers in that factry, eighty-five percent f whm are wmen.=There are…, and 85% f them are wmen.(表示“整体中的一部分”)
    She has many bks, nly ne f which is interesting. 她有许多书,只有一本是有趣的。
    【考例】(2022年北京卷)That includes cups, bttles, and bags, mst f _______ are nly gd fr ne use.
    答案与解析:考查定语从句。分析可知,mst f ______are nly gd fr ne use在句中为非限制性定语从句;先行词为cups, bttles, and bags,在从句中作介词f的宾语,所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。句意:这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子,其中大多数(东西)只有一种用途。
    【考例】(2016年江苏卷)Many yung peple, mst _________ were well-educated, headed fr remte regins t chase their dreams.
    A. f whichB. f themC. f whmD. f thse
    答案与解析:C。考查定语从句。本题定语从句的先行词是Many yung peple,关系代词whm指代先行词,在定语从句中作介词f的宾语。故C项正确。句意是:许多年轻人前往偏远地区追逐梦想,其中大多数受过良好教育。
    【考例】(2014年天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _________ uses it differently.
    A. all f which B. each f which C. all f them D. each f them
    答案与解析:B。考查定语从句。逗号后面是非限制性定语从句,所以排除C、D 选项;A. all f which 中的all强调整体,谓语用复数形式;B.each f which 则强调固个体,谓语用单数形式。非限制性定语从句中的谓语动词是uses ,是动词的单三形式,所以选B。如果逗号后有and,则选D,前后构成并列句。句意:英语是一种被被几个不同的文化共享的语言,每种语言都有不同的用法。
    【考例】(XXXX浙江卷)The settlement is hme t nearly 1,000 peple, many f left their village hmes fr a better life in the city.
    A.whmB.which C.themD.thse
    答案与解析:A。由many之后的逗号和选项特征,此处是主从句关系,排除C、D项。由于先行词是“1,000 peple”,表示人,故用whm。句意为:这里居住着将近1000人,他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活。句意是:该定居点居住着近1000人,其中许多人离开了农村的家,到城市过上了更好的生活。
    (二)复杂介词+whm/which引导定语从句
    在“介词+关系代词”结构中,有时候介词用的是复杂介词,从而形成了“复杂介词+关系代词”结构。常用的复杂介词有as a result f“由于……的结果,因为……”, at the back f“在……的后面”, because f“因为”, by means f“通过……的手段”, fr want f“因需要……”, in frnt f“在……的前面”, n accunt f “因为……”等。如:
    I stay at the htel at the back f which is a small garden.
    我住在后面有一座花园的旅馆。
    There was a wall, in frnt f which sat a by f nt mre than seventeen.
    那里有一堵墙,在墙的前面坐着一个不到十七岁的男孩。
    As I think abut this mre carefully, I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means f which being awake can be distinguished frm being asleep.
    当我更仔细地思考这个问题时,我清楚地看到,根本没有任何可靠的迹象能够将醒着和睡着区分开来。
    We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result f which it is pssible t frm a new substance.
    作为一门科学来给化学下定义就是,物质发生了化学变化,这种变化的结果就是不是有可能产生了新的物资。
    难点六、“介词+which/whse+名词”
    其中的关系代词which和whse在定语从句中作定语,宾语应该是其所修饰的名词。其实“介词+which+名词”结构是代替一些特殊的形式中的指示代词this或that。如:
    Mr. Little, in whse department I wrked, ften helped me.
    利特先生常常帮助我, 我在他负责的那个部门工作。
    The UN sets up the Wrld Fd Prgramme, ne f whse purpses is t relieve wrldwide starvatin.
    联合国设立了世界粮食计划署,其宗旨之一是缓解全世界的饥饿问题。
    She may fall ill, in which case she will have t be taken t the hspital at nce.
    她可能病了。如果是这样,就得马上送她上医院。(in which case来自于in that case短语,意思是“那样的话”)
    Parsns graduated with a BA in theater frm the University f Hustn, during which time he helped create a nt-fr-prfit theatre cmpany.
    帕森斯毕业于休斯顿大学戏剧专业,获得文学学士学位,在此期间,他帮助创建了一家非营利性戏剧公司。(during which time 本来是during that time ,这里的that time指的是上文中的在 the University f Hustn读书期间。)
    难点七、“介词+关系代词”与关系副词的转换
    由于两个结构都在所引导的定语从句中作状语,所以有时可以互换。表示地点的where=in/n which,表示时间的when= n/in/at which,表示原因的why=fr which。
    I’ll never frget the hur when/at which Chang'e-2 was sent ff n Friday frm the suthwestern city f Xichang.
    我永远不会忘记“嫦娥二号”卫星星期五从西南城市西昌发射的时刻。
    This is the rm where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间。
    I dn’t knw the reasn why/fr which the huse is s dirty. 我不知道房间为什么那么脏。
    In the ld days,when/ in which I was a little girl,the city had n envirnmental pllutin t speak f.
    在过去,我还是小女孩的时候,这个城市没有环境污染可言。
    They came t the htel,where/in which they stayed fr tw nights.
    他们来到那个宾馆,并在那里住了两晚。
    注意:(1)如果不是表示时间、地点或原因的“介词+关系代词”结构,则不可以转换为关系副词的;(2)有些介词的意思比较具体,不宜转换。如:
    The gld watch f which he was prud/ in which he tk pride wuld be sld.
    他为之自豪的金表要卖掉了。(其中的f which不表示所有关系,不可以用关系代词whse,其中的in which不表示地点,不可以用where)
    Mr.Fang, fr whm I was wrking, is very cautius abut every detail.(wrk fr...)
    我为之工作的方先生对每个细节都很谨慎。
    The naughty by made a hle in the wall thrugh which he culd see what is happening utside.
    那个顽皮的男孩在墙上打了一个洞,通过这个洞他可以看到外面发生的事情。(thrugh which 穿过某处,如果换成关系副词where则意思体现不出来,只能体现“在墙上”,没有“穿过”之意。)
    难点八、“介词+关系代词+不定式”
    “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如:
    There the children had a garden in which t play. 在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。
    (= There the children had a garden in which they culd play.)
    Tmrrw wuld be Christmas Day, and she had nly $1.87 with which t buy Jim a present.
    明天就是圣诞节,她只有一元八角七给吉姆买一份礼物。
    注:这类“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构中的介词不能没有,也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which t play in.
    【典题】When she was alne at hme, Mary needed a friend _____.
    A. playing with B. having played with
    C. with whm t play with D. with whm t play
    答案与解析:D。with whm t play为“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构,在句中作定语,其相当于一个定语从句(with whm she culd play)。
    难点九、“介词+关系副词”引导定语从句
    .“介词+关系副词”引导定语从句时,关系副词只能用 when 或 where。“介词+关系副词”的用法与“介词+关系代词”的根本区别在于,“介词+关系副词”中的关系副词代指的是一个副词或者介词短语,相当于代指的there或then;而“介词+关系代词”中的关系代词代指的是一个名词或代词。具体用哪一种,在句中的具体用法要看句子的意思了。如:
    We went up t the rf f the temple, frm where we had a gd view f the prcessin.
    我们上了寺庙的屋顶,从那里我们可以清楚地看到游行的队伍。
    解读:介词短语t the rf f the temple可以看作是先行词,where代替介词短语先行词t the rf f the temple,即where指的是屋顶所在的地方,而非屋顶本身,t the rf f the temple就相当于there,句子可以转换为:We went up t the rf f the temple, and frm there we had a gd view f the prcessin.
    They std near the nrth windw, frm where they culd see the whle garden.
    他们站在靠近北窗的地方,从那里可以看到整个花园。
    解读:先行词为介词短语near the nrth windw,where代替介词短语先行词,near the nrth windw=there, 句子可以理解为:They std near the nrth windw, and frm there they culd see the whle garden.。
    Lk ver there! Sme peple are standing under the tree n the hill, frm where yu can enjy the whle view.
    看那边!有些人站在山上的树下,从那里你可以欣赏到整个景色。
    解读:先行词为介词短语under the tree n the hill(=there), where代替介词短语先行词under the tree n the hill。相当于:Lk ver there! Sme peple are standing under the tree n the hill, and frm there yu can enjy the whle view.
    The vlcan made it abve that surface nly a millin r s years ag, since when the island has grwn t abut 100 square kilmetres.
    火山喷发使这座岛屿露出水面距今大概只有一万年左右,自那以后,这座岛屿生长到了大约100平方公里。
    解读:先行词为a millin r s years ag,即then, since when中的的关系副词when指的是a millin r s years ag,可以转换为:, and since then...。
    I went t bed at ten, befre when I was reading fr an hur.
    解读:先行词为介词短语at ten,befre when中的关系副词when代替介词短语先行词at ten,句子可以转换为:I went t bed at ten, and befre then I was reading fr an hur.。
    They left n Mnday, since when we have heard nthing.
    他们是星期一走的,从那以后我们再没有听到任何消息。
    解读:先行词为介词短语n Mnday, when代替介词短语先行词n Mnday,句子可以转换为:
    Next summer, by when the huse shuld be ready.明年夏天,到那时候房子应该准备好了。
    解读:先行词Next summer为省略in的介词短语,by when中的when代替介词短语先行词Next summer,可以转换为:Next summer, by then the huse shuld be ready.
    【考例】(2007山东)The bk was written in 1946, _________ the educatin system has witnessed great changes.
    A.when B.during which C.since then D.since when
    答案与解析:D。考查定语从句。根据后面句子的完成时排除A和B。如果选择选项A的when,那么when指的是in 1946,此时句意就变成了教育体制的改变只是发生在1946年,此时定语从句应该用一般过去时态witnessed。由此可见,when与定语从句中的现在完成时态has witnessed有时间冲突,故选项A是错误的。如果选择选项B的during which,那么during which可以理解成during the year f 1946,此时定语从句也要用一般过去时态。选项C的since then不是连词,不能引导从句,前后句子都有谓语动词,所以是两个句子,用连词连接。若该题填入since then,就会导致逗号分隔两个独立句子的错误,这种错误在英语中被称作run-n sentence (“连写句”)。如果将题目中的逗号改为分号或句号,或者加上并列连词and,那么句子空格处就可以并且只能填入since then了。
    根据句子的意思看出是指“自从那本书写的时候”,then指的就是in 1946,所以该用定语从句,since when引导定语从句,关系副词when指的就是先行词in 1946。故选D。句意是:那本书写于1946年,从那以来教育体制发生了很大变化。
    比较:If we lk at a star in January—when Earth is at ne pint in its rbit—it will seem t be in a different psitin frm where it appears six mnths later. 如果我们在一月份观察一颗恒星——那时地球在其轨道上的一个点——它的位置似乎会与六个月后它出现的位置不同。(此处介词frm后跟where引导的宾语从句,frm与前面的形容词different一起构成短语be different frm“与不同”。)
    难点十、如何确定用关系代词还是关系副词
    选用关系副词还是关系代词,主要看定语从句的主体成分是否完整。如果主体成分完整就用关系副词(when, where, why),如果主体成分残缺,缺少主语、宾语、表语或者定语,则用关系代词 (that, which, wh, whm, whse, as)。也就是说先行词并不是确定关系词的惟一依据。如:
    This is the rm in which he used t live. = This is the rm (which / that) he used t live in. =This is the rm where he used t live.这是他过去居住过的房间。(live是不及物动词,跟宾语需要介词in表示“居住”才可以跟宾语,此时用关系代词that或which作宾语,也可以省去。如果不需要宾语则为不用带有介词,那么用关系副词。)
    I’ll never frget the days (that/ which) we spent tgether. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。(spend是及物动词,用关系代词that或which作宾语,也可以省去。)
    D yu still remember the days when/in which we wrked tgether? 你还记得我们在一起工作的日子吗?(wrk是不及物动词,用关系副词where作地点状语)
    He gave the reasn that / which was unreasnable. 他给出一个没道理的理由。(关系代词在定语从句中作主语)
    【考例】(2022年浙江1月)Kim Cbb, a prfessr at the Gergia Institute f Technlgy in Atlanta, is ne f a small but grwing minrity f academics __________ are cutting back n their air travel because f climate change.
    答案与解析:that/wh。考查定语从句。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语,应使用关系代词替代,故填that/wh。句意:亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cbb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员,因为气候变化,他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。
    【考例 】(2021.3 天津卷)At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands artists demnstrate their skills and teach the visitrs.
    A.where B.which C. that D. when
    答案与解析:A。考查定语从句。句意︰在中国艺术节上有不同的展台,在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。分析句子成分结构可知,stands作先行词,空格后的句子为定语从句来修饰stands ,从句中不缺主宾表,故选关系副词,先行词stands在从句中作地点状语,所以应用where。故选:A。
    【考例】 (2020年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷(山东卷))The 80,000 bjects cllected by Sir Hans Slane, fr example, frmed the cre cllectin f the British Museum _____ pened in 1759.
    答案与解析:考查定语从句。此处是限定性定语从句,先行词是the British Museum,虽然先行词是指地点的名词,但是关系词所指代的先行词在所引导的定语从句中做主语,应使用关系代词which/ that引导。故填which/that。句意:例如,汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
    【考例】(XXXX天津)---- Can yu believe I had t pay 30 dllars fr a haircut?
    ---- Yu shuld try the barber’s I g. It’s nly 15.
    A. as B. which C. where D. that
    答案与解析:C。题干的先行词the barber’s的意思是“理发店”,是指地点的名词,从句的g是不及物动词,所以不可以用关系代词,应该用关系副词。故选C。句意是:—你能相信我理一次发得花20美元吗?—你应该到我去的那家理发店试试,只需要15美元。
    【考例】(XXXX福建卷)Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely t be the nly planet_____ life has develped gradually.
    A. thatB. where C. which D. whse
    答案与解析:B。考查定语从句关系词。先行词为planet,表示地点,从句是“主语+不及物动词”,不需要宾语,用关系副词,再结合先行词是指地点的名词。故用where。有同学可能以为先行词被the nly修饰了,只用that不用which,但是要注意的是这里不是用关系代词,解题的第一步是分析句子,看看关系词在所引导的定语从句中到底做什么成分,然后再看先行词确定具体的关系词。句意是:史蒂芬·霍金认为,地球不太可能是唯一一个生命逐渐发展的星球。
    【考例】He was blwn ff curse and fund himself in an unknwn land, frm _______ he eventually reached Greenland.
    答案与解析:where。考查定语从句的“介词+关系副词”。分析句子发现前句有并列的谓语动词was blwn ff curse and fund,后句reached也是谓语动词,这样就是两个句子。再根据句子的逗号确定用连词才可以把句子连接起来。再看句子的意思知道该用定语从句,从frm的提示看出应该指frm there,there就是in an unknwn land,由于需要连词,所以用where代替there,即用frm where引导非限制性定语从句。故填where。句意是:他被吹离了航线,发现自己到了一个未知的地方,从那里他最终到达了格陵兰岛。
    再看下面一组对比解析:
    ①This is the factry______he visited when he was a junir middle schl student.
    ②This is the factry______he wrked when he was a junir middle schl student.
    ③This is the factry_____he wrked in when he was a junir middle schl student.
    ④This is the factry in______he wrked when he was a junir middle schl student.
    ⑤This is the very factry_____he visited when he was a junir middle schl student.
    【解析】
    (1)看先行词:分析复合句的成分,可知主句的主语为this, the(very)factry为先行词,指地点;
    (2)分析从句成分:
    第①题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语,故可填关系代词which/that,且口语中常可以省略;
    第②题定语从句中wrked为不及物动词,先行词在从句中作地点状语,故填关系副词where;
    第③题定语从句中wrked为不及物动词但其后有介词in,先行词在从句中作后置介词的宾语,故可填关系代词which/that且口语中可以省略;
    第④题定语从句中wrked为不及物动词但其前有介词in,先行词在从句中作前置介词的宾语,故只能填关系代词which且不可以省略;
    第⑤题定语从句中visited为及物动词且缺少宾语,同时兼顾先行词factry被the very修饰,故只可填关系代词that,且口语中可以省略。
    根据以上分析,答案分别为:①which/that ②where ③which/that ④which ⑤that
    难点十一、限制性定语从句中的间隔现象
    定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,但有时为了行文的需要,先行词和定语从句也会被同位语、状语、谓语、其它定语等成分分隔。即我们平时所说的分隔式定语从句,解此类试题,找准先行词是关键。
    A new master will cme tmrrw wh will teach yu German. 教我们德语的新老师明天就要来了。(wh引导定语从句的先行词是master)
    D yu remember ne afternn ten years ag when I came t yur huse and brrwed a diamnd necklace? 你还记得我到你家借项链十年前的一天下午么?(when引导定语从句的先行词是afternn)
    【考例】(2019年全国卷Ⅱ)Nw Irene Astbury wrks frm 9am t 5pm daily at the pet shp in Macclesfield,______ she pened with her late husband Les.
    答案与解析:which。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet shp,先行词与空白处的关系词被in Macclesfield隔开了,所填关系词在非限制性定语从句中作及物动词pened一词的宾语,引导非限制性定语从句不用that。故用which。句意是:现在艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天早上9点到下午5点在麦克尔斯菲尔德的宠物店里工作,这家店是她和已故丈夫莱斯一起开的。
    【考例】 (XXXX江苏) Because f the financial crisis, days are gne __________ lcal 5-star htels charged 6,000 yuan fr ne night.
    A. if B. when C. which D. since
    答案与解析:B。横线后面的内容是定语从句,与先行词days之间被谓语部分 are gne隔开,从句中主语和宾语都有,所以关系词作状语,用关系副词,先行词是指时间的名词days。故选B。句意是:由于经济危机,当地的五星级宾馆每晚要价高达6000元的日期一去不复返了。
    【考例】(XXXX浙江)I have reached a pint in my life ______ I am suppsed t make decisins f my wn.
    A. whichB. whereC. hw D. why (选B)
    答案与解析:B。考查定语从句的关系词的用法。根据题干提供的信息本题考查定语从句,先行词是pint"转折点",先行词pint与所填引导定语从句的关系词被in my life隔开,所填关系词在定语从句"I am suppsed t make decisins f my wn."中做状语,所以要用关系副词where引导。故选B。句意:我已经到了我人生的转折点上,(在这个阶段)我应该做出自己的决定。
    也可以用排除法解本题。先行词为a pint,把它放入定语从句I am suppsed t make decisins f my wn中,不能单独充当某一成分,不过可以加入介词at,构成状语at a pint,意思是“在一个阶段”,在定语从句中明显充当(引申的)地点状语,所以,关系词应该选用at which(即at a pint),或直接使用关系副词where。A项which代替a pint,必须在定语从句中直接充当成分,排除;C项hw不能用于引导定语从句,且从句也不缺少方式状语;D项why引导定语从句时,在从句中充当原因状语,都不符合该句句意要求,只有B符合。故选B。
    难点十二、关系代词as
    (一)as引导限制性定语从句
    1、当先行词被the same, such, as, s修饰时,通常用as引导限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语、补足语。如:
    (1) Our schl isn’t the same (ne) as it used t be. 我们的学校和过去不一样了。 (as在定语从句中作表语)
    (2) Such English as (English such as) is spken here is nt British. 这里说的那种英语不是英式英语。(as在定语从句中作主语)
    (3) As many peple as were present vted fr the plan. 在场的人都投票赞成这个计划。(as在定语从句中作主语)
    (4) Here is s big a stne as n ne can lift. 这里有一块大石头,没人能举起来。(as在定语从句中作宾语)
    (5) Electrns, as ne kind f small particles is called, revlve arund the nucleus. 电子,被称为一种小粒子,围绕着原子核旋转。(as在定语从句中作主语补足语)
    (6) The rating f ding wrk, r pwer as we call it, is measured in watts.做功的额定值,或我们所说的功率,是以瓦为单位来测量的。(as在定语从句中作宾语补足语)
    2、当the same与名词连用时,通常用 as引导定语从句,有时可代之以 that/wh;但是在way(方式)后面常用that/in which引导定语从句,此时that/ in which作状语,可省去。如:
    (7) I had the same difficulty (as/that) yu had last year.去年我遇到了和你一样的困难。
    (8) I went ut the same way (that/ in which) I’d gt in.我从进来的原路出去的。
    (9) She did up the buttns in such a way that ne at the bttm was nt dne up. 她用那样的方式扣钮扣,结果最下面的一个钮扣没有扣上。
    3、在使用the same…as结构时,还须注意以下几点:
    1) 当从句中省去谓语时,只能用as.如:
    (10)We use the same bk as yu.我们和你用的是同一本书。
    2) as在定语从句中作宾语时可以省去。见例(7).
    3) the same 和as连在一起,the same就是as的先行词。见例(1)
    4、such as连在一起使用时,可能会有四种情况:
    1) such充当as的先行词。如:
    (11)I dn't have many reference bks but I will send yu such as I have.
    我的参考书不多,但我愿把我手头有的那些寄给你。
    2) 先行词是处于such之前被such修饰的名词。见例(2).
    3) such as相当于like,用来列举事例。并且可以用逗号隔开,表示是句子的附加成分.如:
    (12)They bught a lt f fruits, such as ranges and lemns. 他们买了很多水果,比如橙子和柠檬。
    4) such as 一起引导限制性或非限制性定语从句,如果such修饰名词,则其结构又可以是“such+ a+ adj+名词+ as…或such+ adj+名词(复数或不可数)+ as…。如:
    (13)【考例】(上海XXXX春)These huses are sld at such a lw price ______ peple expected.
    A. like B. as C. that D. which (选B)
    答案与解析:B。考查定语从句。本句用一个定语从句修饰a lw price,从句中谓语动词expect是及物动词,缺宾语,因而要选关系代词,排除A项;由于先行词a lw price有such这一词,such和as可构成一固定结构;such…as…后面的as可作为关系代词引出一定语从句。句意:这些房子以人们所期望的那么低的价格出售。
    (14)Finally I left hme with a weight n my mind such as I had never had befre.
    最后,我带着从未有过的沉重心情离开了家。
    要注意与such…that…所引导的结果状语从句之间的区别,如果从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语,就说明所用的连词是关系代词,从而可以推断是定语从句,否则就视为状语从句。如:
    (15)He made such rapid prgress that befre lng he began t write articles in English fr an American newspaper. 他进步很快,不久就开始用英语为一家美国报纸写文章。(that后的句子很完整,因此that在从句中不作成分,这与其引导定语从句必作成份不同,此处所引导的是结果状语从句。)
    (二)as引导非限制性定语从句
    as 引导非限制性定语从句的位置比较活,可置于主句的前、中、后,其先行词是整个主句或主句的一部分。as在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,可以指人或物。as 有“正如,正像”之意,表示说话人的依据、态度、评论和看法。常用的结构有:as we all knw众所周知;正如我们所知; as is well knwn t…众所周知; as is ften the case情况常常如此,这是常有的事,通常就是这样; as is said/mentined abve如上所述/提到的; as has been said befre如前所述; as I tld yu befre就像我之前告诉你的; as is evident很明显; as ften happens正如经常发生的那样,如同经常发生那样,这种情况常常发生; as can be seen正如可以看到的那样,正如显而易见的那样; as is/was expected正如所料; as we expect正如我们所料; as is ften reprted正如经常报道的那样; as I can remember正如我所记得的等。
    【考例】(2023年全国甲卷)Yet, the frm f the fable still has values tday, _____ Rachel Carsn says in “A Fable fr Tmrrw.”
    答案与解析:考查定语从句。句意:然而,正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说,寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句,且有“正如”之意,用关系代词as引导。故填as。
    【考例】(上海 XXXX)____ is mentined abve , the number f the students in high schls is increasing.
    A. Which B. As C. That D. It
    答案与解析:B。考查非限制性定语从句。根据两个句子前后关系看出前一个是定语从句,根据逗号和句意看出是非限制性定语从句。备选项D不是连词,因此不可以连接句子;A项which引导的非限制性定语从句不可置于句首;C项that不可以引导非选择性定语从句。关系代词as引导定语从句有“正如”之意,在所引导的定语从句中作主语、宾语等成分。故选B。句意:如上所述,高中学生的数量正在增加。
    (17) Taiwan, as yu knw, is inseparable part f China. 如你所知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(宾语)
    (18) He seemed t be a freigner, as he in fact was. 他似乎是个外国人,事实上他也是。(表语)
    (三)as与which在非限制性定语从句中的区别
    关系代词as与which均可引导非限制性定语从句,在非限制性定语从句中as 与which都可以替代整个句子或句子一部分的含义,在所引导的从中充当主语、宾语、表语等。二者常可互换使用,但其主要区别如下:
    1.位置:在非限制性定语从中,which始终不能放在句首;而as引导非限制定语从句,可放在句首、句中或句尾,位置比较灵活多样。
    As is well-knwn t all, Zhng Nanshan is a her fighting against Cvid-19.
    众所周知,钟南山是抗击疫情的英雄。
    Zhng Nanshan, as is well-knwn t all, is a her fighting against Cvid-19.
    Zhng Nanshan is a her fighting against Cvid-19, as is well-knwn t all.
    钟南山是抗击新冠肺炎疫情的英雄,这是众所周知的。
    2.含义:which既可代指先行词,又可代指整个主句的内容。相当于“and this” r “ and that”,可以翻译为“这一点”。as 则只能代替整个句子的意思。经常翻译为“正如…..那样”,且已形成固定的结构:as is knwn, as is said, as is reprted, as is ften the case(常有的事情,后常跟with), as is expected. 。如:
    The huse, which was built 10 years ag, still lks very new. (先行词是the huse)
    The huse built 10 years ag still lks very new, which is amazing. (先行词代指整个主句的内容)
    Bamb is hllw inside, which makes it very light. 竹子内部是中空的,这使得它很轻。(先行词代指整个主句的内容,非限制性定语从句表示结果,用which不用as)
    【考例】(XXXX上海高考春招)______ has been annunced, we shall have ur final exam next mnth.
    That B. As C. It D. What
    答案与解析:B。考查非限制性定语从句。这是as引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是后面的整个句子,关系代词as指代后面的主句的内容,在定语从句中as作主语,意思是“正如”,选A。句意:正如宣布的那样,下个月我们要举行期末考试。
    【考例】(江苏XXXX) _______ is ften the case, we have wrked ut the prductin plan.
    A. Which B. When C. What *D. As
    答案与解析:A。考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,逗号之前是非限制性定语从句,逗号之后是主句,从句中关系代词"as"作主语,意为"正如",固定短语"as is ften the case",通常情况如此。句意:正如通常情况,我们研究出了生产计划。故选A。解答此类题目首先要分析句子结构,非限制性定语从句中逗号是一个明显的标志,然后分析非限制性定语从句中的成分,如果缺成分用关系代词,如果不缺成分用关系副词。
    3.句式:(1)从句式上来说,as引导的非限制性定语从句通常表示肯定意义,而不表示否定意义,对主句起补充、辅助作用,不可与主句的意义相悖,as只能用于肯定句,表示意料之中的,which则不受此限制,可用于肯定句或者否定句,用于否定句表示出乎意外的。(2)在“主+谓+宾+补”结构的非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语时,通常用which而不用as。如:
    He failed the exam, as/which we have expected. 如我们所料,他考试不及格。(as和which均可)
    He failed the exam, which we hadn’t expected. 他考试不及格,这是我们没有预料到的。(不用as)
    Mummy treats me like a baby, which I can ’t bear. 妈妈把我当婴儿对待,我无法忍受。 (不用as)
    She married again, which was unexpected. 她又结婚了,这是出乎意料的。 (不用as)
    Last winter was very cld in Shanghai, which peple fund unusual.(which在“主+谓+宾+补”结构中作宾语)
    【考例】(天津XXXX)Helen was much kinder t her yungest sn than t the thers, _______, f curse, made the thers envy him.
    A. wh B. that C. what D. which
    答案与解析D。首先将f curse 这种插入语还有其左右两个逗号都去掉,由于thers后有一个逗号,觉得了这个定语从句只能是非限制性定语从句,能引导非限制性的有wh和which,现在就要搞清楚这个引导词究竟是指人还是指物(或事情),结合句意,让其他的人嫉妒的是人还是事呢? 明显是一件事:海伦对幼子要远远好于对其他人.在这which指代了前面整个句子, 整件事。另外也可以看出which所在的定语从句是“主+谓+宾+补”结构。句意:海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他人仁慈得多,当然,这让其他的儿子嫉妒。
    4.与介词关系:as 前面不得有介词,即不用于“介词+关系代词”结构,而which可以。
    It happened that the plant dwntwn needed eight kids fr temprary help during ur spring break, fr which I had n plans beynd listening t my favrite recrds.
    碰巧市中心的工厂在春假期间需要8个孩子来临时帮忙,而我在这期间除了听自己喜欢的唱片之外,没有别的计划。
    As is advertised, there will be varius Chinese paper-cutting n exhibitin, and whever present will be given a wrk f a paper-cutting as a gift.
    正如广告上所说,将会有各种各样的中国剪纸作品参与展出,到场参加的人都会得到一份剪纸作品作为礼物。
    5. 省略:as 后的be 动词可省略。as 引导的非限制性定语从句中be动词是否需要省略决定于谓语动词的时态。如果是一般现在时或一般过去时通常可以省略,成为“as + 过去分词”结构。如果是其他时态或与含有情态动词时, be不可省略的。如:
    As (was) scheduled, we went separately. 按照计划,我们分开去了。
    As (is) illustrated abve, this means that the screen can shw mre clrs and shw them mre accurately.
    如上所述,这意味着屏幕可以显示更多颜色,并更准确地显示它们。
    Gases, as (is) knwn t all, expand mre rapidly than slid when they are heated. 众所周知,气体受热时比固体膨胀得快。
    As might be expected, the respnse t the questin was very mixed. 正如预料的那样,对这个问题的回答非常复杂。(有情态动词,不可以用省略。)
    Jhn gt beaten in the game, as had been expected. 正如所预料的那样,约翰在比赛中输了。(不是一般过去时,用的是过去完成时,不可以用省略。)
    难点十三、关系代词和人称代词、指示代词
    到底是选用关系代词还是人称代词或指示代词关键是分清句子结构。如果是非限制性定语从句(两句之间用逗号隔开,且无连词),用关系代词,如果是并列句(全句中有连词,两句中间为句号或分号),用人称代词或指示代词。关键所在:看句子是否有连词。如:
    Mr. Green wh is an architect, has three sns, nne f whm is an architect.
    格林先生是建筑师,他有三个儿子,没有一个是建筑师。
    His clleague, Mr. Smith has three sns t, and all f them are architects.(=His clleague, Mr. Smith has three sns t. All f them are architects.)
    他的同事史密斯先生也有三个儿子,他们都是建筑师。
    【考例】 (京皖春招XXXX) Jhn said he’d been wrking in the ffice fr an hur, _______ was true.
    A. he B. this C. which D. wh
    答案与解析:C。考查非限制性定语从句:which引导非限制性定语从句指代Jhn已经在办公室工作了一小时这件事情。 选C。句意:Jhn已经在办公室工作了一小时了,这件事是真的。
    【考例】(上海春招XXXX)________ has been annunced, we shall have ur final exams next mnth.
    A. That B. As C. It D. What
    答案与解析:B。本题考查非限制性定语从句。由题中的“,”可知所填的词应是连词才可以把两个句子连接起来,排除C;what引导的是名词性从句,排除D;that不可以引导非限制性定语从句,所以选B,关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句,修饰后面整个句子。句意是:正如已宣布的那样,我们下个月将进行期末考试。
    【考例】 (NMETXXXX) ______ is knwn t everybdy, the mn travels rund the earth nce every mnth.
    A. It B. As C. That D. What
    答案与解析:B。本题考查引导的非限制性定语从句。分析句子的结构看出是一个复合句,需要连词连接句子,it不是连词要排除,that作为指示代词也不可以,但是看作是关系代词又不可以引导非限制性定语从句,也应该排除。what不引导定语从句,这样就只有关系代词as。故选B。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句,且可以置于句首,关系代词as代指后面整个句子。句意是:众所周知,月球每个月绕地球运行一次。
    练习:
    1.There are 52 students in the classrm, mst f them are wrking carefully n their exercises.(改错1处)
    2.Many peple crwed int the shpping mall, many f _______ are wmen.
    3.They were all there, _____ nne f them tried t help him ut.
    答案:1.them--whm或mst前加and或去掉are(独立主格结构)
    2. whm 3.but
    附:品英语谚语 学定语从句
    He wh has a mind t beat his dg will easily find his stick.
    欲加之罪,何患无辞。
    2.The fire which lights us at a distance will burn us when near.
    火在远处是明灯, 火在近处烧灼人。
    Everything is ready, and all that we need is an east wind.
    万事俱备,只欠东风。
    He wh plays with fire gets burned.
    玩火者必自焚。
    He that serves Gd fr mney will serve the devil fr better wages.
    为金钱侍奉上当的人,必然会为更多的钱去替魔鬼效劳。
    Gd helps thse wh help themselves.
    自助者天助。
    Nthing in the wrld is difficult fr ne wh sets his mind t it.
    世上无难事,只怕有心人。
    He that has been bitten by a serpent is afraid f rpe.
    一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
    He wh desn’t play fr the future will find truble at his drstep.
    常将有日思无日,莫到无时思有时。
    Thse wh submit will prsper, thse wh resist shall perish.
    顺我者昌,逆我着亡。
    He wh laughs best laughs last.
    最后笑的人笑得最好(谁笑在最后,谁笑得最好)(别高兴得太早)
    He wh laughs at crked men shuld need t walk very straight.
    要笑别人驼,自己就得挺起胸膛走路。
    He that respects nt is nt respected.
    不尊重别人者,也不会被别人尊重。
    He that eats the king’s gse shall be chked with the feathers.
    吃了别人的嘴软。
    There are nne s deaf as thse wh will nt hear.
    不肯听别人意见的人才是最聋的人。
    One wh never made a mistake never made anything.
    不犯错误的人必然一事无成。
    The mill cannt grind with water that is past.
    逝去的水不能再使磨轮转动。(机不可失,时不再来)
    He lives lng that lives well.
    活得好就是活得长。(生活有价值就是长寿)
    He wh wuld climb the ladder must begin at the bttm.
    千里之行始于足下。
    He that is ill t himself will be gd t nbdy.
    不能自爱,焉能爱人。
    They (peple) wh live in glass huses shuld nt thrw stnes.
    自己有缺点,就别说别人的坏话。
    They that reckn withut their hst are t reckn twice.
    店主不在便结帐,还得再结第二遍。
    One man may lead a hrse t water, but ten men cannt make him drink.
    一个人可以把马牵到河边,但是十人也无法逼它喝水。
    He that desires hnur is nt wrthy f hnur.
    想荣誉的人不值得尊重。
    参考词汇:
    1. devil 魔鬼,恶魔[C] 2. serpent n. 蛇(尤指大蛇、毒蛇)[C]
    submit vt.使服从,使屈服4. prsper adj. 适合的,恰当的
    5. resist vt. 抵抗,抗拒 6. crk vt. 使弯曲,使成钩形
    7. grind vt. 磨(碎);磨成 8. reckn vt. 计算, 认为,把...看作
    9. perish vi. 消灭;死去;暴卒
    【牛刀小试】用适当的关系副词填空。
    1. She is ging t live in Maca,_____ she has sme clse friends.
    2. The plice fficer asks him fr the reasn ______ he was late again.
    4. In Beijing, Nvember and December are the mnths _________ the weather is quite cld.
    5. Can yu think ut a situatin ______ this wrd can be used?
    6. Her illness has develped t the pint ______ nbdy can cure her.
    7. The days are gne frever ______ the Chinese peple used “freign il.
    8. It's abut a time ______ there were black slaves in Nrth America.
    9. Tday, we’ll discuss a number f cases beginners f English fail t use the language prperly.
    10. Each summer millins f Americans drive t the cuntryside ____ they find places t camp.
    参考答案:1. where 2. why 4. when 5. where 6. where 7. when 8. when 9. where 10. where
    【牛刀小试】在下列横线上填上适当的关系代词或“介词+关系代词”,使句子完整。每空一词。
    1. What is the reasn_____ (______) he raised?
    2. Wh's the man ______ ______ yu just shk hands?
    3. I was the nly persn in my ffice _______ was invited.
    4. She is the girl t ______ father I talked yesterday.
    5. This is the reasn ______ he gave his bss in the ffice.
    6. D yu still remember the day _____ _______(_____) we first met in Nantng?
    7. D yu knw the reasn _____ ______ (______ ) he refused t g t Mary’s birthday party.
    8. At night the sldiers gt t a small hill, at the ft _____ _______ std a farmhuse.
    9. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single persn _____ _______ she culd turn fr help.
    10. Last Sunday my aunt bught me a telescpe _____ ______ I culd study the sky.
    11. I was impressed by the way___ _____(____) she did it.
    12. Mr. Jnes, fr _______ I was wrking, was very generus abut vertime payments.
    13. English is a useful tl in ______ I can cmmunicate with freign friends.
    Keys:
    1. that/which 2. with whm 3. wh 4. whse
    5. which/that 6. n which/when 7. fr which/why 8. f which
    9. t whm 10. thrugh which 11. in which/that 12. whm
    13. which
    二、用“介词+关系词”完成下列句子。
    1. There was n special reasn _____(我想干这个活).
    2.I shall never frget thse years _______(我跟她生活的).
    3. This is a hall _______(医学会议将在此召开).
    4. I wanted t find smene ________(找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的).
    5. I have five English dictinaries _______(其中最好的是朗文词典).
    二、1. fr which I wanted t take the jb 2. in which / during which I lived with her
    3. in which the medical cnference will be held 4. with whm I culd discuss bks and music
    5. f which Lngman Dictinary is the best
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