高三英语高考阅读理解细节理解题解题技巧3

这是一份高三英语高考阅读理解细节理解题解题技巧3，共10页。试卷主要包含了题型特点与命题方式，解题思路与应试技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。

尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。
一、题型特点与命题方式
所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用wh, what, when, where, why和hw等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：
When / Where did the stry happen?
Which f the fllwing statements is (nt) crrect?
Which f the fllwing statements is (nt) mentined in the passage?
Which is the right rder f the events given in the passage?
All the statements are true except…
该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。
二、解题思路与应试技巧
细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。
通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：
1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。
2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。
3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。
4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。
干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：
1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。
2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。
3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。
4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。
5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。
下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。
1、直接信息题
对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。
【考例】
（2009湖南卷，B篇）61. Hw lng des it take the battery t charge up an iPhne?
A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hurs.D. 3 hurs.
【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词Hw lng，charge up，iPhne，由第一段第一句Just plug RichardSl 1800 int yur iPhne nce r twice a day, fr fifteen minutes, and keep yur iPhne charged up.可以得出答案为A。
（2009陕西卷，B篇）46. Edmnds entered the wrld f plitics first as ________.
A. news secretary fr a cngressman
B. a speechwriter fr President Clintn
C. news secretary in the White Huse
D. a speechwriter fr Secretary Dnna Shalala
【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词the wrld f plitics，在第三段第二句话找到相关信息：He jined the wrld f plitics as news secretary fr his cngressman （国会议员） frm Baltimre During Bill Clintn’s presidency… 因此答案为A。
2、间接信息题
做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。
【考例】
（2009山东卷，A篇）57. Which f the fllwing is true f the Hatches?
A. They had their children during the Great Depressin.
B. They left the family farm t live in an ld huse.
C. They gave away their pssessins t their neighbrs.
D. They helped their neighbrs t find jbs.
【解析】C。间接信息题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(Children f the Great Depressin, Ish and Arlene were knwn fr their habit f saving.)，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但未提及帮助他们找工作，D项错误。C项说Hatch 夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们，符合文意。
3、数字计算题
数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
【考例】
（2009福建卷，B篇）61. The freign drivers wh break the traffic law and d nt pay n the spt are likely t be fined up t _______.
A. ￡60 B. ￡300 C. ￡900 D. ￡980
【解析】D。依据文章第一段可知，这种罚款可高达900英镑(Freign drivers will have t pay n-the-spt fines f up t ￡900 fr breaking the traffic law t be carried ut next mnth.)，再依据第二段If they d nt have enugh cash r a wrking credit card, their vehicles will be clamped（扣留）until they pay — and they will face an additinal fee f ￡80 fr getting back their vehicles.可知本题选D，即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+ 80=980英镑。
4、排列顺序题
这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
【考例】
（2009湖北卷，D篇）64. Which rder f steps is fllwed in carrying ut the prject?
A. Assessment — Prttype — Design — Cnstructin.
B. Assessment — Design — Prttype — Cnstructin.
C. Design — Assessment — Prttype — Cnstructin.
D. Design — Prttype — Assessment — Cnstructin.
【解析】D。请看文章第二段：
Gerner manages schl facilities（设施） fr Clark Cunty, Nevada, a district rughly the size f Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additinal students will enter the already crwded public-educatin system. Gerner needs 73 new schls t huse them. Fur architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary schl prttypes（样品）; they plan t cnstruct their schls starting in 2009. The district will then assess hw well the schls perfrm, and three winners will cpy thse designs in 50 t 70 new buildings.
根据第二段的描述，工程的实施应按照“设计—提供样品—评估—建设”的程序。其它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。
（2008福建卷，A篇）59. What’s the right rder f the events related t Tanni?
a. She wrks as a cach.
b. She tk up athletics.
c. She wn fur gld medals in Barcelna.
d. She cmpeted in her first Paralympic Games.
e. She achieved a victry in her first Lndn Wheelchair Marathn.
A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, e
C. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c
【解析】A。排列顺序题。本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序。观察文章的2～6段，注意几个表示时间的词（组）：1984，1988，1992，in the same year，2007，可帮助考生迅速找到答案。
5、图表图画题
在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。
【考例】
（2009安徽卷，D篇）71. The chart shws that frm 2005 t 2008, ________.
A. the percentage f the Spanish families with a cmputer rse 35 pints
B. the percentage f the White families with a cmputer remained unchanged
C. the number f the Black families with a cmputer was n the decrease
D. the number f the Asian families with a cmputer shwed the sharpest increase
【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图：
由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故D项正确。
（2007江苏卷，C篇）65. The package fee des NOT cver the cst f _______.
【解析】A。所给的四幅图画分别代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游览”和“餐饮”。根据文章中“All Fee’s Included. N Hidden Cst.”可知这次游览的费用都包含在“Package Fee”里面，没有其它暗含的费用。但是由于这是一个总共5.7小时的游览，下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日落（in time fr dinner and sunset）可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的费用不包含在整个费用之内。
巩固练习：
（1）
Mst peple wh enjy mvies d nt really care hw they are made. They just want t enjy a gd stry. Mvie prducer and directr Gerge Lucas wants peple t see the best made mvies. S, his latest mvie Star Wars was made withut using film.
Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera des nt use traditinal film. It captures images n videtape. The images recrded n videtape are the placed in a cmputer.
Gerge Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him t have much mre cntrl ver the final prduct. Fr example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a cmputer. An expert can change clr, add r take ut bjects, add peple r beings wh are nt real. Much f what is seen in the new mvie Star Wars is nt real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings frm ther wrlds were prduced in a cmputer.
Mvie experts say digital technlgy is the real future f the mtin picture industry. A theater will n lnger have t wait days r weeks t shw a new mvie. Theaters will be able t receive cpies f new mvies by linking cmputers. Or they will use small cmputer disks t get a cpy f the mvie.
When the new mvie Star Wars was released last mnth, nly 94 theaters arund the wrld had the digital equipment needed t shw it. S Mr. Lucas’ cmpany prduced abut 6,000 cpies f the new digital mvie n traditinal film fr release in mst theaters. Hwever, mst peple wh have seen the mvie say these film cpies are f much better quality than ther filmed mvies.
Critics say the new digital technlgy is very cstly. Many theater wners will nt buy the new technlgy, yet many f the peple wh wrked n the new mvie Star Wars say they wuld nt like t wrk with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videtape is much less cstly than film. One cameraman said the directr f a mvie can immediately see what was just recrded, smething impssible t d with film.
1. Accrding t Gerge Lucas, what makes the best made mvies pssible?
A. A gd stry.B. Film.C. Digital cameras.D. Videtape.
2. Which is NOT true fr the real future f the mtin picture industry, accrding t mvie experts?
A. Linking cmputers fr cpies f new mvies.
B. Shwing filmed mvies in theaters.
C. Using small cmputer disks t get a cpy f the mvie.
D. Having the digital equipment needed t shw the mvie.
3. Accrding t the passage, which is true abut the new mvie Star Wars?
A. There are abut 6,000 cpies f the new digital mvie.
B. It has been shwn in nly 94 theaters arund the wrld.
C. It is the best amng filmed mvies.
D. It is the prduct f the new digital technlgy.
4. Which f the fllwing is NOT the advantages f the new digital mvie?
A. The directr can have the bjects and peple added r taken ut.
B. It will be mre cnvenient fr theaters t get such kind f new mvies.
C. Peple all agree that the new digital mvies are less cstly than the filmed mvies.
D. The directr can mnitr the recrding and check what was recrded just nw.
（2）
As the US wakes up t China’s rising status as an ecnmic and strategic cmpetitr, US parents are urging their children t learn Chinese, reprts Julian Brger.
The US is being swept by a rush t learn Mandarin—frm wealthy New Yrk mthers hiring Chinese nannies（保姆）fr their small children t a defence department educatin prject in Oregn.
The frces driving Mandarin’s mmentum（势头）are parental ambitin fr children facing a future in which China is almst certain t be a majr player, and the gvernment is wrried abut that America may get left behind in that new wrld.
The bttleneck is the supply f teachers. Mandarin instructrs are difficult t imprt and difficult t train. There are visa prblems in bringing ver teachers frm China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally dne by rte and the change t western, interactive styles f instructin can be a large leap.
On the ther hand, it requires enrmus firmness fr westerners t learn a language like Chinese, with its thusands f written characters. Accrding t the Asia Sciety in New Yrk, all f America’s teacher-training institutins turn ut nly a cuple f dzen hmegrwn Mandarin teachers.
One way t ease the shrtage is t find native Mandarin speakers and use fast-track methds t train them. Hwever, the majrity f Chinese-Americans grew up speaking Cantnese, the dialect spken in Hng Kng, where their parents came frm. Many are themselves signing n as Mandarin students at the private language schls springing up n the west cast.
1. Why are US parents s eager t make their children learn Mandarin?
A. They are urged by the gvernment t d s.
B. They are afraid t be left behind by ther parents.
C. They believe China will play a majr rle in the future wrld.
D. They are just carried away by Mandarin’s mmentum.
2. The underlined wrd “rte” in the 4th paragraph prbably refers t a teaching pattern which .
A. fcuses n memry wrk
B. allws the students t think independently
C. is centered n interactive skills
D. puts much emphasis n examinatins
3. What is the main prblem in the Mandarin’s mmentum in the US?
A. The lack f qualified teachers.
B. The cultural barrier between the east and west.
C. The Americans’ lack f firmness.
D. The many written Chinese characters.
（3）
Abut The New Yrker:
The New Yrker is the eclectic magazine fr readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture. The New Yrker includes articles n dmestic and internatinal news, explring current ideas and trends, plus sprts, fashin, and entertainment events. In additin, The New Yrker is well knwn fr publishing utstanding shrt fictin and cartns with an irnic twist.
Abut Playby:
Playby is a magazine f literature, plitical thught, sprts, cmmentary and humr. Althugh Playby is mst well knwn fr its pictrials f beautiful wmen, it is als highly regarded fr its interviews and fictin writing. Playby includes regular feature articles n finance, sprts, entertainment, self-imprvement, technlgy, and psychlgy. Yu must be 18 r lder t rder Playby.
Abut Nickelden:
Nickelden is filled with wnderful entertainment fr children. It is whlesme, imaginative, and truly frm a child’s pint f view. Nickelden sees the wrld frm yur child’s perspective, where it’s fun t laugh－t think－t d－t learn. Share the award-winning entertainment and humr magazine frm Nickelden with yur kids.
Abut Lucky:
Lucky is the ultimate shpping magazine with the best lks, the best buys, and the best trends befre they hit the stres. But what makes really unique is all the detailed infrmatin yu’ll get n hw t purchase the merchandise yu’ll find. Lucky prvides yu with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and mre t make yur shpping experience easy and cnvenient! Lucky is yur ne-stp shpping guide t all the greatest new prducts n the market. What’s mre, it prvides wnderful entertainment fr wmen.
1. Which magazine gives buyers the largest price advantage in percentage?
A. The New Yrker B. Playby C. NickeldenD. Lucky
2. If yu are a husewife, which magazine will yu prbably buy?
A. The New Yrker B. Playby C. NickeldenD. Lucky
3. If yu are asked t chse a magazine fr a little by, which ne d yu think is suitable?
A. The New Yrker B. Playby C. NickeldenD. Lucky
4. What infrmatin is cntained in all the fur magazines?
A. Sprts B. News C. Entertainment D. Trends
5. Fr each issue, which magazine is the cheapest accrding t the advertisement?
A. The New Yrker B. Playby C. NickeldenD. Lucky
（4）
Happiness pays ff, studies shw.
Psychlgists seeking the real secrets f happiness reprt that very happy peple tend t be mre extrverted and agreeable than less happy peple.
“Our findings suggest that very happy peple have rich and satisfying scial relatinships and spend little time alne relative t average peple,” write psychlgists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the jurnal Psychlgical Science.
Slid scial relatinships d nt prmise happiness, but they are an imprtant cntributing factr. The very happy peple whm the authrs studied all said they had gd quality scial relatinships. Hwever, the authrs write, there is n single key t high happiness. “High happiness seems t be like beautiful symphnic（交响乐）music—including many instruments, withut any ne being enugh fr the beautiful quality.”
Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主观的) well-being” ―in ther wrds, the persn evaluates（评估）his r her wn quality f life. The questin t ask is, “Is my life ging well，accrding t the standards I chse t use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that persn is judged t be happy.
Because peple evaluate their lives based n happiness，“subjective well-being is very imprtant. Thugh necessary, it is nt enugh fr having a gd life. Subjective well-being “seems quite necessary fr the gd sciety, althugh it is nt enugh fr that sciety because there are ther things we als value and wuld want in such a place,” says Diener.
Can subjective well-being be measured scientifically? Diener pints ut three parts cntributing t happiness: pleasant emtins and mds, lack f negative emtins and mds, and satisfactin judgment, t which ther factrs—including cheerfulness and feelings f fulfillment—may be added.
There is n magic frmula（公式）fr happiness. Diener suggests steps yu can take t ensure yu are as happy as yu can be. Surrunding yurself with gd friends and family—peple wh care abut yu and whm yu care abut — is a start. Jining in activities yu enjy and value is als imprtant; whether it’s wrk r play, keeping busy in an envirnment enjyable t yu will cntribute much t yur subjective well-being. In additin, a healthy utlk is necessary.
1. The underlined wrd “extrverted” prbably means______.
A. pleasant and scial B. hard-wrking and active
C. careful and shy D. warm-hearted and helpful
2. Happiness and symphnic music are cmmn in that __________.
A. they are bth smething beautiful
B. they bth make peple feel pleased
C. they bth depend n mre than ne factr
D. they are bth hard t achieve
3. Accrding t Diener, a persn can be judged t be happy when he ______.
A. has rich scial relatinships
B. spends mre time with ther peple
C. lives a quality life
D. thinks his life is ging well accrding t the standards he chses t use
4. Which f the fllwing des nt belng t cmpnents cntributing t happiness?
A. Pleasant mds. B. Negative emtins.
C. Satisfactin judgment. D. Feelings f fulfillment.
答案与解析：
（1）
1. C。直接信息题。根据第一、二段内容可知，拍摄一部优秀电影的关键是数码摄象机。
2. B。间接信息题。根据文章内容，其它三项都是未来采用数码摄象机后可能会出现的情况，B项仍然是传统模式。
3. D。综合信息题。A项“偷换概念”，原文中说的6，000份是把Star Wars翻制成普通胶片电影；B项中说只在全世界94家影院放映也犯了“偷换概念”的错误，原文中说世界上只有94家影院有放映数字电影的设备，但接着又说生产了6，000份普通胶片的电影供更多的影院放映。C项“无中生有”，原文中并没有提到；D项符合原文信息。
4.C。综合信息题。只有C项与原文不符，对数字化电影的花费问题有两种不同的声音，反对者认为这种新技术费用昂贵。
（2）
1. C。直接信息题。从文章第三段“parental ambitin fr children facing a future in which China is almst certain t be a majr player”可得出答案。
2. A。词义猜测题。从文章第四段西方互动教学方式与东方教学方式的对比关系中可得到答案，西方注重师生互动，东方注重记忆。故选A。
3. A。直接信息题。从文章第四段第一句话The bttleneck is the supply f teachers.可得到答案。
（3）
1. B。数字计算题。通过计算可知，Playby这份杂志读者享受的折扣最大。
2. D。直接信息题。Lucky是一本关于购物的杂志，而且最后提到为妇女提供精彩的娱乐，因此最适合妇女阅读。
3. C。直接信息题。快速查寻Abut Nickelden 可知这是一本适合儿童阅读的杂志。
4. C。直接信息题。快速查寻四本杂志的广告可知都含有Entertainment方面的内容。
5. A。数字计算题。通过计算可知，The New Yrker每期仅1美元，是四种杂志中每期最便宜的杂志。
（4）
1. A。词义猜测题。从后面的agreeable（随和的）判断，此处词义为“外向的”，与A项最接近。
2. C。间接信息题。概括文章第四段可以得出答案：幸福和交响乐都不是单一成分组成的，而是取决于很多因素。
3. D。间接信息题。从文章第五段可得出答案：幸福是一个人的一种感觉，以自己选择的标准来衡量自己是否幸福。
4. B。间接信息题。从文章倒数第二段可知，不能构成幸福的显然是“消极情绪”。
The New Yrker
1 Year, 46 Issues
Cver Price: $194.70
Yur Price: $46.00
Playby
1 Year, 12 Issues
Cver Price: $72.88
Yur Price: $15.96
Nickelden
1 Year, 10 Issues
Cver Price: $39.90
Yur Price: $19.97
Lucky
1 Year, 12 Issues
Cver Price: $35.40
Yur Price: $15.00