高三英语高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧4

这是一份高三英语高考阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧4，共8页。试卷主要包含了题型特点与命题方式，解题思路与应试技巧等内容，欢迎下载使用。

主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。
一、题型特点与命题方式
【设题类型】
1、概括文章大意；
2、选出最佳题目（标题）；
3、概括人物特点。
【设问形式】
1、标题类常见的标题型题干：
1) The best title / headline fr this passage might be_____________.
2) The text (passage) culd be entitled ______________.
3) What is the best title fr the passage?
4) Which f the fllwing wuld be suitable as a title fr the passage?
2、大意类常见的主题型题干：
1) This passage chiefly deals with ____________.
2) What’s the tpic f the article?
3) What is the subject discussed in the text?
4) With what tpic is the passage chiefly cncerned?
【命题趋势】
考查考生对文章的主题、标题、中心思想的理解程度及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。常见题型为最佳标题（title）或中心思想（main idea）等。主题思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主题思想，是考生阅读能力最主要的体现。高考中阅读理解的测试，自然也以此作为检验考生阅读理解能力最重要的标准。要准确地抓住文章的主题思想，就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文，看作者主要谈的是什么，透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题，再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项，从局部看也许不算错，但从全局看却又片面。这类干扰项与正确答案之差，其实是局部与全局之差。考生在做题时不要为局部现象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整体思想。
二、解题思路与应试技巧
做这类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。把各个段落的主题句联系起来着眼于全文结构安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。命题者在出这类题时，常常利用生活常识编造干扰项，把文中的细节当主旨，利用局部信息编造干扰项，编制超出文章范围的标题或不能涵盖文章中心意义的标题来考查考生的理解程度，考生要特别留意。
下面结合高考试题，谈谈标题类和大意类主旨大意题的解题技巧。
1、标题类
标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼，拟定出段落的标题。在测试中能够迅速而准确地选择标题。
文章标题可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章讨论的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。它的特点是：短小精悍，多为一短语；涵盖性强，一般要求能覆盖全文，其确定的范围要恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小；精确性强，不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
【考例】
(2009全国卷I，A篇) 59. What can be the best title fr the text?
A. A Mther’s Lve B. A Brave Act
C. A Deadly River D. A Matter f Life and Death
【解析】A。整篇文章叙述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施来进行保护小牛， 体现了浓浓的母爱。文章最后一段点题：While I was wndering what I culd d next, I heard the sund f a mther’s lve.
(2009天津卷，D篇) 55. What wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Drinking fr Better Scial Relatinships
B. Experiments f Persnality Evaluatin
C. Develping Better Drinking Habits
D. Physical Sensatins and Emtins
【解析】D。本文第一段中“The physical sensatin（感觉） f warmth encurages emtinal warmth, while a cld drink in hand prevents yu frm making unwise decisins—thse are the practical lessn being drawn frm recent research by psychlgist Jhn A. Bargh.”就已点明本文的主题思想：身体对温度的感觉与情绪有关。
(2009湖北卷，C篇) 62. Which wuld be the best title fr the passage?
A. Timex r Rlex? B. My Childhd Timex
C. Watches? Nt fr Me! D. Watches — a Valuable Cllectin
【解析】C。文章通篇讲述在现代许多移动设备都能报时的前提下，还花费很多钱购买名表究竟是否合适，因此选择C“手表？我不要！”为标题较为形象生动，也很贴切。A“天美时还是劳力士”，B“我的孩童时代的天美时”，D“手表——昂贵的选择”都不符合文章主题。
2、大意类
解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。
通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:
概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词。) 。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如but, yet, hwever, althugh, in spite f, by cntrast, n the cntrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
【考例】
(2009北京卷，D篇) 71. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Music educatin deserves mre attentin.
B. Music shuld be f tp educatin pririty.
C. Music is an effective cmmunicatin tl.
D. Music educatin makes students mre imaginative.
【解析】A。文章第一段引出话题：When students and parents are asked t rate subjects accrding t their imprtance, the arts are unavidably at the bttm f the list. Music is nice, peple seem t say, but nt imprtant. T ften it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly nt an educatin pririty（优先）. This view is shrtsighted. In fact, music educatin is beneficial and imprtant fr all students. 表明人们对音乐不重视，然后作者从不同方面来论证自己的观点：音乐应该得到人们更多的关注。
(2009湖北卷，E篇) 70. What is the main idea f the passage?
A. Our life is gverned by the law f time.
B. Hw t rganize time is nt wrth debating.
C. New ways f using time change ur sciety.
D. Our time schedule is decided by scial custms.
【解析】A。文章通过论述现代社会人们对工作与休息时间的界限比较模糊，旨在说明我们的生活受到时间法则的约束，法律约束着我们对学习、工作与休息时间的安排，因此选择A“我们的生活由时间规律掌控”符合文章主题。B“怎样安排时间不值得讨论”，C“利用时间的新方法改变了我们社会”，D“我们的时间日程由社会习惯决定”都不合文章主题或表达不正确。
(2009山东卷，D篇) 75. What’s the main idea f the text?
A. Universities have received mre applicatins.
B. Ecnmics is attracting an increasing number f students
C. Cllege students benefit a lt frm ecnmic uncertainty
D. Parents are cncerned with children’s subject selectin.
【解析】B。通读全文可知，由于全球金融危机的蔓延，不仅选择经济学专业的学生数量增加了，还有很多非经济学专业的学生也参加经济学方面的讲座，并且有多达三分之二的父母也要求学校教授学生经济学方面的知识。因此，整篇文章主要讲的是经济学对学生的吸引力。
(2009四川卷，E篇) 60. What des the authr mainly discuss in the text?
A. Technlgy B. Sustainability
C. Ethanl energy D. Envirnmental prtectin
【解析】B。文章从玉米制造乙醇的行为入手，说这样的“可持续发展”会引起其他方面的问题，是不实际的。因此文章的话题是Sustainability“可持续性发展”。
巩固练习：
（1）
When we talk abut intelligence, we d nt mean the ability t get gd scres in certain kinds f tests r even the ability t d well in schl. By intelligence we mean a way f living and behaving, especially in a new r anxius situatin. If we want t test intelligence, we need t find ut hw a persn acts instead f hw much he knws what t d.
Fr example, when in a new situatin, an intelligent persn thinks abut the situatin, nt abut himself r what might happen t him. He tries t find ut all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries t d smething abut it. He prbably isn’t sure hw it will all wrk ut, but at least he tries. And, if he can’t make things wrk ut right, he desn’t feel ashamed that he fails; he just tries t learn frm his mistakes. An intelligent persn, even if he is very yung, has a special utlk(人生观) n life, special feeling abut life, and knws hw he fits int it.
If yu lk at children, yu’ll see great difference between what we call “bright” children and “nt bright” children. They are actually tw different kinds f peple, nt just the same kind with different amunts f intelligence. Fr example, the bright child really wants t find ut mre abut life — he tries t get in tuch with everything arund him. But the unintelligent child keeps mre t himself and his wn dream–wrld; he seems t have a wall between him and life in general.
1. Accrding t this passage, intelligence is the ability .
A. t behave immediately
B. t d well in schl
C. t deal with life
D. t knw what t d
2. In a new situatin, an intelligent persn .
A. knws mre abut what might happen t him
B. is sure f the result he will get
C. cncentrates n the situatin
D. cares mre abut himself
3. Accrding t the passage the biggest difference between “bright” children and “nt bright” children lies in .
A. the amunt f intelligence
B. the different situatins they face
C. the different attitudes t life
D. the backgrund f life
4. What’s the main idea f the passage?
A. What’s real meaning f intelligence?
B. What’s the “bright” children’s behavir?
C. What’s a special utlk n life?
D. Hw t live and behave in a new situatin?
5. In the next part f the passage, the authr might cntinue t talk abut .
A. hw t determine what intelligence is
B. hw educatin shuld be changed
C. hw t judge whether a persn is intelligent
D. hw an unintelligent persn shuld be taught
(2)
A chemical imprtant f brain develpment may play a rle in explaining why sme peple are genetically (由基因决定地) likely t suffer frm anxiety and culd lead t new treatments, U.S. researchers said.
They said highly anxius rats which were kept had very lw levels f a brain chemical called fibrblast grwth factr 2 r FGF2, cmpared with rats that were mre relaxed. But when they imprved the anxius rats’ living cnditins — giving them new tys t explre and a bigger cage t live in — levels f this brain chemical increased and they became less anxius.
“The levels f this brain chemical increased in respnse t the experiences that the rats were expsed t. It als decreased their anxiety”. Javier Perez f the University f Michigan said in a telephne interview. “It made them behave the same way as the rats that were relaxed”, he said.
In a frmer study f peple wh were severely depressed befre they died, the team fund the gene that makes FGF2 was prducing very lw levels f the grwth factr, which is knwn primarily fr rganizing the brain during develpment and repairing it after injury.
Perez thinks the brain chemical may be a marker fr genetic vulnerability (脆弱性) t anxiety and depressin. But it can als respnd t changes in the envirnment in a psitive way, pssibly by preserving new brain cells.
While bth the calm and anxius rats prduced the same number f new brain cells, these cells were less likely t survive in the high-anxiety rats, the team fund. Giving the rats better living cnditins r injecting them with FGF2 helped imprve cell survival.
“This discvery may pave the way fr new, mre specific treatments fr anxiety that will nt be based n sedatin(药物镇静), but will instead fight the real cause f the disease,” Dr. Pier Vincenz Piazza frm France said in a statement.
6. We knw frm the passage that with the levels f FGF2 decreasing, the rats will .
A. die f anxiety sn
B. suffer frm a headache
C. becme mre relaxed
D. becme mre anxius
7. What’s the better way t increase the levels f FGF2?
A. Intrducing mre cmpanins t the anxius rats.
B. Imprving the living cnditins f the anxius rats.
C. Injecting the anxius rats with sme special medicine.
D. Giving the anxius rats mre time t relax.
8. The underlined wrd “it” in Paragraph 4 refers t .
A. the team B. the gene
C. the grwth factr D. the brain
9. What’s the main influence f the new discvery?
A. Dctrs wn’t use any medicine t cure anxiety.
B. Dctrs may treat anxiety mre efficiently.
C. Dctrs will find the real cause f anxiety.
D. Dctrs may find new medicine fr anxiety.
10. Which f the fllwing wuld be the mst suitable title fr the passage?
A. Anxius rats and relaxed rats
B. Anxiety — a serius mental disease
C. Scientific research int the brain is imprtant
D. Brain chemical may play key rle in anxiety
(3)
The Earth’s axis(轴) is an imaginary line that runs thrugh the middle f the Earth frm the Nrth Ple t the Suth Ple. The axis f the earth is tilted (倾斜) abut 23.5 degrees. This tilt f the earth results in ur seasns.
In June, the Nrthern Hemisphere (半球) is tilted tward the sun, s the peple in the Nrthern Hemisphere have lnger and warmer days. The days are shrter and clder in the Suthern Hemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away frm the sun. The days start getting shrter in the Nrthern Hemisphere and lnger in the Suthern Hemisphere after abut June 21. This is the first day f summer in the Nrthern Hemisphere and the first day f winter in the suthern hemisphere. Daytime lasts exactly as lng as nighttime n the first day f autumn (abut September 21) and the first day f spring (abut March 21). The first day f winter in the Nrthern Hemisphere, usually December 21, is the shrtest day f the year in the Nrthern Hemisphere and the lngest day f the year in the Suthern Hemisphere.
The days are lnger in summer and shrter in winter the further yu mve frm the equatr. It’s generally dark n a summer night in Flrida by 8:30 p.m., but in Vermnt, there will still be sme light at 10:00 p.m. The situatin is reversed(相反的) in winter, where the sun will g dwn in Vermnt by 3:45 p.m. while there remains light in Flrida until 5:15 p.m.
Nrthern Alaska is called the “Land f the Midnight Sun” because it never gets dark during the summer mnths. That part f the Earth is facing the sun all day and all night. Antarctica never sees daylight during thse mnths. The situatin is reversed in December and January when nrthern Alaska never sees the sun while it cntinues t light the sky at night in Antarctica.
11. Which f the fllwing statements is NOT true?
A. The Earth’s axis des nt exist in reality.
B. The Earth’s axis is tilted abut 23.5 degrees.
C. The earth’s axis is east–west.
D. The tilt f the Earth causes seasns t take place.
12. Accrding t the secnd paragraph, we can knw that .
A. the Suthern Hemisphere is tilted away frm the sun in June
B. June 21 is the lngest day f a year in the Suthern Hemisphere
C. December 21 is the cldest day f a year in the Nrthern Hemisphere
D. there is nly ne day in a year when daytime lasts exactly as lng as nighttime
13. Accrding t the passage, we can infer that .
A. in the Nrthern Hemisphere, the mre nrthern, the lnger daytime in summer
B. in the Suthern Hemisphere, the mre nrthern, the shrter daytime in winter
C. Flrida is further t the equatr than Vermnt
D. In China, Changchun’s daytime in winter is lnger than that f Guangzhu
14. Nrthern Alaska gets the name “Land f the Midnight Sun” because ________.
A. it is always daytime during the summer mnths
B. it is lcated in the center f the Earth
C. it is lcated n the equatr f the Earth
D. nly at midnight can peple there see the sun
15. If we want t make science research in Antarctica, we may chse the fllwing mnths EXCEPT _______.
A. December B. January C. February D. June
16. What might be the mst suitable title fr the text?
A. Seasn and space B. The change f daytime
C. Land f the Midnight Sun D. Nrthern and Suthern Hemisphere
答案与解析：
(1)
1. C。细节理解题。A项中的immediately与原文的意思有出入；根据文章第一段第一句When we talk abut intelligence, we d nt mean the ability t get gd scres in certain kinds f tests r even the ability t d well in schl.可知，聪明并非意味着在某些考试中得高分或者在学校学习好，由此排除B项；由第一段最后一句可知D项不正确；由文章第一段第二句By intelligence we mean a way f living and behaving, especially in a new r anxius situatin.可知C项正确：聪明指的是处理生活中实际事物的能力。
2. C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句Fr example, when in a new situatin, an intelligent persn thinks abut the situatin, nt abut himself r what might happen t him.可知C项正确，且可以排除A、D两项；根据文章第二段第三句He prbably isn’t sure hw it will all wrk ut, but at least he tries.可排除B项。
3. C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后两句可知，聪明的孩子想真正了解生活，他努力接触身边的一切事物；而不聪明的孩子则脱离生活，让自己的生活限制在一个封闭和自我梦境的世界里。他们对待生活的态度是截然不同的，由此可推知C项正确。
4. A。主旨大意题。本文主要讲述了什么才是真正的聪明这一话题。故答案为A。B、C、D项过于片面。
5. D。推理判断题。文章已经探讨了聪明的含义以及什么样的人是聪明的，故排除A项、C项；文章的中心思想并未涉及教育问题，故排除B项；故D项（如何教导不聪明的人）很可能是作者接下来要讨论的话题。
（2）
6. D。细节理解题。从第二段可知，随着fibrblast grwth factr 2的减少，老鼠就会变得更加焦虑；如果FGF2增加的话，老鼠就会变得安静一些。故D项正确。
7. B。细节理解题。从第二、六段的介绍可知，改善老鼠的生活环境可以使焦虑的老鼠变得安静一些，故B项正确。
8. D。指代题。从第四段可知此处的it指代大脑，故答案为D。
9. B。推理判断题。从最后一段中This discvery may pave the way fr new, mre specific treatments fr anxiety that will nt be based n sedatin, but will instead fight the real cause f the disease可推知，这项实验为医生治疗焦虑症提供了更好更有效的办法，故选B项。
10. D。归纳标题题。本文主要介绍了科学家发现大脑里有一种化学物质对人类的焦虑有很大的影响，此发现对医生找到更好治疗焦虑症的方法很有帮助。故D项作标题符合文章主旨。
（3）
11. C。细节理解题。从第一段内容可以看出，A、B、D选项符合文章内容，从第一段的第一句话可以知道C选项与原文不符。故选C项。
12. A。细节理解题。从第二段The days are shrter and clder in the Suthern Hemisphere in June, because the Earth is tilted away frm the sun.可知A选项正确。B、C、D选项均与第二段中的内容不符。
13. A。推理判断题。根据第三段The days are lnger in summer and shrter in winter the further yu mve frm the equatr.可以推出在北半球越往北，夏天日长越长。故选A。
14. 细节理解题。根据最后一段Nrthern Alaska is called the “Land f the Midnight Sun” because it never gets dark during the summer mnths.可知A选项正确。
15. D。推理判断题。根据最后一段The situatin is reversed in December and January when nrthern Alaska never sees the sun while it cntinues t light the sky at night in Antarctica.可知在6月，南极出现夜长，昼短甚至极夜的状况。因此，6月去南极考查是不合适的。
16. A。归纳标题题。本文主要讲述了由于地球绕太阳公转而产生的四季变化，是讲述季节和空间的关系，故A选项最能体现全文的大意。
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