初中英语鲁教版（五四制）八年级上册Unit 1 Could you please clean your room知识点

这是一份初中英语鲁教版（五四制）八年级上册Unit 1 Could you please clean your room知识点，共6页。

八年级英语上册Unit 1知识点【Section A】一、重点单词及短语1.mess 杂乱；不整洁 n.[常用搭配]in a mess一团糟；make a mess弄得一团糟例：When I get home, the house was in a mess.我回到家时，房子里面一片狼藉。2.throw 扔；掷 v.过去式和过去分词分别是threw和thrown。例：I threw down my bag and went to the living room.我把书包扔下，去了客厅。[拓展]throw 的其他常见短语有：throw at…向……扔去 throw to…扔给…… throw away 扔掉3.pass 给；递 vt.pass sb.sth.= pass sth.to sb.把某物递给某人例：Could you please pass me the salt?请你把盐递给我可以吗？[拓展]①pass 经过 prep. pass sp.= go past sp.经过某地 ②pass 通过 v. 例：He passed the driving test.他通过了驾照考试。4.borrow 借；借用 vt.[常用搭配] borrow sth.from sb.向某人借某物例：Could I borrow that book?我能借那本书吗？Could I borrow 100yuan from you?我能向你借100元钱吗？ 5.lend 借给；借出 v.过去式和过去分词为lent和lent。[常用搭配]lend sb.sth.= lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人例：Could you lend me some money?你能借给我一些钱吗？[辨析]lend, borrow 与 keepu lend “借给；借出”，非延续性动词，强调主语把自己的东西借出去例：John lent his book to Mary last week.约翰上周把他的书借给了玛丽。u borrow “借进；借入”，非延续性动词，强调以主语为中心，主语从别人那里把东西借来例：Mary borrowed the book from John last week.玛丽上周接了约翰的书。u keep 由“保存”引申为“借”，延续性动词，可与短时间连用例：Mary may keep the book for two weeks.玛丽或许可以借书两周。6.hate 厌恶，讨厌 v.hate表示一种感情或心理状态，不能用于进行时，其反义词为 love/like。[拓展]① hate sb./ sth.不喜欢某人/某物例：I hate dogs.我不喜欢狗。② hate to do sth./ doing sth.厌恶做某事例：I enjoy cooking but I hate doing the dishes.我喜欢做饭但讨厌刷碗。7.while 与……同时；然而 conj.while引导时间状语从句，从句谓语动词需用延续性动词，强调主句的动作是在从句动作发生的过程中发生的，或者主从句的动作同时发生，一般持续时间较长。例：I’ll finish my homework while you help me with the dishes.在你帮我刷碗的时候我会完成我的家庭作业。[辨析]while 与 whenu while 从句谓语动词必须是延续性动词 从句通常要用进行时，如果主句和从句中的动作是同时进行的动作或发生的事情，那么主句也要用进行时u when 从句谓语动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是非延续性动词，从句的时态多用一般现在时或一般过去时二、重点句子1.Peter, could you please take out the trash? 彼得，你能把垃圾倒了吗？Could you please do sth.?请你（做）……好吗？用于提出请求，希望得到对方的肯定回答，说话的语气比较客气委婉。could 不是 can 的过去式，是委婉、礼貌的说法。回答用 can.肯定回答：Sure./ Of course./ Certainly./No problem.否定回答：Sorry , I can’t.2.Could I at least finish watching this show? 至少让我看完这个节目可以吗？at least 至少，多指数量或程度上的最低限度。其反义词为at most 至少，不超过。例：He will stay there for at least three weeks.他至少会在那呆三周。3.And she won' t be happy if she sees this mess.如果她看到这么杂乱,她会不高兴的。if连词,此处意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句。在含有引导的条件状语从句的主从复合句中,若主句为一般将来时,f从句通常用一般现在时表示将来,即“主将从现”。同样用法的还有它的反义词 unless(除非,如果不)。例：What will happen if he doesn't come tomorrow?如果明天他不来会怎么样?She won't catch up with others unless she works harder.如果她不更加努力她就不会赶上别人。4.I’m just as tired as you are! 我和你一样累！as...as ...和……一样……，用于同级比较。第一个as为副词，后接形容词或副词原行。第二个as为连词。as...as...的否定形式为not as/so...as...意为“不如……”例：A kangaroo can run as fast as a bus.袋鼠可以跑得和公共汽车一样快。5.For one week , she did not do any housework and neither did I.一周的时间，她不做任何家务，我也不做。neither +助动词/系动词/情态动词 +主语 “某人（主语） 也不”。该结构中选用be动词、助动词还是情态动词取决于前句的谓语和本结构的主语。[拓展]① neither作代词，意为“两者都不”neither of… 意为“……两者都不”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。例：Neither of my parents is at home.我父母都不在家。② neither作形容词，与单数名词连用，意为“（两者）都不的”例：Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。③ neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”当连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与nor后的成分一致，即遵循“就近原则”例：The room is neither big nor bright.这个房间既不大也不明亮。6.She asked in surprise.她吃惊地问道。in surprise 惊奇地；吃惊地，常在句中作状语。例：He looked at her in surprise.他惊奇的看着她。[拓展]①surprise作不可数名词，意为“惊讶，惊奇”。to one’s surprise“使某人惊奇的是”②surprise也可作可数名词意为“令人惊奇的事（或消息等）”③surprise还可作动词，意为“使惊讶；使惊奇”例：His success surprised everyone.他的成功使大家很惊讶。7.“ I’m so sorry, Mom.I finally understand that we need to share the housework to have a clean and comfortable home.” I replied.“对不起，妈妈。我终于理解为了拥有一个干净、舒适的家我们需要共同来分担家务。” 我回答说。（1）need此处用作实义动词，意为“需要”，其用法如下：① need+名词/代词 意为“需要某物”例：Mom needs some help with the housework.妈妈在做家务方面需要一些帮助。②人做主语，sb.need to do sth 某人需要做某事例：In winter, you need to wear warm clothes.在冬天，你需要穿暖和的衣服。③物做主语，sth need doing sth= sth need to be done 与doing表示的动作为被动关系。例：The car needs repairing.这辆汽车需要修理。[拓展]①need还可作情态动词，意为“需要”例：You needn’t help him.你不需要帮助他。②need还可作名词，意为“需要；必要”例：There is no need for her to come.不需要她来。（2）share 动词，“分担；分享；共用”share sth 分享或共用某物 share sth with sb.与某人分享某物例：Would you like to share the seat with me?你愿意和我一同坐这个座位吗？8.My mom came over as soon as I sat down in front of the TV.我一在电视机前坐下,我妈妈就过来了。（1）come over为固定短语,意为“过来,来访,拜访”。例：When did you first come over to China?你第一次来中国是什么时候?Do you want to come over on Friday evening?你星期五晚上想过来吗?（2）as soon as意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句。例：He left as soon as he heard the news他一听到这个消息就走了。[注意]在含有 as soon as引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中,主句用一般将来时,从句则用般现在时表示将来。（3） in front of意为“在……的前面”。例：A car suddenly stopped in front of me一辆汽车突然在我面前停下了。[辨析] in front of 与 in the front ofu in front of 在……的前面， 是指在一定范围外例：Mary is in front of the car.玛丽在小汽车的前面。u in the front of 在……的前部，是指在一定范围内例：Cathy is in the front of the car.凯茜在小汽车的前部。图片【Section B】一、重点单词及短语1.waste 浪费 n.waste此处作名词，意为“浪费”，固定结构为a waste of time 意为“浪费时间”例：Playing computer games is a waste of time.玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。[拓展]①waste作不可数名词，意为“浪费；废物；垃圾”例：We should put waste to good use.我们应该让垃圾得到充分利用。②waste作形容词，意为“无用的；废弃的；荒芜的”例：We shouldn’t throw waste paper about.我们不应该乱扔废纸。③waste作及物动词，意为“浪费；滥用”例：People shouldn't waste food.人们不应该浪费食物。2.provide 提供；供应 v.provide此处作及物动词，意为“提供；供应”[常用搭配]provide sth.for sb.= provide sb.with sth.为某人提供某物或供给某人某物例：The sun provides light and heat for us.= The sun provides us with light and heat.太阳给我们提供光和热。3.depend on 依靠；依赖还可意为“视……而定；取决于”例：Our plan depends on the weather.我们的计划取决于天气。[拓展]It all depends.或That depends.意为“视情况而定”例：-Can you come to work tomorrow?明天你能来上班吗？-That depends.视情况而定。4.take care of 照顾；处理take care of此处意为“照顾”,与 look after同义。take good care of意为“照顾好”,与 look after...well同义。例：He is old enough to take care of/look after himself.他足够大能照顾自己了。[拓展] take care of还意为“处理”。例：Don't worry.He can take care of all the problems.不要担心,他能处理所有的问题。5.ill 有病；不舒服的 adj.ill经常用作表语。例：The boy is ill in hospital.这个男孩生病住院了。[拓展]ill用作形容词时，还可意为“坏的；有害的”，常用于名词前作定语。例：He couldn’t join the army because of ill health.他不能参军因为健康不佳。[辨析]ill与sicku ill 有病的；不舒服的 作表语例：She is ill in hospital.她生病住院了。u sick 有病的；恶心的 作表语、定语例：We should try to help the sick boy.我们应努力帮助这个生病的男孩。6.drop 落下；掉下 v.drop此处用作不及物动词，过去式为dropped。[辨析]drop与fall处往下落u drop “下降;降落”,常作不及物动词,也可作及物动词；指物体由于重力从高处往下落 例：He dropped the cup.他把杯子弄掉了。u fall “下降；落下”,只作不及物动词;指物体由于不明原因或物体本身失去平衡而向下降落,有自然下落的意思。例：Leaves fall in autumn.秋天树叶往下落。二、重点句子1.Could I invite my friends to a party? 我能邀请我的朋友们来聚会吗？invite sb.to sp.邀请某人去某地，invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事例：She invited us to her house yesterday.昨天她邀请我们去她家。They invite me to play the game.他们邀请我玩这个游戏。[拓展]invite的名词形式为invitation，意为“邀请；请帖”例：Thank you for your kind invitation.谢谢你的盛情邀请。2.I don’t understand why some parents make their kids help with housework and chores at home.我不理解为什么有些父母在家让孩子们帮忙做家务和杂务。make此处作动词，意为“使；让”常用结构：①make sb.do sth 让某人做某事例：His mother made him have breakfast.他妈妈让他吃早饭。②make sb/sth +形容词 让某人/某物……例：This movie made me sad.这部电影让我伤心。3.They should spend their time on schoolwork in order to get good grades and get into a good university.为了取得好成绩并考上一所好大学，他们应该把时间用在学习上。（1）spend此处作动词，意为“花费（时间、金钱）”，过去式为spent。例：She spent all her money.她花光了所有钱。[辨析] spend, pay, cost 与 take◆ spend 指花费时间、金钱；主语为人。常用结构为：sb.spend(s) +时间/金钱+on sth（或doing sth.）例：She spent 50 dollars on the skirt.她花50美元买了那条裙子。u cost指花费金钱，主语为物。常用结构：sth.cost(s) (sb.) +金钱例：The house cost them a lot of money.那房子花了他们很多钱。u take指花费时间，常用结构：It takes /took sb.+时间 to do sth.做某事花费某人多长时间例：It takes him 3 hours to do his homework.做家庭作业花了他三个小时。u pay指支付、花费金钱；主语为人。常用结构为：sb.pay(s) +金钱（+for sth.）例：She paid 50,000 dollars for the car.她花50，000美元买了那辆车。（2）in order to意为“目的是;为了”,后面接动词原形,位置可放在句首,也可放在句中。否结构为in order not to do例：She started at five o'clock in order not to be late.为了不迟到,她五点就出发了。[辨析] in order to与 in order thatu in order to 后面接动词原形(即不带to的动词不定式）表目的。例：He went to the hall early in order to get a good seat.他很早就到了大厅,为的是得到一个好座位。u in order that 后面接从句，表示目的，从句中常含有情态动词，相当于so that。例：She set out early in order that she could arrive on time.她很早就出发了以便于能准时到达。4.It is the parents' job to provide a clean and comfortable environment at home for their children.给孩子们在家里提供一个干净而又舒适的环境是父母的责任。It' s one's job to do sth.意为“做某事是某人的工作”,此处it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。例：It's our job to keep the classroom clean.保持教室干净是我们的工作。[拓展]It's one' s duty to do sth.“做某事是某人的责任”。例：It's your duty to look after the children well.照看好孩子们是你的责任。5.Since they live in one house with their parents they should know that everyone should do their part in keeping it clean and tidy.既然他们与父母一起住在一所房子里,他们就应该知道每个人应当做他们的一部分来保持房子干净和整洁。（1）since用作连词,意为“因为,既然,由于”,引导原因状语从句。例：Since we don' t have money, we can't buy a house.由于我们没钱,我们买不起房子。[拓展]since作介词或连词,还可意为“自从……”,后接名词(短语)或时间状语从句。若接时间语从句,则该从句常用一般过去时,而主句通常用现在完成时。例：She has worked here since 5 years ago.她自从五年前就在这儿工作。She has been able to ride a bike since she was 6.她自从6岁就会骑自行车。（2）keep(kept,kept)常作及物动词,“keep+宾语+形容词”意为“使某人或某物处于某种状态”。例：You should keep the door closed你应当保持门关着。6.As a result, he often fell ill and his grades dropped.结果,他经常生病,成绩下降。as a result为习惯用语,意为“结果;因此”,常用于句首,单独使用。例：As a result, we had to change our plan结果,我们不得不改变计划。[拓展]as a result of.意为“由于……;作为……的结果”。例：He was late as a result of snow.由于下雪,他迟到了。7.The earlier kids learn to be independent, the better it is for their future.孩子们越早学会独立对他们的未来就越好。the earlier..., the better...意为“越早……,……越好”,其结构为“the+比较级,the+比较级”,意为“越……,就越……”。例：The faster, the better..越快越好。The more friends you have, the happier you'll be.你拥有朋友越多,你就会越快乐。