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英语选择性必修 第四册Unit 12 InnovationLesson 1 Scientific Breakthroughs学案及答案
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这是一份英语选择性必修 第四册Unit 12 InnovationLesson 1 Scientific Breakthroughs学案及答案，共23页。
1．Necessity is the mther f inventin.—Plat
需要是发明之母。——柏拉图
2．The best way t predict the future is t invent it.—Alan Kay
预测未来的最好方式就是创造未来。——阿伦凯
3．The mre riginal a discvery is，the mre bvius it seems afterwards.—Arthur Kestler
一项发现越是具有原创性，事后看来它就越是显而易见。
——亚瑟·库斯勒
4．Creating all the extrardinary things is always assciated with yung age and creativity tgether.—Gerd
创造一切非凡事物总是同青年时代和创造力联系在一起的。
——格尔德
We shuld always bear in mind that the cnsciusness f innvatin is f great significance t us all.Hence，we need t develp a habit f discvering new things，using new methds and applying new thughts in ur wrk，study r simply everyday life.Innvatin is the spirit f human being's prgress.
Engineer Martin Bacn and a grup f vlunteers frm Teesdale Cnservatin in Durham，England，have been hard at wrk making cffee grunds int smething special：gas fr a speedy cffeepwered car.The car ran entirely n cffee grunds and brke the wrld speed recrd fr a car pwered by rganic waste.The cffee car，an adapted Rver SD1，averaged 66.5 mph，breaking the previus recrd f 47 mph achieved by a U．S. team which built a car fuelled by wd pellets.
Engineer Martin Bacn，with his team，remved all the equipment frm the ld car and refitted it with an nbard wd gas generatr system，which turns waste cffee grunds int energy t drive the said the car culd run 100 miles n 10 kg f cffee grunds，cllected frm tw lcal cafes.
[探索发现]
1．What fuel is used t drive the engine f a car built by a U．S.team?
Wd pellets.
2．Hw far can the car run with 20 kg f cffee grunds t pwer?
200 miles.
Sectin Ⅰ TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.crrespnd A．vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事
( )2.utcmeB．adj.最好的；最重要的
( )3.humbleC．adj.谦虚的，谦卑的
( )4.launchD．n. the result r effect f an actin
r event
( )5.premierE．vi. t write letters t sb. and
receive letters frm them
[答案] 1—5 EDCAB
B．短语匹配
( )1.be cmmitted t A．挑出；挑选
( )2.nt t mentinB．算出，想出
( )3.range C．被用来做……
( )4.at the same timeD．致力于
( )5.figure utE．更不用说
( )6.turn tF．与此同时
( )7.single utG．范围从……到……
( )8.be used t d...H．求助于
[答案] 1—5 DEGFB 6—8 HAC
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．innvatin n． 新发明，新方法，新观念；革新，
创新
2．garbage n.垃圾
3．dnate vi.&vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献
4．instant adj.立刻的，马上的
5．perceive vt.察觉，注意到，发觉
6．physicist n.物理学家
7．prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)
8．accuracy n.准确性；精准度；正确，准确
9．cnstant adj.恒久不变的，持续不断的，经常发
生的n.常量，恒量
10．subsequently adv.后来，随后
Ⅰ.语境填词
launch；perceive；device；dnate；utcme；instant；garbage；innvatin；finding；jint
1．They issued a jint statement denying the charges.
2．I can't perceive any difference between these pictures.
3．We must prmte riginality and encurage innvatin．
4．The uncllected garbage munts in city streets.
5．There is a new device fr cars that warns drivers f traffic jams ahead.
6．He spned instant cffee int tw f the mugs.
7．He has maintained that the mney was dnated fr internatinal purpses.
8．The newspaper launched a vitrilic attack n the president.
9．We are waiting t hear the final utcme f the negtiatins.
10．The bk describes in utline the main findings f the research.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．She deals with all the crrespndence prmptly and efficiently(efficient)．
2．The entertainment(entertain) was prvided by a flk band.
3．Even the mst gifted(gift) can have cnfidence destryed by the wrng instructr.
4．Subsequently(subsequent)，new guidelines were issued t all emplyees.
5．A physicist(physics) is a scientist wh studies physics.
6．They questined the accuracy(accurate) f the infrmatin in the file.
1．Amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin ur knwledge f the wrld and space.
医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。
2．Einstein then shwed in his “thery f relativity” that nt even time，mass r length are cnstant—they change accrding t ur experience f them.
爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
3．This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.
这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。
4．It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.
它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多公斤。
5．With cmputers talking t ne anther，it wuld enable gvernment leaders t cmmunicate with each ther.
计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。
课文助读
①the mst imprtant discvery 最重要的发现
②change cmpletely完全改变
③amazing discveries惊人的发现
④nt t mentin 更不用说
⑤range 在……范围内变化
⑥用……代替……
⑦dnated nes捐赠的器官
⑧instant messages即时信息
⑨launch satellites发射人造卫星
⑩figure ut算出，想出
⑪split the atm分裂原子
⑫previusly thught t be the smallest particle以前被认为是最小的粒子
⑬single ut 挑出；挑选
⑭a few pineers几个先驱
⑮premier scientists最杰出的科学家
⑯this utspken yung man这个坦率的年轻人
⑰an unbelievable amunt f energy难以置信的巨大能量
⑱thery f relativity相对论
⑲accrding t根据；按照
⑳a dish f bacteria一器皿细菌
eq \(○,\s\up2(21))in ne's labratry在某人的实验室
eq \(○,\s\up2(22))a blue muld一种蓝色的霉菌
eq \(○,\s\up2(23))the natural frm f penicillin自然状态的青霉素
eq \(○,\s\up2(24))massprduced批量生产的
eq \(○,\s\up2(25))humble abut...对……谦虚
eq \(○,\s\up2(26))the amazing utcme惊人的发现
eq \(○,\s\up2(27))cure peple给人治疗
eq \(○,\s\up2(28))the accuracy f their missiles导弹的精准度
eq \(○,\s\up2(29))turn t 求助于
eq \(○,\s\up2(30))deal with 处理；对付
eq \(○,\s\up2(31))a jint effrt共同的努力
eq \(○,\s\up2(32))nthing like 一点也不像
eq \(○,\s\up2(33))18，000 tubes 18 000个显像管
eq \(○,\s\up2(34))thusands f circuits数千条电路
eq \(○,\s\up2(35))turn n 打开
eq \(○,\s\up2(36))the Cld War 冷战
eq \(○,\s\up2(37))be prpsed by被……提出
eq \(○,\s\up2(38)) d sth.使……能够做某事
eq \(○,\s\up2(39))by the end f the 1960s到20世纪60年代末
eq \(○,\s\up2(40))Wrld Wide Web万维网
eq \(○,\s\up2(41))be dedicated t ding致力于
eq \(○,\s\up2(42))be transfrmed int被变成……
eq \(○,\s\up2(43))the breakthrughs突破
原文呈现
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
If yu had t chse the single mst imprtant discvery① f the 20th century，yu wuld have a real prblem n yur hands.In just 100 years，the wrld has changed cmpletely②.Amazing discveries③ were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin④ ur knwledge f the wrld and space.Medical advances ranged frm discvering the causes f diseases under micrscpes t⑤ staging peratins t replace diseased rgans with⑥ dnated nes⑦.Cmmunicatins changed with the intrductin f mbile phnes，and the way we crrespnd went frm writing letters t emailing and sending instant messages⑧[1]. We started flying arund the wrld，launching satellites⑨ int rbit and，at the same time，scientists figured ut⑩ hw t split the atm⑪，previusly thught t be the smallest particle⑫ f matter in the universe[2]．
[1]the way后面直接跟定语从句。
[2]thught t be...是过去分词短语作定语，修饰the atm。
Althugh it is impssible t chse the mst imprtant discvery，it is pssible t single ut⑬ a few pineers⑭ f the 20th century.Here are sme f them.
One f the 20th century's premier scientists⑮ was Albert Einstein.In the summer f 1905，this utspken yung man⑯ was rcking his neyearld baby when he was suddenly inspired[3]. Subsequently，“E＝mc2” was brn.It shwed hw a small piece f mass culd prduce an unbelievable amunt f energy⑰.Einstein then shwed in his “thery f relativity⑱” that nt even time，mass r length are cnstant—they change accrding t⑲ ur experience f them.
[3]be 表示“正在做……这时……”。
In 1928，anther imprtant finding was made by bilgist Alexander Fleming.Befre he went n hliday，Fleming left a dish f bacteria⑳ in his labratry㉑.When he came back，he nticed smething strange.He dublechecked and saw a blue muld㉒ in the dish arund which the bacteria had been destryed.[4] This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin㉓，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.A few years later，penicillin was being massprduced㉔ and helping t save the lives f millins.Fleming remained humble abut㉕ the amazing utcme㉖ f his discvery.“Nature made penicillin，” he said，“I just fund it.”
[4]arund which引导定语从句，修饰先行词a blue muld。
During Wrld War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discvery was first helping t cure peple㉗，the US Navy was lking fr ways f imprving the accuracy f their missiles㉘.The navy turned t㉙ Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，t deal with㉚ the prblem and prduce a machine t d the jb in a jint effrt㉛.Althugh they nly finished after the war in 1946，it did nt matter.This huge machine was the wrld's first cmputer，but it was nthing like㉜ ur cmputers tday.It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.With 18，000 tubes㉝，thusands f circuits㉞ and 6，000 switches，it used s much energy that when it was turned n㉟，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
With the develpment f cmputers，peple expected t get mre things dne efficiently.During the Cld War㊱，a “huge netwrk” f cmputers was prpsed by㊲ tw American scientists.With cmputers talking t ne anther，it wuld enable gvernment leaders t cmmunicate㊳ with each ther.By the end f the 1960s㊴，sme mininetwrks were established，but nly a few cmputers culd cnnect t them.In 1990，Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web㊵，which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate with each ther.Nwadays，life withut the Internet fr mst peple is unimaginable.
These pineers f the 20th century were all dedicated t imprving㊶ the quality f human life n Earth.Human life n this planet has been transfrmed int㊷ a “glbal village”，with all the different cuntries linked in the chain f cmmn interests.There is n dubt abut it.[5] Withut the breakthrughs㊸ f these pineers in science and technlgy，whether lucky r planned，the wrld as we knw it tday wuld be a cmpletely different place.
[5]there is n dubt...毫无疑问……
译文参考
科学的重大突破
如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。
爱因斯坦是20世纪最杰出的科学家之一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
1928年，另一项重要的发现被生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现态度谦虚，他说：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。”
第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈疾病时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利，两人共同制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但仍产生了巨大影响。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多公斤。它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。
这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。有一点是毫无疑问的。如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确(T)，还是错误(F)：
1．Albert Einstein was at wrk when he thught f “E＝mc2”．( )
2．Fleming remained humble abut his discvery f penicillin.( )
3．Fleming had been studying bacteria in his labratry when he fund penicillin.( )
4．The first cmputer was very huge.( )
5．Accrding t Albert Einstein，nt even time，mass r length are cnstant.( )
[答案] 1—5 FTFTT
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．when it was turned n
B．hw t split the atm
C．which the bacteria had been destryed
D．when he was suddenly inspired
E．which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate with each ther
F．when he came back
1．Einstein was rcking his neyearld baby ．
2．Fleming dublechecked and saw a blue muld in the dish arund ．
3．The first cmputer used s much energy that ，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
4．Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web， ．
5．In the 20th century，scientists figured ut ，previusly thught t be the smallest particle f matter in the universe.
[答案] 1—5 DCAEB
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Sme great pineers and theirinventins.
2．Paras.2－6 B．The significance f
thesebreakthrughs.
3．Para.7 C．A brief intrductin f scientific
breakthrughs in the 20th century.
[答案] 1—3 CAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Why wuld peple have a real prblem，if they had t chse the mst imprtant discvery f the 20th century?
A．Because different peple have different ideas and it's difficult t chse.
B．Because there were n great discveries in the 20th century.
C．Because there was n cmmn standard t judge.
D．Because s many amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatin，transprt and many ther fields，and they all had a great influence n the wrld.
2．Hw did Einstein think f the equatin“E＝mc2”？
A．When he was at wrk.
B．His assistant helped him.
C．When he was rcking his neyearld baby，he was inspired.
D．His dream inspired him.
3．Whse discvery can be used t save peple's lives accrding t the text?
A．Alexander Fleming's. B．Eckert's.
C．Albert Einstein's. D．Mauchly's.
4．What's the riginal purpse f designing the first cmputer?
A．T d sme difficult experiment.
B．T imprve the accuracy f the missiles.
C．T help peple make mathematics calculatins.
D．T replace the missiles，becming a new weapn.
5．Which f the fllwing is NOT right accrding t the passage?
A．Einstein discvered “E＝mc2” when he was nt at wrk.
B．The blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin.
C．The lcal twn turned ff their lights t celebrate the first cmputer.
D．The first cmputer was difficult t prgram.
[答案] 1—5 DCABC
Ⅲ.续写素材积累——事物特征描写
A．阅读课文中含有事物特征描写的语句
1．This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.
2．This huge machine was the wrld's first cmputer，but it was nthing like ur cmputers tday.
3．It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.
B．判断下列语句中哪个是描写事物特征的
1．Amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin ur knwledge f the wrld and space.
2．Fleming remained humble abut the amazing utcme f his discvery.
3．With 18，000 tubes，thusands f circuits and 6，000 switches，it used s much energy that when it was turned n，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
[答案] 3
1．entertain vt.娱乐；招待→entertaining adj.有趣的；令人愉快的→entertainment n．娱乐节目
2．gift n．才华，天赋；礼物→gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
3．prduct n．产品→prductive adj.多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的
4．science n．科学→scientist n．科学家→scientific adj.科学(上)的
5．subsequent adj.后来的，随后的→subsequently adv.后来，随后
6．cnstant adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的→cnstantly adv.持续不断地；经常地
7．accurate adj.精确的，准确的→accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确
8．prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)→prpsal n．提议
launch vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事；首次上市/发行
①NASA plans t launch a satellite t study csmic rays.发射
②A grup f 80 attackers launched an allut assault just befre dawn.发起
③The new mdel will be launched in July.发行
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点1) entertainment n．娱乐节目；娱乐活动；款待，招待
[例]This law applies t theatres，cinemas and ther places f public entertainment.
此项法律适用于剧院、电影院和其他公共娱乐场所。
[知识拓展]
(1)find entertainment in 以……为乐
give an entertainment t sb.招待某人
(2)entertain sb. t sth.用……宴客/招待/款待某人(尤指在
自己家中)
entertain sb. with sth.＝sb. be entertained with sth.
用……使某人快乐
entertain sb. as...把某人当……招待
(3)entertaining adj.愉快的，有趣的，引人发笑的
entertainer n.款待者；表演娱乐节目的人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Bb and Lily entertained us t dinner last night.
②He entertained us fr hurs with his stries and jkes.
③She was always s funny and entertaining(entertain)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点2) gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
[例]She was a gifted teacher wh never talked dwn t her students.
她天生就是当老师的料，从来不用居高临下的口气对学生说话。
[知识拓展]
(1)be gifted in/at 在……方面有天赋
(2)gift n.天赋，才华；礼物
have a gift fr有……天赋
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Michael may have been a dunce at mathematics，but he was gifted at/in languages.
②Mther has a gift fr making peple feel at hme.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点3) crrespnd vi.通信；一致，符合
[例]The written recrd f the cnversatin desn't crrespnd t what was actually said.
那次谈话的文字记录与原话不符。
[知识拓展]
(1)crrespnd with sth. 与……相符合/一致
crrespnd with sb.与……通信
crrespnd t相当于，与……相对应
(2)crrespndence n.信件；通信(联系)；符合，
一致，相似
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Hundreds f peple crrespnded with Lndn Undergrund suggesting pems，r just t say thank yu.
②The American Cngress crrespnds t the British Parliament.
③There isn't much crrespndence(crrespnd) between their views and urs.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点4) instant adj.立刻的，马上的；速溶的 n．立即，瞬间
[例]This accunt gives yu instant access t yur mney.
这个账户让你随时调动款项。
[知识拓展]
the instant 一……就……
instantly adv.立即，马上
cnj.一……就
in an instant立即
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He instantly(instant) grasped that Stephen was talking abut his wife.
②The instant he gt t the statin(他一到火车站)，the train had left already.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点5) figure ut计算出；解决；断定；理解
[例]It tk them abut ne mnth t figure ut hw t start the equipment.
他们花了大约1个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动设备。
[知识拓展]
figure in 把……考虑在内
figure n计划；打算；预料到
figure sb. t be料想某人是……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Have yu figured in the cst f fd fr ur hliday?
②I figure n being in New Yrk in January.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点6) accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确
[例]It was an imprtant suit，and great accuracy was imperative.
这是一宗很重要的诉讼案，有必要搞得很准确。
[知识拓展]
accurate adj. 精确的，准确的
accurately adv.准确地；精确地
inaccurate adj.不准确的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We shuld train ur students t speak English fluently and accurately(accurate)．
②Yur infrmatin is inaccurate(accurate) and yur cnclusin is therefre wrng.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点7) turn t求助于；转向；翻到(页码)
[例]Fr a full explanatin f hw the machine wrks，turn t page 5.
关于机器工作原理的详细说明，请翻阅第5页。
[知识拓展]
turn against 背叛
turn dwn关小/拒绝
turn in上交
(使……)成为……
turn ff关(水源、煤气、电灯等)/避开
(问题等)
turn n打开(水、煤气、电灯、无线电等)/
对……发怒
turn ut结果是/证明是/生产出
turn ver(使)打翻/翻身/翻动/翻耕(土地)/
转危为安
turn up＝turn ut t be开大/出现/找到/证明是
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He turned dwn my suggestin withut hesitatin.
② The farmers are turning waste land int rice fields.
③The factry turned ut mre prducts than they had expected.
④The man turned ver and went t sleep again when the telephne rang.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点8) prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)
[例]The gvernment prpsed changes t the vting system.
政府提议对投票制度进行改革。
[知识拓展]
prpse that sb.(shuld) d sth.
建议/提议某人做某事
It is prpsed that...有人提议……
prpse ding sth.建议做某事
prpse t d sth.打算做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It is prpsed that Lucy give a perfrmance at the party.
②He prpsed that we (shuld) have anther discussin(我们再讨论一次)．
eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式) there is n dubt...
(教材原句P53) There is n dubt abut it.
有一点是毫无疑问的。
[句式分析]
There is n dubt abut sth.表示“毫无疑问……”。
[例1]There is n dubt abut the crrect thing t d.
对该做的正确的事情，不要有什么顾虑。
[例2]There is n dubt abut his rle in the rbbery.
他无疑参与了这桩抢劫案。
[知识拓展]
There is n dubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is sme dubt whether...是否……还不确定
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There is n dubt that cell phnes and the Internet are the mst imprtant means f cmmunicatin.
②There is sme dubt whether Jhn will cme n time.
约翰会不会准时来还不太确定。
[名师点津] dubt可以作名词也可以作动词。用于肯定句时，其同位语从句和宾语从句用whether引导，不用if或that；用于否定句和疑问句时，其同位语从句和宾语从句用that引导，不用whether或if。
Cmmunicatins changed with the intrductin f mbile phnes，and the way we crrespnd went frm writing letters t emailing and sending instant messages.
分析：本句是一个复合句，the way后面的we crrespnd是定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
译文：移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is n dubt nw that her marriage is beynd repair.
2．These mvies were nt nly making mney but als perceived(perceive) t be riginal.
3．They judged that the time was right fr the prpsal(prpse) f new terms fr the trade agreement.
4．He carefully figured ut what time the first train wuld pass by.
5．These missiles can be fired with pinpint accuracy(accurate)．
6．This is an entertaining(entertain) yet thughtprvking film.
7．He made fr the dr instantly(instant) he heard the knck.
8．Science and technlgy are part f the prductive(prduce) frces.
9．The cmpany subsequently(subsequent) reduced its lead time t 45 days.
10．Reprters cnstantly(cnstant) badger her abut her private life.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be cmmitted t；be used t；nt t mentin；single ut；turn t；figure ut
1．I turned t him fr help，but he gave me a cld shulder.
2．I can't figure ut hw t d this.
3．He has tw big huses in this cuntry，nt t mentin his villa in France.
4．The president is cmmitted t refrming health care.
5．Nw is nt the time t single ut yur friends at wrk.
6．This methd was used t d estimatin at the initial stage because f the rugh result.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
It's really hard fr us t chse the single mst imprtant discvery f 1.the 20th century，because s many 2.amazing (amaze) discveries were made in such a large number f scientific 3.areas(area)．Here are sme pineers f scientists.
Albert Einstein 4.discvered (discver) “E＝mc2” when he was taking care f his little baby.Alexander Fleming made anther finding：a kind f blue muld，later called penicillin，culd be used 5.t kill (kill) bacteria.Eckert and Mauchly invented 6.the wrld's first cmputer s as t imprve the 7.accuracy (accurate) f the US Navy's missiles.Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web，8.which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate 9.with each ther.
The breakthrughs f these pineers 10.have changed (change)the wrld cmpletely.
形容词
[归纳用法]
一、形容词的用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和类别形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1．性质形容词
直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词。它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。如：ht(热的)，happy(快乐的)，beautiful(美丽的)。这类形容词占大多数。
The beautiful girl spke excellent English.
这个漂亮的女孩说一口漂亮的英语。
The girl is beautiful.
这个女孩很漂亮。
2．类别形容词
因为这类形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类，如：afraid(害怕的)，alne(单独的)，asleep(睡着的)，alive(活着的)，awake(醒着的)，以及wrth(值得的)，unable(不可能的)等。
We dn't knw whether he is alive.
我们不知道他是否还活着。
The by is afraid f his father.
这个男孩怕他爸爸。
多数形容词作定语和表语时词义相同，少数在意思上有区别。如ill作表语时，意为“生病的”；作定语时，则表示“坏的”“不良的”“不吉利的”。
二、形容词的位置
形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以thing结尾的词时，要放在这些词之后。
We saw smething white in the dark.
我们在黑暗中看到了一些白色的东西。
Is there anything imprtant in the newspaper?
报纸上有什么重要新闻吗？
三、形容词的顺序
1．如果有冠词(a，an，the)或代词(my，this，that...)修饰时，词序为：冠词或代词＋形容词＋名词。
a tall by一个高个子男孩
an interesting bk一本有趣的书
2．多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的，其顺序为：①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词＋②序数词＋基数词＋③一般性描绘形容词＋④大小、长短、形状＋年龄、新旧＋⑥颜色＋⑦国籍、出处＋⑧材料＋⑨用途、类别＋⑩最终修饰的名词或v．ing形式。
例如：a beautiful little red flwer
一朵美丽的小红花
thse fur ldlking，grey，wden huses
那四栋看上去很旧的灰色木屋
四、合成形容词
1．由“副词＋连字符＋过去分词”构成。如：
She watched him frm behind halfclsed eyelids.
她半闭着眼观察他。
2．由“形容词＋连字符＋v．ing形式”构成。如：
The lngplaying recrd was made defunct by the arrival f the CD.
光盘的出现使慢转唱片过时了。
3．由“形容词＋连字符＋形容词”构成。如：
In his later life he became even mre absentminded.
他晚年变得愈加健忘了。
五、形容词比较级
1．包含形容词比较级的句子多带有一个由than引起的从句，表示和谁或什么相比(从句中有些词会省略掉)：
She is taller than her elder sister.
她比她姐姐高。
They are better than English films.
它们比英国电影好。
2．有时状语从句可以省略：
The meals are mre expensive in a restaurant.
在饭店吃饭要贵一点。
I had never seen a better film.
我没看过(比这)更好的电影。
3．比较级前有时可有一状语修饰：
My sister is tw years yunger than me.
我妹妹比我小两岁。
Our rm is slightly bigger than theirs.
我们的房间比他们的房间稍大一点。
六、没有最高级和比较级的形容词
1．本身具有最大，最小含义的形容词：maximal/maximum最大的，minimal/minimum最小的，utmst/uttermst最远的，极度的，supreme最高的，favrite最喜爱的，特别喜爱的，tpmst最高的，headmst最前面的，aftermst最后面的
2．本身具有比较含义的形容词：cmparative比较的，relative相对的，preferable更可取的，frmer两者中前面的，latter两者中后面的，majr主要的，minr次要的，inner内部的，uter外部的，inferir较差的，junir年少的，prir较早的，senir年长的，superir较优的，upper位置较高的
3．表示绝对意义的形容词：dead死的，living活的，empty空的，full满的，crrect正确的，right对的，wrng错的，errneus错误的，blind瞎的，deaf聋的，dumb哑的，equal相等的，real真实的，false假的，essential基本的，eternal永久的，perpetual永恒的，psitive正的，negative负的，wnderful/excellent/marvellus极好的，infinite无限的，immrtal不朽的，cuntless无数的，whle整体的，enugh/adequate/sufficient足够的，ideal理想的，unemplyed失业的，jbless无职业的，hmeless无家可归的，speechless说不出话的
4．表示唯一含义的形容词：sle/mere/nly唯一的；unique独一无二的；matchless无双的，无比的；single独一无二的，单一的
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Finally，that hard wrk paid ff and nw the water in the river is cleaner(clean) than ever.
2．It's amazing(amaze) hw quickly peple adapt.
3．Sme f them lked very anxius and disappinted(disappint)．
4．Hwever，be careful (care) nt t g t extremes.
5．I enjyed studying different(differ) kinds f cars and planes.
6．Even wrse(bad)，the amunt f fast fd that peple eat ges up.
7．Shared bicycles are bringing cycling back t peple's lives and they are making public transprt mre attractive(attract)．
8．The articles are intended fr yunger readers，but adults will find this site suitable(suit) fr them as well.
9．The bigger(big)the activity inequality f a cuntry is，the higher its rate f besity will be.
10．Sme wrldfamus cultural(culture)sites may already be n yur list：Buckingham Palace，Big Ben and the Twer f Lndn.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
A festival fr the dead is held nce a year in Japan.This is a 1.traditinal(traditin) festival in Japan and many celebratins are held.This festival is a 2.cheerful(cheer) this day，the dead are said t return t their hmes and they are welcmed by the living.As they are expected t be 4.hungry(hunger) after their lng jurney，fd is laid ut fr them.Speciallymade lanterns are hung utside each huse 5.t help(help) the dead t find their way.All night lng，peple dance and sing.In the early mrning，the fd that has been laid ut fr the dead is thrwn int a river r int the sea as it is cnsidered 6.unlucky(luck) fr anyne living t eat it.In twns 7.that/which are near the sea，the small lanterns hung in the streets the night 8.befre are placed int the water when the festival is ver.Thusands f lanterns slwly drift ut t sea 9.guiding(guide) the dead n their return jurney t the ther wrld.At the same time，crwds f peple stand n the shre watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen 10.n mre.
教材
高考
1.During Wrld War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discvery was first helping t cure peple，the US Navy was lking fr ways f imprving the accuracy f their missiles.
(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ) At the Jrvik Centre in Yrk，the city's Viking settlement is recreated，and peple experience the sights，sunds and smells f the ld twn.Histrical accuracy is imprtant but s is entertainment.
2.We started flying arund the wrld，launching satellites int rbit and，at the same time，scientists figured ut hw t split the atm，previusly thught t be the smallest particle f matter in the universe.
(2022·浙江1月卷)Many peple g crazy trying t figure ut hw t spend time with friends, family, wrk, play, etc．
1．Necessity is the mther f inventin.—Plat
需要是发明之母。——柏拉图
2．The best way t predict the future is t invent it.—Alan Kay
预测未来的最好方式就是创造未来。——阿伦凯
3．The mre riginal a discvery is，the mre bvius it seems afterwards.—Arthur Kestler
一项发现越是具有原创性，事后看来它就越是显而易见。
——亚瑟·库斯勒
4．Creating all the extrardinary things is always assciated with yung age and creativity tgether.—Gerd
创造一切非凡事物总是同青年时代和创造力联系在一起的。
——格尔德
We shuld always bear in mind that the cnsciusness f innvatin is f great significance t us all.Hence，we need t develp a habit f discvering new things，using new methds and applying new thughts in ur wrk，study r simply everyday life.Innvatin is the spirit f human being's prgress.
Engineer Martin Bacn and a grup f vlunteers frm Teesdale Cnservatin in Durham，England，have been hard at wrk making cffee grunds int smething special：gas fr a speedy cffeepwered car.The car ran entirely n cffee grunds and brke the wrld speed recrd fr a car pwered by rganic waste.The cffee car，an adapted Rver SD1，averaged 66.5 mph，breaking the previus recrd f 47 mph achieved by a U．S. team which built a car fuelled by wd pellets.
Engineer Martin Bacn，with his team，remved all the equipment frm the ld car and refitted it with an nbard wd gas generatr system，which turns waste cffee grunds int energy t drive the said the car culd run 100 miles n 10 kg f cffee grunds，cllected frm tw lcal cafes.
[探索发现]
1．What fuel is used t drive the engine f a car built by a U．S.team?
Wd pellets.
2．Hw far can the car run with 20 kg f cffee grunds t pwer?
200 miles.
Sectin Ⅰ TOPIC TALK & LESSON 1
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.crrespnd A．vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事
( )2.utcmeB．adj.最好的；最重要的
( )3.humbleC．adj.谦虚的，谦卑的
( )4.launchD．n. the result r effect f an actin
r event
( )5.premierE．vi. t write letters t sb. and
receive letters frm them
[答案] 1—5 EDCAB
B．短语匹配
( )1.be cmmitted t A．挑出；挑选
( )2.nt t mentinB．算出，想出
( )3.range C．被用来做……
( )4.at the same timeD．致力于
( )5.figure utE．更不用说
( )6.turn tF．与此同时
( )7.single utG．范围从……到……
( )8.be used t d...H．求助于
[答案] 1—5 DEGFB 6—8 HAC
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．innvatin n． 新发明，新方法，新观念；革新，
创新
2．garbage n.垃圾
3．dnate vi.&vt.捐献(器官)，献(血)；捐赠，捐献
4．instant adj.立刻的，马上的
5．perceive vt.察觉，注意到，发觉
6．physicist n.物理学家
7．prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)
8．accuracy n.准确性；精准度；正确，准确
9．cnstant adj.恒久不变的，持续不断的，经常发
生的n.常量，恒量
10．subsequently adv.后来，随后
Ⅰ.语境填词
launch；perceive；device；dnate；utcme；instant；garbage；innvatin；finding；jint
1．They issued a jint statement denying the charges.
2．I can't perceive any difference between these pictures.
3．We must prmte riginality and encurage innvatin．
4．The uncllected garbage munts in city streets.
5．There is a new device fr cars that warns drivers f traffic jams ahead.
6．He spned instant cffee int tw f the mugs.
7．He has maintained that the mney was dnated fr internatinal purpses.
8．The newspaper launched a vitrilic attack n the president.
9．We are waiting t hear the final utcme f the negtiatins.
10．The bk describes in utline the main findings f the research.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．She deals with all the crrespndence prmptly and efficiently(efficient)．
2．The entertainment(entertain) was prvided by a flk band.
3．Even the mst gifted(gift) can have cnfidence destryed by the wrng instructr.
4．Subsequently(subsequent)，new guidelines were issued t all emplyees.
5．A physicist(physics) is a scientist wh studies physics.
6．They questined the accuracy(accurate) f the infrmatin in the file.
1．Amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin ur knwledge f the wrld and space.
医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。
2．Einstein then shwed in his “thery f relativity” that nt even time，mass r length are cnstant—they change accrding t ur experience f them.
爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
3．This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.
这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。
4．It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.
它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多公斤。
5．With cmputers talking t ne anther，it wuld enable gvernment leaders t cmmunicate with each ther.
计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。
课文助读
①the mst imprtant discvery 最重要的发现
②change cmpletely完全改变
③amazing discveries惊人的发现
④nt t mentin 更不用说
⑤range 在……范围内变化
⑥用……代替……
⑦dnated nes捐赠的器官
⑧instant messages即时信息
⑨launch satellites发射人造卫星
⑩figure ut算出，想出
⑪split the atm分裂原子
⑫previusly thught t be the smallest particle以前被认为是最小的粒子
⑬single ut 挑出；挑选
⑭a few pineers几个先驱
⑮premier scientists最杰出的科学家
⑯this utspken yung man这个坦率的年轻人
⑰an unbelievable amunt f energy难以置信的巨大能量
⑱thery f relativity相对论
⑲accrding t根据；按照
⑳a dish f bacteria一器皿细菌
eq \(○,\s\up2(21))in ne's labratry在某人的实验室
eq \(○,\s\up2(22))a blue muld一种蓝色的霉菌
eq \(○,\s\up2(23))the natural frm f penicillin自然状态的青霉素
eq \(○,\s\up2(24))massprduced批量生产的
eq \(○,\s\up2(25))humble abut...对……谦虚
eq \(○,\s\up2(26))the amazing utcme惊人的发现
eq \(○,\s\up2(27))cure peple给人治疗
eq \(○,\s\up2(28))the accuracy f their missiles导弹的精准度
eq \(○,\s\up2(29))turn t 求助于
eq \(○,\s\up2(30))deal with 处理；对付
eq \(○,\s\up2(31))a jint effrt共同的努力
eq \(○,\s\up2(32))nthing like 一点也不像
eq \(○,\s\up2(33))18，000 tubes 18 000个显像管
eq \(○,\s\up2(34))thusands f circuits数千条电路
eq \(○,\s\up2(35))turn n 打开
eq \(○,\s\up2(36))the Cld War 冷战
eq \(○,\s\up2(37))be prpsed by被……提出
eq \(○,\s\up2(38)) d sth.使……能够做某事
eq \(○,\s\up2(39))by the end f the 1960s到20世纪60年代末
eq \(○,\s\up2(40))Wrld Wide Web万维网
eq \(○,\s\up2(41))be dedicated t ding致力于
eq \(○,\s\up2(42))be transfrmed int被变成……
eq \(○,\s\up2(43))the breakthrughs突破
原文呈现
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGHS
If yu had t chse the single mst imprtant discvery① f the 20th century，yu wuld have a real prblem n yur hands.In just 100 years，the wrld has changed cmpletely②.Amazing discveries③ were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin④ ur knwledge f the wrld and space.Medical advances ranged frm discvering the causes f diseases under micrscpes t⑤ staging peratins t replace diseased rgans with⑥ dnated nes⑦.Cmmunicatins changed with the intrductin f mbile phnes，and the way we crrespnd went frm writing letters t emailing and sending instant messages⑧[1]. We started flying arund the wrld，launching satellites⑨ int rbit and，at the same time，scientists figured ut⑩ hw t split the atm⑪，previusly thught t be the smallest particle⑫ f matter in the universe[2]．
[1]the way后面直接跟定语从句。
[2]thught t be...是过去分词短语作定语，修饰the atm。
Althugh it is impssible t chse the mst imprtant discvery，it is pssible t single ut⑬ a few pineers⑭ f the 20th century.Here are sme f them.
One f the 20th century's premier scientists⑮ was Albert Einstein.In the summer f 1905，this utspken yung man⑯ was rcking his neyearld baby when he was suddenly inspired[3]. Subsequently，“E＝mc2” was brn.It shwed hw a small piece f mass culd prduce an unbelievable amunt f energy⑰.Einstein then shwed in his “thery f relativity⑱” that nt even time，mass r length are cnstant—they change accrding t⑲ ur experience f them.
[3]be 表示“正在做……这时……”。
In 1928，anther imprtant finding was made by bilgist Alexander Fleming.Befre he went n hliday，Fleming left a dish f bacteria⑳ in his labratry㉑.When he came back，he nticed smething strange.He dublechecked and saw a blue muld㉒ in the dish arund which the bacteria had been destryed.[4] This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin㉓，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.A few years later，penicillin was being massprduced㉔ and helping t save the lives f millins.Fleming remained humble abut㉕ the amazing utcme㉖ f his discvery.“Nature made penicillin，” he said，“I just fund it.”
[4]arund which引导定语从句，修饰先行词a blue muld。
During Wrld War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discvery was first helping t cure peple㉗，the US Navy was lking fr ways f imprving the accuracy f their missiles㉘.The navy turned t㉙ Eckert，an engineer，and Mauchly，a physicist，t deal with㉚ the prblem and prduce a machine t d the jb in a jint effrt㉛.Althugh they nly finished after the war in 1946，it did nt matter.This huge machine was the wrld's first cmputer，but it was nthing like㉜ ur cmputers tday.It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.With 18，000 tubes㉝，thusands f circuits㉞ and 6，000 switches，it used s much energy that when it was turned n㉟，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
With the develpment f cmputers，peple expected t get mre things dne efficiently.During the Cld War㊱，a “huge netwrk” f cmputers was prpsed by㊲ tw American scientists.With cmputers talking t ne anther，it wuld enable gvernment leaders t cmmunicate㊳ with each ther.By the end f the 1960s㊴，sme mininetwrks were established，but nly a few cmputers culd cnnect t them.In 1990，Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web㊵，which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate with each ther.Nwadays，life withut the Internet fr mst peple is unimaginable.
These pineers f the 20th century were all dedicated t imprving㊶ the quality f human life n Earth.Human life n this planet has been transfrmed int㊷ a “glbal village”，with all the different cuntries linked in the chain f cmmn interests.There is n dubt abut it.[5] Withut the breakthrughs㊸ f these pineers in science and technlgy，whether lucky r planned，the wrld as we knw it tday wuld be a cmpletely different place.
[5]there is n dubt...毫无疑问……
译文参考
科学的重大突破
如果必须在20世纪重大发现中选出最重要的一项，这可不是件容易的事。在仅仅100年中，世界就完全变样了。医学、通信和交通方面都有惊人的发现，更别提我们对世界和太空的认识了。医学上的进步范围很广，从利用显微镜揭示病因，到施行手术，用捐赠的器官做器官移植。移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。我们开始坐飞机周游世界，把人造卫星发射至轨道。同时，科学家们发现了如何分裂原子。在此之前，原子被认为是宇宙中最小的物质微粒。
尽管不太可能选出哪项发现是最重要的，但是挑选出20世纪的几位先驱还是可能的。例如以下几位。
爱因斯坦是20世纪最杰出的科学家之一。1905年夏天，这个坦率的年轻人给他一岁的孩子晃动摇篮时，突然受到启发。于是，“E＝mc2”诞生了。它证明了一小块物质可以产生巨大的能量。爱因斯坦随后在他的“相对论”中指出，即使是时间、质量或长度也不是恒定不变的，它们根据我们对它们的感知而变化。
1928年，另一项重要的发现被生物学家亚历山大·弗莱明发现了。在去度假之前，弗莱明在实验室里放了一个培养细菌的器皿。回来时，他注意到器皿里有点儿奇怪。经过反复检查，他发现器皿里有一种蓝色的霉菌，而霉菌周围的细菌已经被杀死了。这种蓝色的霉菌实际上是自然状态的青霉素，弗莱明认为它可以用来杀死细菌。数年后，青霉素开始大量生产，帮助挽救了数百万人的生命。弗莱明对他这一惊人的发现态度谦虚，他说：“是大自然制造了青霉素，我只是发现了它。”
第二次世界大战期间，正当弗莱明的发现首次用来帮助治愈疾病时，美国海军正在寻找提高导弹精度的方法。海军求助于工程师埃克特和物理学家莫克利，两人共同制造一台机器来完成这项工作。尽管机器在1946年战争结束后才制造出来，但仍产生了巨大影响。这台巨大的机器是世界上第一台计算机，但是与今天的计算机完全不同。它长100英尺，高10英尺，重30 000多公斤。它有18 000个显像管，数千条电路和6 000个开关，耗电量异常巨大，以至于当它启动的时候，当地所有的灯都熄灭了！
随着计算机的发展，人们期望能有效地完成更多的事情。冷战期间，两位美国科学家提出建立一个计算机的“庞大网络”。计算机能互换信息，可使政府领导人相互沟通。到20世纪60年代末，一些小型网络已经建立起来，但只有少数计算机可以接入。1990年，蒂姆·伯纳·李发明了万维网，使世界各地的计算机能够相互通信。如今，对大多数人来说，没有互联网的生活是难以想象的。
这些20世纪的先驱都致力于改善地球上人类的生活质量。不同国家因共同利益而连接起来，使得这个星球上人类的生活已经转变为“地球村”。有一点是毫无疑问的。如果没有这些先驱取得的科技突破，无论这些突破是偶然发现的还是计划之中的，我们今天所熟知的世界将是一个完全不同的地方。
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确(T)，还是错误(F)：
1．Albert Einstein was at wrk when he thught f “E＝mc2”．( )
2．Fleming remained humble abut his discvery f penicillin.( )
3．Fleming had been studying bacteria in his labratry when he fund penicillin.( )
4．The first cmputer was very huge.( )
5．Accrding t Albert Einstein，nt even time，mass r length are cnstant.( )
[答案] 1—5 FTFTT
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．when it was turned n
B．hw t split the atm
C．which the bacteria had been destryed
D．when he was suddenly inspired
E．which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate with each ther
F．when he came back
1．Einstein was rcking his neyearld baby ．
2．Fleming dublechecked and saw a blue muld in the dish arund ．
3．The first cmputer used s much energy that ，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
4．Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web， ．
5．In the 20th century，scientists figured ut ，previusly thught t be the smallest particle f matter in the universe.
[答案] 1—5 DCAEB
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
1．Para.1 A．Sme great pineers and theirinventins.
2．Paras.2－6 B．The significance f
thesebreakthrughs.
3．Para.7 C．A brief intrductin f scientific
breakthrughs in the 20th century.
[答案] 1—3 CAB
Ⅱ.单项选择
1．Why wuld peple have a real prblem，if they had t chse the mst imprtant discvery f the 20th century?
A．Because different peple have different ideas and it's difficult t chse.
B．Because there were n great discveries in the 20th century.
C．Because there was n cmmn standard t judge.
D．Because s many amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatin，transprt and many ther fields，and they all had a great influence n the wrld.
2．Hw did Einstein think f the equatin“E＝mc2”？
A．When he was at wrk.
B．His assistant helped him.
C．When he was rcking his neyearld baby，he was inspired.
D．His dream inspired him.
3．Whse discvery can be used t save peple's lives accrding t the text?
A．Alexander Fleming's. B．Eckert's.
C．Albert Einstein's. D．Mauchly's.
4．What's the riginal purpse f designing the first cmputer?
A．T d sme difficult experiment.
B．T imprve the accuracy f the missiles.
C．T help peple make mathematics calculatins.
D．T replace the missiles，becming a new weapn.
5．Which f the fllwing is NOT right accrding t the passage?
A．Einstein discvered “E＝mc2” when he was nt at wrk.
B．The blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin.
C．The lcal twn turned ff their lights t celebrate the first cmputer.
D．The first cmputer was difficult t prgram.
[答案] 1—5 DCABC
Ⅲ.续写素材积累——事物特征描写
A．阅读课文中含有事物特征描写的语句
1．This blue muld was in fact the natural frm f penicillin，which Fleming perceived culd be used t kill bacteria.
2．This huge machine was the wrld's first cmputer，but it was nthing like ur cmputers tday.
3．It measured 100 feet lng by ver 10 feet high and weighed ver 30，000 kilgrams.
B．判断下列语句中哪个是描写事物特征的
1．Amazing discveries were made in medicine，cmmunicatins and transprt，nt t mentin ur knwledge f the wrld and space.
2．Fleming remained humble abut the amazing utcme f his discvery.
3．With 18，000 tubes，thusands f circuits and 6，000 switches，it used s much energy that when it was turned n，the lights in the lcal twn went ut!
[答案] 3
1．entertain vt.娱乐；招待→entertaining adj.有趣的；令人愉快的→entertainment n．娱乐节目
2．gift n．才华，天赋；礼物→gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
3．prduct n．产品→prductive adj.多产的；丰饶的；富有成效的
4．science n．科学→scientist n．科学家→scientific adj.科学(上)的
5．subsequent adj.后来的，随后的→subsequently adv.后来，随后
6．cnstant adj.恒久不变的；持续不断的，经常发生的→cnstantly adv.持续不断地；经常地
7．accurate adj.精确的，准确的→accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确
8．prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)→prpsal n．提议
launch vt.发射；发动，发起，开始从事；首次上市/发行
①NASA plans t launch a satellite t study csmic rays.发射
②A grup f 80 attackers launched an allut assault just befre dawn.发起
③The new mdel will be launched in July.发行
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点1) entertainment n．娱乐节目；娱乐活动；款待，招待
[例]This law applies t theatres，cinemas and ther places f public entertainment.
此项法律适用于剧院、电影院和其他公共娱乐场所。
[知识拓展]
(1)find entertainment in 以……为乐
give an entertainment t sb.招待某人
(2)entertain sb. t sth.用……宴客/招待/款待某人(尤指在
自己家中)
entertain sb. with sth.＝sb. be entertained with sth.
用……使某人快乐
entertain sb. as...把某人当……招待
(3)entertaining adj.愉快的，有趣的，引人发笑的
entertainer n.款待者；表演娱乐节目的人
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Bb and Lily entertained us t dinner last night.
②He entertained us fr hurs with his stries and jkes.
③She was always s funny and entertaining(entertain)．
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点2) gifted adj.有天赋的，有才华的
[例]She was a gifted teacher wh never talked dwn t her students.
她天生就是当老师的料，从来不用居高临下的口气对学生说话。
[知识拓展]
(1)be gifted in/at 在……方面有天赋
(2)gift n.天赋，才华；礼物
have a gift fr有……天赋
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Michael may have been a dunce at mathematics，but he was gifted at/in languages.
②Mther has a gift fr making peple feel at hme.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点3) crrespnd vi.通信；一致，符合
[例]The written recrd f the cnversatin desn't crrespnd t what was actually said.
那次谈话的文字记录与原话不符。
[知识拓展]
(1)crrespnd with sth. 与……相符合/一致
crrespnd with sb.与……通信
crrespnd t相当于，与……相对应
(2)crrespndence n.信件；通信(联系)；符合，
一致，相似
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Hundreds f peple crrespnded with Lndn Undergrund suggesting pems，r just t say thank yu.
②The American Cngress crrespnds t the British Parliament.
③There isn't much crrespndence(crrespnd) between their views and urs.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点4) instant adj.立刻的，马上的；速溶的 n．立即，瞬间
[例]This accunt gives yu instant access t yur mney.
这个账户让你随时调动款项。
[知识拓展]
the instant 一……就……
instantly adv.立即，马上
cnj.一……就
in an instant立即
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①He instantly(instant) grasped that Stephen was talking abut his wife.
②The instant he gt t the statin(他一到火车站)，the train had left already.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点5) figure ut计算出；解决；断定；理解
[例]It tk them abut ne mnth t figure ut hw t start the equipment.
他们花了大约1个月的时间才搞清楚如何启动设备。
[知识拓展]
figure in 把……考虑在内
figure n计划；打算；预料到
figure sb. t be料想某人是……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Have yu figured in the cst f fd fr ur hliday?
②I figure n being in New Yrk in January.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点6) accuracy n．准确性；精准度；正确，准确
[例]It was an imprtant suit，and great accuracy was imperative.
这是一宗很重要的诉讼案，有必要搞得很准确。
[知识拓展]
accurate adj. 精确的，准确的
accurately adv.准确地；精确地
inaccurate adj.不准确的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We shuld train ur students t speak English fluently and accurately(accurate)．
②Yur infrmatin is inaccurate(accurate) and yur cnclusin is therefre wrng.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点7) turn t求助于；转向；翻到(页码)
[例]Fr a full explanatin f hw the machine wrks，turn t page 5.
关于机器工作原理的详细说明，请翻阅第5页。
[知识拓展]
turn against 背叛
turn dwn关小/拒绝
turn in上交
(使……)成为……
turn ff关(水源、煤气、电灯等)/避开
(问题等)
turn n打开(水、煤气、电灯、无线电等)/
对……发怒
turn ut结果是/证明是/生产出
turn ver(使)打翻/翻身/翻动/翻耕(土地)/
转危为安
turn up＝turn ut t be开大/出现/找到/证明是
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He turned dwn my suggestin withut hesitatin.
② The farmers are turning waste land int rice fields.
③The factry turned ut mre prducts than they had expected.
④The man turned ver and went t sleep again when the telephne rang.
eq \a\vs4\al(知识要点8) prpse vt.提出(某观点、方法等)
[例]The gvernment prpsed changes t the vting system.
政府提议对投票制度进行改革。
[知识拓展]
prpse that sb.(shuld) d sth.
建议/提议某人做某事
It is prpsed that...有人提议……
prpse ding sth.建议做某事
prpse t d sth.打算做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①It is prpsed that Lucy give a perfrmance at the party.
②He prpsed that we (shuld) have anther discussin(我们再讨论一次)．
eq \a\vs4\al(重点句式) there is n dubt...
(教材原句P53) There is n dubt abut it.
有一点是毫无疑问的。
[句式分析]
There is n dubt abut sth.表示“毫无疑问……”。
[例1]There is n dubt abut the crrect thing t d.
对该做的正确的事情，不要有什么顾虑。
[例2]There is n dubt abut his rle in the rbbery.
他无疑参与了这桩抢劫案。
[知识拓展]
There is n dubt that... 毫无疑问……
There is sme dubt whether...是否……还不确定
[即学即练] 单句语法填空/完成句子
①There is n dubt that cell phnes and the Internet are the mst imprtant means f cmmunicatin.
②There is sme dubt whether Jhn will cme n time.
约翰会不会准时来还不太确定。
[名师点津] dubt可以作名词也可以作动词。用于肯定句时，其同位语从句和宾语从句用whether引导，不用if或that；用于否定句和疑问句时，其同位语从句和宾语从句用that引导，不用whether或if。
Cmmunicatins changed with the intrductin f mbile phnes，and the way we crrespnd went frm writing letters t emailing and sending instant messages.
分析：本句是一个复合句，the way后面的we crrespnd是定语从句，修饰先行词the way。
译文：移动电话的使用给通信业带来了改变，通信方式从写信到发电子邮件和发送即时信息。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There is n dubt nw that her marriage is beynd repair.
2．These mvies were nt nly making mney but als perceived(perceive) t be riginal.
3．They judged that the time was right fr the prpsal(prpse) f new terms fr the trade agreement.
4．He carefully figured ut what time the first train wuld pass by.
5．These missiles can be fired with pinpint accuracy(accurate)．
6．This is an entertaining(entertain) yet thughtprvking film.
7．He made fr the dr instantly(instant) he heard the knck.
8．Science and technlgy are part f the prductive(prduce) frces.
9．The cmpany subsequently(subsequent) reduced its lead time t 45 days.
10．Reprters cnstantly(cnstant) badger her abut her private life.
Ⅱ.短语填空
be cmmitted t；be used t；nt t mentin；single ut；turn t；figure ut
1．I turned t him fr help，but he gave me a cld shulder.
2．I can't figure ut hw t d this.
3．He has tw big huses in this cuntry，nt t mentin his villa in France.
4．The president is cmmitted t refrming health care.
5．Nw is nt the time t single ut yur friends at wrk.
6．This methd was used t d estimatin at the initial stage because f the rugh result.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
It's really hard fr us t chse the single mst imprtant discvery f 1.the 20th century，because s many 2.amazing (amaze) discveries were made in such a large number f scientific 3.areas(area)．Here are sme pineers f scientists.
Albert Einstein 4.discvered (discver) “E＝mc2” when he was taking care f his little baby.Alexander Fleming made anther finding：a kind f blue muld，later called penicillin，culd be used 5.t kill (kill) bacteria.Eckert and Mauchly invented 6.the wrld's first cmputer s as t imprve the 7.accuracy (accurate) f the US Navy's missiles.Tim BernersLee invented the Wrld Wide Web，8.which enabled cmputers all ver the wrld t cmmunicate 9.with each ther.
The breakthrughs f these pineers 10.have changed (change)the wrld cmpletely.
形容词
[归纳用法]
一、形容词的用法
形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和类别形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1．性质形容词
直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词。它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。如：ht(热的)，happy(快乐的)，beautiful(美丽的)。这类形容词占大多数。
The beautiful girl spke excellent English.
这个漂亮的女孩说一口漂亮的英语。
The girl is beautiful.
这个女孩很漂亮。
2．类别形容词
因为这类形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类，如：afraid(害怕的)，alne(单独的)，asleep(睡着的)，alive(活着的)，awake(醒着的)，以及wrth(值得的)，unable(不可能的)等。
We dn't knw whether he is alive.
我们不知道他是否还活着。
The by is afraid f his father.
这个男孩怕他爸爸。
多数形容词作定语和表语时词义相同，少数在意思上有区别。如ill作表语时，意为“生病的”；作定语时，则表示“坏的”“不良的”“不吉利的”。
二、形容词的位置
形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以thing结尾的词时，要放在这些词之后。
We saw smething white in the dark.
我们在黑暗中看到了一些白色的东西。
Is there anything imprtant in the newspaper?
报纸上有什么重要新闻吗？
三、形容词的顺序
1．如果有冠词(a，an，the)或代词(my，this，that...)修饰时，词序为：冠词或代词＋形容词＋名词。
a tall by一个高个子男孩
an interesting bk一本有趣的书
2．多个形容词修饰同一名词时的顺序是固定的，其顺序为：①冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词＋②序数词＋基数词＋③一般性描绘形容词＋④大小、长短、形状＋年龄、新旧＋⑥颜色＋⑦国籍、出处＋⑧材料＋⑨用途、类别＋⑩最终修饰的名词或v．ing形式。
例如：a beautiful little red flwer
一朵美丽的小红花
thse fur ldlking，grey，wden huses
那四栋看上去很旧的灰色木屋
四、合成形容词
1．由“副词＋连字符＋过去分词”构成。如：
She watched him frm behind halfclsed eyelids.
她半闭着眼观察他。
2．由“形容词＋连字符＋v．ing形式”构成。如：
The lngplaying recrd was made defunct by the arrival f the CD.
光盘的出现使慢转唱片过时了。
3．由“形容词＋连字符＋形容词”构成。如：
In his later life he became even mre absentminded.
他晚年变得愈加健忘了。
五、形容词比较级
1．包含形容词比较级的句子多带有一个由than引起的从句，表示和谁或什么相比(从句中有些词会省略掉)：
She is taller than her elder sister.
她比她姐姐高。
They are better than English films.
它们比英国电影好。
2．有时状语从句可以省略：
The meals are mre expensive in a restaurant.
在饭店吃饭要贵一点。
I had never seen a better film.
我没看过(比这)更好的电影。
3．比较级前有时可有一状语修饰：
My sister is tw years yunger than me.
我妹妹比我小两岁。
Our rm is slightly bigger than theirs.
我们的房间比他们的房间稍大一点。
六、没有最高级和比较级的形容词
1．本身具有最大，最小含义的形容词：maximal/maximum最大的，minimal/minimum最小的，utmst/uttermst最远的，极度的，supreme最高的，favrite最喜爱的，特别喜爱的，tpmst最高的，headmst最前面的，aftermst最后面的
2．本身具有比较含义的形容词：cmparative比较的，relative相对的，preferable更可取的，frmer两者中前面的，latter两者中后面的，majr主要的，minr次要的，inner内部的，uter外部的，inferir较差的，junir年少的，prir较早的，senir年长的，superir较优的，upper位置较高的
3．表示绝对意义的形容词：dead死的，living活的，empty空的，full满的，crrect正确的，right对的，wrng错的，errneus错误的，blind瞎的，deaf聋的，dumb哑的，equal相等的，real真实的，false假的，essential基本的，eternal永久的，perpetual永恒的，psitive正的，negative负的，wnderful/excellent/marvellus极好的，infinite无限的，immrtal不朽的，cuntless无数的，whle整体的，enugh/adequate/sufficient足够的，ideal理想的，unemplyed失业的，jbless无职业的，hmeless无家可归的，speechless说不出话的
4．表示唯一含义的形容词：sle/mere/nly唯一的；unique独一无二的；matchless无双的，无比的；single独一无二的，单一的
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Finally，that hard wrk paid ff and nw the water in the river is cleaner(clean) than ever.
2．It's amazing(amaze) hw quickly peple adapt.
3．Sme f them lked very anxius and disappinted(disappint)．
4．Hwever，be careful (care) nt t g t extremes.
5．I enjyed studying different(differ) kinds f cars and planes.
6．Even wrse(bad)，the amunt f fast fd that peple eat ges up.
7．Shared bicycles are bringing cycling back t peple's lives and they are making public transprt mre attractive(attract)．
8．The articles are intended fr yunger readers，but adults will find this site suitable(suit) fr them as well.
9．The bigger(big)the activity inequality f a cuntry is，the higher its rate f besity will be.
10．Sme wrldfamus cultural(culture)sites may already be n yur list：Buckingham Palace，Big Ben and the Twer f Lndn.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
A festival fr the dead is held nce a year in Japan.This is a 1.traditinal(traditin) festival in Japan and many celebratins are held.This festival is a 2.cheerful(cheer) this day，the dead are said t return t their hmes and they are welcmed by the living.As they are expected t be 4.hungry(hunger) after their lng jurney，fd is laid ut fr them.Speciallymade lanterns are hung utside each huse 5.t help(help) the dead t find their way.All night lng，peple dance and sing.In the early mrning，the fd that has been laid ut fr the dead is thrwn int a river r int the sea as it is cnsidered 6.unlucky(luck) fr anyne living t eat it.In twns 7.that/which are near the sea，the small lanterns hung in the streets the night 8.befre are placed int the water when the festival is ver.Thusands f lanterns slwly drift ut t sea 9.guiding(guide) the dead n their return jurney t the ther wrld.At the same time，crwds f peple stand n the shre watching the lanterns drifting away until they can be seen 10.n mre.
教材
高考
1.During Wrld War Ⅱ，when Fleming's discvery was first helping t cure peple，the US Navy was lking fr ways f imprving the accuracy f their missiles.
(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ) At the Jrvik Centre in Yrk，the city's Viking settlement is recreated，and peple experience the sights，sunds and smells f the ld twn.Histrical accuracy is imprtant but s is entertainment.
2.We started flying arund the wrld，launching satellites int rbit and，at the same time，scientists figured ut hw t split the atm，previusly thught t be the smallest particle f matter in the universe.
(2022·浙江1月卷)Many peple g crazy trying t figure ut hw t spend time with friends, family, wrk, play, etc．
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