高中英语——期末复习知识梳理

2021-2022 学年人教版新课标必修第一册 期末复习Welcome unit一、重点单词以及其词性转换12345678. register--registration (v--n) 登记. female--male (n--n) 女性--男性. nation--national--nationality (n--adj--n) 国家--国家的--国籍. designer--design--designed (v/n--n(人)--adj) 设计者--设计--有计划的. formal--formally--informal (adj--adv--反 adj) 正式的--正式地--不正式的. anxious--anxiously--anxiety (adj--adv--n) 焦虑的--焦虑地--焦虑. annoy--annoying--annoyed (v--adj--adj) 使生气--令人生气的--感到生气的. fright--frighten--frightening--frightened (n-v-adj-adj)害怕--使害怕--令人害怕的--感到害怕的911111. impress--impression--impressive (v--n--adj) 留下印象--印象--印象深刻的0.concentrate--concentration(v--n) 集中注意力--全神贯注1. Awkward--awkwardness(adj.--n. )尴尬的---尴尬2. explore--exploration--explorer(v--n--n(人)) 探索--探索--探索者3. confident--confidently--confidence (adj--adv--n ) 自信的--自信地--自信4. organize--organization--organized--organizer(v--n--adj--n(人))组织--组织--有组织的--组织者1111-5. improve--improvement (v--n)提高6. curious--curiously--curiosity (adj--adv--n) 好奇的--好奇地--好奇7. company --companion（n---n.）公司---同伴8. person--personal--personally--personality (n--adj--adv--n) 个人--个人的-就个人而言--个性二、重点短语concentrate on 集中精力于 leave...alone 不打扰，不惊动be confident about 对......有信心look forward to 盼望；期待123456. exchange A for B 以A交换B：把A兑换成B. design sth. for... 为...设计某物. be anxious for sb./ about sth. 为某人/某事担心. be annoyed with sb.生某人的气. be annoyed at/about sth.因某事生气. be senior to sb. 比某人的地位/职位高三、句子分析I wish I didn't have to do this! 我希望我不必这样做！1.wish+ (that) . . . （wish后的宾语从句需要用虚拟语气）wish后面接that引导的宾语从句，需要用虚拟语气。从句谓语动词形式如下：（（（1）对现在事实的假设 ，用一般过去时（be用were) ;2）对现在事实的假设，用过去完成时；3）对现在事实的假设，用“would/should/could/might + do”。I wish I were never be with you.The young man wished that he had been admitted by the university.I wish that we could be happy forever.2. You'll never see me without a book or a pen. 你永远不会看到我不拿书或笔。常见的双重否定结构还有： no/not/hardly...without…没有……不；除……不cannot…too…无论怎样……也不为过You can’t be too careful when driving car on the heavy traffic.四、语法知识点（一）句子成分1. 主语：谓语动词之前1名词./代词现在分词23to do 不定式主语从句④It’s very fair in China that whoever breaks the law will be punished in theend.With the rising popularity of Internet, great changes have taken place in smallvillages.Using hand gestures can bring more information and be more convenient than words.2. 谓语：能看出时态, 语态以及主语单复数的动词主动 被动一般现在时 do/doesam/is/are+donewas/were +donewill be done一般过去时 did/-ed一般将来时 will+do现在进行时 am/is/are doing过去进行时 was/were doing现在完成时 have/has done过去完成时 had doneam/is are being donewas/were being donehave/has been donehad been done3. 宾语：在及物动词或者介词之后①名词./代词现在分词② ③to do 不定式④宾语从句we don’t need to give up our whole lifecould you please tell me how I can order “Didi” online?Crossing the index and middle fingers is regarded as a sign of wishing for goodluck or fortune.4. 表语：系动词之后①②③名词./代词现在分词/过去分词to do 不定式④表语从句This is exactly what I want to hear.Mike seemed always sad and silentWhat excited people more was that those astronauts really did a lotthere.5. 宾语补主语：在宾语之后，补充说明宾语的情况①②③名词./代词现在分词/过去分词to do 不定式/动词原形④介词短语He always make his room in right order.They let the capsule slow down gradually .6. 定语：修饰名词或者代词①形容词：名词之前，复合不定代词之后 ②③4现在分词和过去分词介词短语，在名词代词之后定语从句7. 状语：修饰动词，形容词，句子等1副词2现在分词和过去分词介词短语3④状语从句When the capsule was about 10 kilometers above the ground, it preparedto land.So the capsule first opened a small parachute before using its big mainparachute.注意：定语和状语的功能为修饰限定，并不是一个句子的主要成分，可以把它去掉。8. 同位语--同位语通常在名词或代词之后，与其并列并对其加以说明。The news that he had passed the exam made his mother delighted.Unit 1 Teenage Life重点单词以及其词性转换123-4567. teenage--teenager (adj--n) 青少年的--青少年. volunteer--voluntary(n/v--adj)志愿者/自愿--自愿的. prefer--preference --preferred--preferable (v--n--adj--adj) 较喜欢--偏爱-首选的--更可取的. move--movement(v--n) 移动--动作. suit--suitable (n/v--adj) 外套/适合--合适的. actual--actually (adj--adv) 实际的--事实上. challenge--challenging (v/n--adj) 挑战--具有挑战性的 8. confuse--confusing--confused--confusion (v--adj--adj--n)使糊涂--不清楚的--感到糊涂的--迷糊9111111111122. fluent--fluently--fluency (adj--adv--n)流利的--流利地--流利0. graduate--graduation(v/n--n)毕业/毕业生--毕业典礼1. recommend--recommendation (v--n) 建议/推荐2. advance--advanced(n/v--adj)前进/发展--先进的，高级的3. obvious--obviously(adj--adv) 明显的--明显地4. quit--quitting (v--现在分词)停止5. responsible--responsibility (adj--n)有责任的--责任6. solve--solution (v--n)解决7. edit--edition--editor (v--n--n(人))编辑--版次--主编8. young--youth (adj--n) 年轻的--青春9. survive--survival --survivor (v--n--n(人)) 存活--生存--幸存者0. behave--behavior(v--n) 行为，举止1. attract--attractive--attracted--attraction(v--adj--adj--n) 吸引--具有吸引力的--被吸引的--吸引人的事物22. focus--focused (n---adj.) 焦点---聚精会神的3. addict--addictive--addicted--addiction (n--adj--adj--n)对……入迷的人--使人上瘾的--有瘾的--毒瘾224. adult----adulthood(n.---n.) 成人---成人时代重点短语123. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做某事.debate with. . . 和……辩论. prefer to do/doing sth. 更喜欢做某事prefer sb. to do sth. 更喜欢某人做某事prefer A to B 喜欢 A 甚于 B prefer doing A to doing B =prefer to do A rather than B 比起做 B 更喜欢做 A4. feel/be content with=be satisfied with 对……感到满足／满意. do well in 在……方面做得好567891111. try out for 参加……的选拔. practise doing sth. 练习做某事. be expert at/ in doing sth. 擅长做某事. focus on/ upon 集中/专注/聚焦于=concentrate on 集中精力于0. be addicted to doing sth./sth. 对（做）……很入迷1. leave...alone 不打扰，不惊动2. be confident about 对......有信心3. look forward to 盼望；期待1111114. be responsible for 为...负责任5. get/be used to sth6. get/be used to doing sth7. be grateful for 对...感激8. drop out of school 辍学9. look through 浏览长难句分析. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced literature because1I like English and I’m good at it.此句中运用到了宾语从句中的虚拟语气某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为： (should) +动词原形。 advise 劝告 determine 决定 command 命令 decide 决定insist 坚持require 要求order 命令 intend 打算recommend 推荐suggest 建议 urge 主张 request 要求demand 要求 desire 渴望direct 命令advise (that) sb. (should) do 建议某人应该做某事（虚拟语气）The boss suggested that we should add two more workers to finish that task.2. Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.此句中，动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果动名词主语过长，可以用 it 来充当形式主语。It’s so hard for me to run thirty kilometers every day.语法知识点名词短语：名词短语是指由几个名词或名词及其修饰语构成的短语形容词短语; 形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。副词短语：副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语，副词短语以副词为核心词，同时整个短语在句子中仍然为副词的功能。（一）名词短语：名词短语是指由几个名词或名词及其修饰语构成的短语两个或多个名词可以由 and 等对等连词连接Boys and girls should own the same rights in the society.名词本身作修饰语，可与后面的名词构成名词短语1②Do you know the man on your left?③形容词作修饰语，可与后面的名词构成名词短语There is an apple tree beside my house.④介词及其宾语作修饰语，可与前面的名词构成名词短语In the company, no one will like one without honesty. ⑤不定式或不定式短语作修饰语，可与前面的名词构成名词短语The things to be done are too much.⑥分词作修饰语，可与后面的名词构成名词短语Please turn down the radio in order not to noise the sleeping girl.⑦动名词作修饰语，可与后面的名词构成名词短语I enjoy buying something I like in the shopping center.（二）形容词短语; 形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。①两个或多个形容词可以由 and, but 等并列连词连接，构成形容词短语Your bed is big and comfortable2程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语What you have prepared is good enough.34介词及其宾语可用在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词一起构成形容词短语不定式在形容词后作修饰语，与形容词一起构成形容词短语The machine is very easy to operate.（三）副词短语：副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语，副词短语以副词为核心词，同时整个短语在句子中仍然为副词的功能。1两个或多个副词可以由 and, but 等对等连词连接构成副词短语He finished this task quickly and successfully.2程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语Chinese are spoken widely enough.3介词及其宾语可用在副词后修饰副词，可与副词构成副词短语 I can finish the task with the help of Miss Liu.Unit 2 Traveling Around重点单词以及其词性转换1. apply--application--applicant (v--n--n(人)) 申请--申请--申请人2. amaze--amazing--amazed--amazement(v--adj--adj--n)惊奇--令人惊奇的--感到惊奇的--惊奇345678911111111112. arrange--arrangement (v--n) 安排，筹备. extreme--extremely (adj--adv) 极度的--及其，非常. power--powerful(n--adj) 力量--强有力的. office--official (n--adj/n)办公室--官方的/官员. recognize--recognition (v--n) 承认. type--typist(v/n--n(人)) 打字/类型--打字员. admire--admiration (v--n)欣赏0. architect--architecture (n(人)-n)建筑师--建筑学1. economy --economic (n--adj)经济--经济的2. detail--detailed (n--adj) 详细--详细的3. transport ---transportation (v.---n.) 运输；运送--运输4. request v&n 要求5. sight n. 景象；视野6. comment n.评论；议论7. view n.观点8. narrow adj.狭窄的9. flight n.航班0. unique adj. 独特的；独一无二的 重点短语1. apply sth. to sth. 把某物应用于……apply (to…) for… （向……）申请……apply to do sth.申请做某事234. rent sth. to sb.把某物出租给某人. be/ get/ stay/ keep/ in contact with 与……取得联系. check in （在旅馆、机场等）登记check out 结账离开（旅馆等）567. make a comment on... 对... ...发表评论. on the way to...在去某地的路上. be made of 由...制成（看得出原材料）be made from 由...制成（看不出出原材料）. can’t wait to do 迫不及待做某事. reply to 给...回复8910. find out 查明；找出长难句分析. PERU is a country on the Pacific coast of South America with three main areas:1narrow, dry, flat land running along the coast, the Andes Mountains, and theAmazon rainforest.此句中用到了 with 的复合结构，表伴随等含义。With 复合结构：with+ 宾语+现在分词 with+宾语+过去分词with+宾语+动词不定式with+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语The old couple often go for a walk with their dog following.He can spare some time to relax with the homework finished.With the problem to solve, the man felt stressed.The student left classroom with the light off.2. You can then spend three days exploring the rainforest with a local guideand enjoying the plants and animals unique to the rainforest.此句中运用了现在分析做状语，表伴随，主语就是主句中的主语；①现在分词做状语事时，在句首或者句末均可。He stood there, shaking his body on the cold wind.Living in London, he can go to Big Ben at any time when he is available.②现在分词作状语时，可以和状语从句互换。Seeing the village from the mountain, I feel refreshed.When I see the village from the mountain, I feel refreshed.=语法知识点(一)强调句型：①It is/was+被强调成分+that (who)+其他成分,若被强调部分是人的时候，连接词也可用 who.另外，强调句型可以强调主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语。It was that man who/that helped me out when I met trouble on the street.It is in the countryside that I can breathe with the freshest air.②It is/was+not until +句子/一段时间+that +句子 直到...才It is not until midnight that I can fall asleep. （二）现在分词作定语，一般位于被修饰的名词或者代词之后，表主动。现在分词短语作后置定语时可以变为定语从句。I envy the persons living in ShanghaiI envy the persons who live in Shanghai.=Looking at their smiling faces. I feel proud and relaxed.Unit 3 Sports and Fitness重点单词以及其词性转换12345678911. fit--fitness--unfit (adj--n--反 adj)健康的--健康--不健康的. ski--skiing (v--现在分词)滑雪. honor--honored--honorable(v/n--adj--adj) 尊敬/荣幸--荣幸的--可敬的. glory--glorious(n--adj) 光荣--光荣的. champion --championship (n--n) 冠军--冠军赛. determine--determined-determination (v--adj--n) 决定--坚定的--决定. injure--injured--injury(v--adj--n) 损害，受伤--受伤的--伤害. grace--graceful (n--adj) 优雅--优雅的. strong--strength--strengthen(adj--n--v) 强壮的--优点，体力--加强0. fail--failure (v--n) 失败1. compete--competition--competitor --competitive(v--n--n(人)--adj)竞争--竞争--竞争者--竞争激烈的11112. slim--slimmer(adj--n(人)) 苗条的--减肥者3. compare-- comparison (v--n) 比较4. jog--jogging (v/n--现在分词)慢跑5. stress--stressed--stressful (v/n--adj--adj) 压力--有压力的--压力大的（事 物）11112226. event n. 比赛项目；大事7. host v.&n 主持8. master v. 掌握 n. 主人9. fail--failure (v--n) 失败0. positive---negative (adj-反 adj) 积极的，乐观的---消极的，悲观的1. audience n.观众（单复数同形）2. apart adv. 分开；分离重点短语1234567. lose heart 失去信心. make it 成功. fall apart 破碎；破裂. even if/though 即使；虽然. now and then 偶尔=at times= from time to time. rather than 而不是. come along 跟随；到达；进步；赶快come up with 想出；拿出=think of. work out 锻炼；计算出；解决work on 努力说服；致力于89. with determination 坚决地0. give up 放弃；投降1give in 屈服；让步；交上give away 赠送；泄露11. compete with/against…for… 为争取……而与……对抗/抗争2. pretend to do 假装做某事1 1111113. make sense 有道理；合乎情理；表述清楚4. be on a diet 节食5. make a difference 有作用或影响6. would do sth. rather than do sth.7. prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 比起……更愿意做……8. compare …with/ to 与……比较长难句分析. This helps you to relate what you already know and to understand the new text.1此句中运用了 what 引导的宾语从句What 引导的宾语从句在句中作宾语，what 在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语。What you have said is true.Chinese are proud of what China have achieved in the past 73 years2. The Boys and Girls Club which he started in Chicago has been helping youngpeople since 1996.此句中运用了现在完成时+since+句子（一般过去时）since 后接表示过去的时间，或一般过去时态的状语从句时，句子/主句要用现在完成时。常用句型：It has been /is+一段时间+since+句子（一般过去时）自从...已经多久了It has been 15 years since I graduated from high school.语法知识点Tag question 反意疑问句结构：陈述句 + 附加疑问句？It’s hot today ,isn’t it ? 原则：1.前肯后否，前否后肯2.前名后代3.时态一致变法： 一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。用法：1234. 句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句，仍把它作为肯定形式He disagreed with me,didn’t he?. Let’s 的反意疑问句为 shall we ?Let’s go out to play basketball, shall we?. 若陈述部分为祈使句，则其附加部分通常用 will you, won't you, would you .Please keep your heart, will you?. 若陈述句部分含有 never , few , little , hardly ,no ,seldom ,nobody ,nothing …否定词、半否定词时，附加疑问句用肯定形式。He hardly said anything in the meeting, did he?5. 如果陈述部分的主语为 somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等指人的复合不定代词时，其附加部分的主语在正式文体中用 he，在口语或非正式文体中通常用 they。Someone is waiting for me, isn’t he?6. 当陈述部分的主语为 everything, something, anything, nothing 等表示物的不定代词时，疑问部分的主语用 it.Everything will be OK, isn’t it?注意：1. 反义疑问句的回答：反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答，若事实是肯定的，就用 yes ,肯定形式。若事实是否定的，就用 No, +否定形式。+在前否后肯的句子中回答仍然用：yes , +肯定形式/No, +否定形式。但 yes 表“不”而 No 表“是的”。He isn’t at home now, is he?Yes, he is. 是的，他不在No, he isn’t. 不，他在家。 2. 反意疑问句部分的主语应与陈述部分主语一致，且只能是代词，不能是名词。Something is wrong with his car, isn’t it?Unit 4 Natural Disasters1. rescue. n/vt 营救；救援《《《《1》把某人从、、、营救出来: rescue sb from2》进行营救: attempt a rescue3》设法（实行）营救: make/perform a rescue4》他答应在我有危险的时候会来救我。He promised to come to my rescue if I was in danger.. damage vt.损坏、迫害。n 损失；损害2《1》弥补损失: recover a damage《《《2》赔偿损失: pay for damage3》遭受损失、蒙受损害: suffer damage4》洪水对庄稼造成重大的损毁。The flood did/caused great damage to the crop..survive. vi 生存；存活 vt 幸存、艰难度过 survivor 幸存者；生还者3《《《1》靠、、、活下来；靠、、、生存: survive on2》比某人多活、、、survive sb by3》在这次空难中没有人幸免于难。Nobody survived the disaster.. destroy vt.摧毁；毁灭 destruction n 破坏；毁灭1》你的话会破坏孩子的自信心。Your words will destroy your child’s confidence.2》我们不能再继续破坏环境了。We can’t continue to destroy the environment..affect vt 影响;（疾病）侵袭；深深打动；使感染（疾病）effect n 影响；效果；4《《5 结果《1》我们被他的真诚深深打动。We were affected by his sincerity.《2》如今科技极大地影响了我们的生活。Nowadays technology has greatly affected our life..shelter n 避难所；居所；庇护 vt 保护 掩蔽 躲避1》那棵大树使我们免受大雨的侵袭.The big tree sheltered us from the heavy rain.2》这个计划是为无家可归的人提供住所。The plan is to provide shelter for the homeless..ruin n/vt 破坏；毁坏6《《7《《《1》毁掉某人的希望、健康:ruin ones hope/health2》坍塌 fall into ruin3》灾难过后，一切都成了废墟。After the disaster, everything was in ruins.．Shock n 震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt 使震惊8《《《《1》文化冲击: culture shock2》震惊；吃惊: in shock3》对、、、感到吃惊: be shocked at/by4》我们非常震惊地得知我们喜爱的这位作家已经去世。We were shocked to learn that our favorite writer had passed away．Trap vt 使落入险境；是陷入圈套 n 陷阱；险境9《《《1》 用、、捕捉；使困于: trap sb/sth in sth2》 诱骗某人使之采取某种行动: trap sb into sth/doing3》 震后，很多人被困于废墟下。After earthquake, many people were trapped under the ruins.0．bury vt 埋葬；安葬1《《《1》专心于（某事）：陷入，沉浸于；藏于:bury…in2》埋头于；专心于 bury oneself in4》 她以手掩面，痛哭起来。She buried her face in her hands and cried bitterly, 11.effort n 努力；艰难的尝试；尽力《《《《《1》努力做某事: make an effort/efforts to do sth2》不遗余力: spare no effort3》值得努力: be worth the effort4》毫不费力地: without effort5》 他努力地说英语。He spoke in English with effort.12. suffer vt 遭受；蒙受（因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等）受苦 suffering 痛苦；苦难《《《1》遭受: suffer from2》遭受疼痛: suffer pain3》他们公司去年生意亏损。Their company suffered loss in business last year,13. supply n 供应量；补给；补给品。vt 供应；供给《《《《《1》食物供应 food supply2》供应不足 in short supply3》提供给某人某物 supply sb with sth4》把某物提供给某人 supply sth to sb5》这家商店向顾客提供各种商品。The shop supplies all kinds of goods tocustomers.4. power n 电力供应；能量；力量；控制力---powerful 强有力的；强大的；1《《《《《1》某人有权、能力 within one’s power2》掌权 come into power3》有权力做某事 have the power to do sth4》停电 power failure6》 这里没有人有权在文件上签名。Nobody here has the power to sign the paper.15.calm n 镇静的；沉着的 vt 使平静；使镇静 calmly 平静地；冷静地《《《1》保持冷静: stay/keep/remain calm2》使某人镇静下来:calm sb down3》她在危险面前能保持镇静。She can keep calm in the face of danger.16.aid n 援助；帮助；救援物资 v 帮助；援助《1》（对某人）实施急救 do/give/offer/perform/carry out first aid2》帮某人的忙 come to the aid of sb《 《《《《3》为了帮助:in aid of4》在、、、的帮助下: with the aid of5》帮助某人做某事: aid sb in doing sth/aid sb to do sth6》在某方面帮助某人:aid sb with sth《7》 为了帮助洪灾地区举行了一场音乐会。An concert was given in aid of theflooded areas.17.sweep vt/vi 打扫；清扫( swept swept)《《《《《1》消灭；彻底清除: sweep away2》打扫干净，清扫干净:sweep out3》席卷；轻易通过: sweep through4》打扫；清扫:sweep up5》晚会结束后，她被留下来打扫卫生。She was left to sweep up after the party.8.wave n 海浪；波浪 vt/vi 挥手；招手 wavy adj 波浪形的1《《《《1》向、、挥手: wave at/to2》挥手告别: wave off3》一波、、、，一阵、、、a wave of4》她从街对面向我招手。She waved at me from across the street.19. strike vt/vi 侵袭；突击；击打n罢工；罢课；袭击《《《《《《1》打一个男孩: strike a boy2》钟敲了十二下 : strike twelve3》开始罢工、罢课 : be/go on strike4》打击敌人: strike the enemy5》某人忽然想起: It strikes sb that…6》我忽然想起家里一个人也没有。It struck me that there was no one at home.20. deliver. vt 递送，传达，发表 delivery n 递送，分娩《《《1》发货: deliver the goods2》作报告: deliver a speech3》接生: deliver a baby 《4》送某人到家: deliver to sb’s house《5》大卫会一大早起来送报纸。David would get up early in the morning to delivernewspaper.1. summary n 总结；概括；概要 summarize vt 概述；总结2《《《《1》…的摘要、总结: summary of2》总的来说，总之: in summary3》作总结: make a summary4》总之，这次运动取得了巨大的成功。In summary, the campaign has been a greatsuccess.2. effect n 影响；结果；效果 effective . adj2有效的；生效的《《《《《《1》实行: bring/ put sth into effect2》产生效果: bring about effect3》生效；开始实施: come into effect/ take effect4》实际上；事实上: in effect5》从、、起开始生效: with effect from6》这反过来又对狼的食物供应产生了影响。This in turn has effect on the foodsupply for wolves.3. length. n 长；长度 lengthen v（使）变长2《《《《1》最后，最终: at length2》长度: in length.3》十分详尽地: at great/full length.4》桌子的长度是它的宽度的两倍。The length of the table is twice its breadth.二．重点短语. as if/though 似乎，好像；仿佛1《1》 引导的从句所表示的内容若为事实或为事实。可用陈述语气；若为事实相反，应使用虚拟语气。《2》 他老爱说大话，就仿佛他是一位要人似的。He likes to talk big as if he was an important person.3》 听起来好像有人在敲门。It sounds as if/though there is a knock at the door.《 2. in the openair 露天；在户外《《《《《1》 乘飞机: by air2》 在传播中: in the air3》 正在广播: on the air4》 停止广播: off the air5》 他正在户外散步。He is now taking a walk in the open air.3. on hand 现有（尤指帮助）《《《《《《《《《1》 交上；提交: hand in2》 分发: hand out3》 交出；移交:hand over4》 交付，传递: hand on5》 在手边；可能很快发生的: at hand6》 用手工: by hand7》 握手: shake hands8》 手拉手；密切关联: hand in hand9》 如今的女性非常忙碌。一方面，她们要照顾家庭；另一方面，许多妇女又选择外出工作。Women today are very busy. On the one hand, they have to take care of theirfamilies; on the other hand, many women choose to go out to work.三．重点句型1. 主语+be+adj+(+for sb ) +to do课本原句1》 水、食物和电都很难获得.Water, food, and electricity were hard to get.句式仿写2》火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的，我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的情景。The volcanic eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forgetmy first sight of one.. be doing……when…正在做、、，这时、、课本原句《《2 《1》 我和我的三个孩子吃早餐的时候。水开始充满了我的家。I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling myhome.《2》 我正往家走，老师好心地让我搭个便车。I was walking home when my teacher kindly gave me a lift.句式拓展3》 她正要举手，这时下课了。She was about to raise her hand when class was over.《Unit 5 知识点全面背记清单一、教材词汇表和用法1．accent n. 口音；腔调；重音 a strong/broad accent 浓重的口音2．identity n. 身份；本身；本体 Their identities were kept secret.他们的身份保密。3..vocabulary n. 词汇 We read to improve our vocabulariesFor me , vocabulary is my biggest problem. 对我来说，词汇是我最大的问题。（P66）He has a poor vocabulary , so he can't express himself correctly.4．dialectn. 地方话；方言 When people use words and expressions different form “standardlanguage”, it is called a dialect. 当人们使用不同于“标准语言”的词语和表达时，那就叫做方言。 I can fluently speak different dialects of Chinese. 我可以流利地讲不同的中国方言。5．usage n. 使用；用法；词语惯用法 It's not a word in common usage .这不是一个常用词。.．request n/v. 请求；要求 They made a request for further aid.他们要求再给一些帮助My request was granted.我的要求得到了满足67．official a 官方的；正式的；公务的 official responsibilities 公务．command n/v 命令；指令；掌握 give the command 发出命令8obey the captain's commands 服从船长的命令 He commanded his men to retreat.他命令手下撤退The commission commanded that work on the building should cease.委员会下令那栋大楼必须 停建。9．spellingN. 拼写；拼法10．expression n. 词语；表示；表达；表情 an expression of support 表示支持a worried expression on her face 担心的神色 facial expressions 面部表情1．speech n 演讲；讲话 give/make/deliver a speech on human rights 就人权问题发表演讲112．sayingn. 谚语言论‘Accidents will happen ’, as the saying goes .常言道：“意外事，总难免。13．pronunciation n 发音；读法 a guide to English pronunciation 英语发音指南14．grammar n. 语法 he basic rules of grammar 基本语法规则 English grammar 英语语法15..billion n. 十亿They have spent billions of dollars on the problem .他们花了几十亿美元解决这个问题6..native / ˈneɪtɪv /adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的1Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kindof English. 以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲不是同一种英语，他们也能彼此听懂。China is our native country, and Chinese is our native language.中国是我们的祖国，汉语是我们的母语。Australians are proud of their native wildlife. 澳大利亚人为他们的野生动物感到骄傲。be native to... 原产于某地 The panda is native to China. 大熊猫产于中国。n.本地人 a native of 当地人/产于……的动/植物 He is a native of Beijing. 他是北京人。17..attitude / ˈætɪtju:d ; NAmE 'ætitu:d/ n. 态度；看法What is the attitude of the speaker towards foreign language learning? 演讲者对外语学习态度是什么？（P60）Beauty is an attitude. It has nothing to do with age. 美是一种态度，与年龄无关。a positive /negative /firm attitude 积极/消极/坚定的态度Remember, keep a positive attitude and good things will happen. 记住：保持乐观的心态，好事自然会发生。an attitude to /towards 对… ...的态度We should develop a good attitude to/towards life. 我们应该树立良好的生活态度。18..reference / ˈrefrəns / n. 指称关系；参考 reference booksShe made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans.她没有提到她的病，只 说了她未来的计划。I wrote down the name of the hotel for future reference.我记下了这家酒店的名字，以后也许用得着。19..refer/ rɪˈfɜ:(r) / (referred , referred , referring)vi.提到；参考；查阅refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅Pronouns (it, they, she, etc.) refer to something or somebody mentioned earlier.代词（it, they, she, etc.）指前面提到的某物或某人。（P60）Pay attention to the context of words to help you understand what the pronouns refer to.注意单词的上下文，帮助你理解代词指代什么。（P60）In his speech, he referred to a recent trip to Canada. 他在讲演中提到了前不久的加拿大之行。That remark does not refer to her. 那句话不是指她说的。Don't refer to the matter again. 不要再提这件事了.You may refer to your notes if you want. 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。refer to a dictionary 查词典 Refer to the dictionary when you don't know how to spell aword.当你不知道怎么拼写一个词时,查阅一下词典.vt.查询；叫……求助于 For further details I refer you to my secretary. 详情请问我的秘书。20.means /mi:nz/ n.方式；方法；途径Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China's present is connectedwith its past.书面汉语也已成为一种把中国的现在与过去联系起来的一个重要的手段。（P62）This is their only means of communication. 这是他们唯一的交流方式。bymeansof...用......办法；借助... ...We shall solve this problem by means of law and education.He succeeded by means of hard work. 他依靠自己辛勤的劳动而获得成功。by no means 绝不，无论如何都不 He is by no means a brave person. 他绝对不是一个勇敢的人。【注意】（1）means 是单复数同形的名词，作主语时，如果表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数；如果表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数。Every possible means has been tried =All possible means have been tried2）先行词 means 在定语从句中充当方式状语时，引导词用 by which。（This is the means by which he solved the problem. 这就是他解决问题的方式。(先行词 the means 还原到定语从句中为：he solved the problem by the means，因此引导词用 bywhich。)21..system / ˈsɪstəm / n.体系；制度；系统solar system 太阳系 a transport system 运输系统 educational system 教育体制 ecosystem 生态系统People think that there are many shortcomings in educational system.人们认为教育制度有很多缺陷。The global warming will surely influence the ecosystem. 全球变暖一定会影响生态系统。22.civilization /ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn / n. 文明；文明世界 western civilization.China is widely known for its ancient civilisation which has continued all the way （P62）The Yangtze is one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization. 长江是中华文明的母亲河之一。【拓展】（1）civilize / ˈsɪvəlaɪz / vt. 使文明；使开化；启发 Knowledge can civilize people.知识能够使人有教养。The wild child found in the forest was gradually civilized 在森林里发现的野孩子逐渐被开化了。（2）civilized /ˈsɪvəlaɪzd/ adj. 文明的；有教养的 civilized society.Many volunteers are playing an active part in making Jinan a civilized city.许多志愿者正为济南建设文明城市发挥积极作用。He was very kind and civilized. 他非常和蔼可亲，十分文雅。23..despite / dɪˈspaɪt / prep. 即使；尽管despite the many ups and downs in its history 尽管在历史上有许多起起伏伏（P62）Despite all these differences, lifestyle changes may be affecting French eating habits.尽管有这些差异，生活方式变化可能在影响法国的饮食习惯。despite the fact that… 尽管……She was good at physics despite the fact that she found it boring.尽管她认为物理枯燥无 味，她却学得很好。despite /in spite of（doing）sth = although/though+从句 尽管……He always did well at school despite /in spite of doing part-time jobs every now and then.=He always did well at school although/though he did part-time jobs every now and then.尽管偶尔做兼职，他在学校总是学习成绩很好。注意】 despite 和 in spite of 是介词，其后接名词或动名词做宾语，而 although/though 是连词，其后要接句子，引导让步状语从句。4..ups and downs 浮沉；兴衰；荣辱【2When life gets hard and you want to give up, remember that life is full of ups and downs,and without the downs, the ups would mean nothing. 当生活很艰难，你想要放弃的时候，请记住，生活充满了起起落落，如果没有低谷，那站在高处也失去了意义。The relationship between China and America has seen ups and downs in the past fifty years.在过去的 50 年里，中美两国关系跌宕起伏。25. factor / ˈfæktə(r)/ n. 因素；要素There are many reasons why this has been possible but one of the main factors has been theChinese writing system . 这种可能是有很多原因的，但主要因素之一是汉语书写系统。（P62）Physical activity is an important factor in keeping healthy. 进行体育活动是保持身体健康的一个重要因素。Knowledge is one of the important factors for a country's development. 知识是一个国家发展的重要因素之一。26.. base /beɪs/ vt. 以...为据点；以....为基础base… on/upon be based on/upon 以……为基础；以……为根据I based my opinion on facts. = My opinion was based on facts. 我的看法是以事实为根据的。Their marriage was based on love and respect. 他们的婚姻建立在爱和尊重的基础上。n. 底部；根据 ；基础 the economic base 经济基础Plants are the base of the food chain. 植物处于食物链的最底层。27.based /beist/ 以（某事）为基础的； 以……为重要部分（或特征）的At the beginning, written Chinese was a picture-based language.起初，书面汉语是一种以图画为基础的语言。（P62）a Chicago-based company 总部设在芝加哥的公司 【注意】直接可以用 based on… 作定语或状语。His uncle is going to make a film based on his story in his childhood.我的叔叔打算拍一部以他的童年故事为基础的电影。Based on a true story, the film deeply moved us.以一个真实的故事为基础，这部影片深深打动了我们。【拓展】basic /ˈbeɪsɪk/ adj. 基本的；首要的The basic forms of the English writing system are known as letters. 英语书写系统的基本形式是字母。（P63）Sleep is, after all, a very basic need. 毕竟，睡眠是非常基本的需要。basic education 基础教育28..date back to ... 追溯到 （= date from…）It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu ... 它可以追溯到数千年前龙骨的使用... ... （P62）Oxford and Cambridge date back to the thirteenth century. 牛津和剑桥的历史可追溯到十三世纪。What time can the marathon date back to? 马拉松可以追溯到何时?【注意】date back to ... / date from… 不用于进行时，也不用于被动语态中，但可以用现在分词形式作定语。My family has a vase dating back to the Ming Dynasty. 我家有个花瓶是从明代传下来的。29..bone / bəʊn / n. 骨头；骨（质 ） animal bones and shells were carved by ancient Chinesepeople.（P62）Many passengers suffered broken bones in the accident. 在事故中许多乘客骨折。This fish has a lot of bones in it. 这种鱼多刺。330.shell /ʃel / n.壳；壳状物 We collected shells on the beach. 我们在海滩拾贝壳。1.. symbol / ˈsɪmbl / n. 符号；象征By the Shang Dynasty, these symbols had become a well-developed writing system .到商朝，这些符号已经成为一个完善的书写体系。（P62）The elephant is one of the Thailand’s symbols. 大象是泰国的象征之一。【拓展】symbolize /'sɪmbəlaɪz/ vt. 象征，作为…的象征 Many Chinese characters symbolize their meaning.许多汉字象征着它们的意义。（P63）What does this strange mark symbolize? 这个奇怪的符号象征什么?32.carve / kɑ:v / vt. & vi 雕刻 They carved their names on the desk. 他们把自己的名字刻在书桌上。The wood had been carved into the shape of a flower. 木头雕成了花朵状。33..dynasty /ˈdɪnəsti; ' dai-/ 王朝；朝代 the Ming Dynasty vase 明朝的花瓶The Tang Dynasty made Chang'an its capital. 唐代建都长安。34..variety /vəˈraɪətɪ/ n. (植物、语言等的）变体；异体；多样化it was a time when people were divided geographically, leading to many varieties of dialectsand characters. ... ...那是一个中国人在地理上是分裂时期，导致了多种方言和文字。（P62）a variety of = varieties of = various 多种多样的；各种各样的China has a variety of / varieties of / various plants. 中国有着品种繁多的植物。I decided to leave London for a variety of / varieties of / various reasons. 由于种种原因，我决定离开伦敦。.35.major / ˈmeɪdʒə(r) / adj.主要的；重要的；大的 n.主修课程；主修学生Emperor Qinshihuang united the seven major states into one unified country.秦始皇将七个主要国家统一为一个统一的国家。（P62）Obesity [oʊˈbisəti] is a major risk factor in many diseases. 肥胖是引发多种疾病的重要因素。Her major is French. 她的专业课是法语。She's a French major. 她是法语专业的学生。vi.主修；专门研究 major in 主修……学科 She majored in History at Stanford. 她在斯坦福主修历史。【拓展】majority / məˈdʒɒrəti/n. 多数；大部分 The majority of people prefer TV to radio.6..no matter where, who, what, etc. 不论……；不管……3Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can allstill communicate in writing. 即使是今天，无论中国人住在哪里, 说什么方言，他们都能通过书写（文字）进行交流。（P62） No matter where you go in life or how old you get, there's always something new to learnabout.不管你生活在哪里，你有多少岁，总有新东西要学习。【用法讲解】“no matter+疑问词” 引导让步状语从句，意为“不管……，无论……”。可置于句首、句中和句尾 。Don't open the door, no matter who calls! 不管谁叫门，都不要开！No matter what you say, he won’t believe you. 无论你说什么，他都不相信你。I'll help you no matter when you have difficulties. 无论何时你有困难，我就帮你。37. classic / ˈklæsɪk / adj.传统的；最优秀的；典型的 Classic musicPeople in modem times can read the classic works which were written by Chinese in ancienttimes. 现代人可以阅读古代中国人写的经典作品。（P62）It is a classic style of Chinese buildings. 这是中式建筑典型风格。n. 经典作品；名著 literature classic .As I grow older, I like to read the classics. 随着年龄渐长，我喜欢读经典著作。38.regard / rɪˈgɑ:d / n. 尊重；关注 ； 问候（尤用于信中表示问好）The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinesecharacters … 对汉语书写系统的高度重视从汉字的发展可以看出……（P62）We have a great regard for the advanced workers. 我们非常尊敬先进工作者。Give my regards to your family. 请代我向你家人问好。vt. 把... 视为；看待 Her work is very highly regarded. 她的工作受到高度评价。regard … as … 将……认为；把……视为 He regarded me as his friend. 他把我当成朋友。Physics has hurt me a thousand times, but I still regard it as my first love. 物理伤我千百遍，我待物理如初恋。39.character /'kærəktə(r)/ n. 文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 Chinese characters 汉字（P62）On November18,1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. 在 1978 年 11 月 18 日，米奇成了第一位入选好莱坞星光大道明星的卡通人物。Knowledge will give you power, but character respect. 知识给你力量，品格给你别人的尊敬。Easy-going is part of his character. 随和是他的性格的一部分。40.calligraphy / kəˈlɪɡrəfi / n. 书法；书法艺术 …known as Chinese calligraphy, which has become an important part of Chinese culture.…被人们所熟知的中国书法已经成为中国文化的重要组成部分。（P62）…Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art. 中国书法是一种艺术。1..global /'gləʊbəl/ adj. 全球的；全世界的4As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of internationalstudents are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history（P62）Global warming is a real problem. 全球变暖是个真实存在的问题。We are trying to find solutions to global fuel shortage. 我们正设法找到解决全球能源短缺的办法。【拓展】globe / gləʊb / n. 球体；地球仪；地球 Seventy percent of our globe's surface iswater.高考链接】According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total7______ (globe) fertilizer consumption.（2018 全国卷 II 语法填空）2..affair / əˈfeə(r) / n.公共事务[复数]；事件；关系 global affairs 全球事务【64world/international/ financial /public /business affairs 世界/国际/财务/公共/商业事务What I do in my spare time is my own affair. 我在业余时间做些什么是我自己的事情。43..appreciate /ə'pri:ʃieɪt / vt. 欣赏；重视；感激；领会appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazing language.通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。（P62）Anyone can appreciate our music. 任何人都能欣赏我们的音乐。appreciate (one’s) doing sth. 感激（某人）做某事He would much appreciate your doing him that favor.如果你能帮他这个忙，他会非常感激的。appreciate it … if… 如果……，将感激不尽I’d appreciate it if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come.如果你能提前让我知道你是否来，我将感激不尽。vi. 增值 Their investments have appreciated over the years. 他们的投资这些年来已经增值。【拓展】appreciation /əˌpri:ʃiˈeɪʃn/ n. 欣赏；感激；领会；了解Learning Chinese calligraphy will increase your appreciation of Chinese culture.学习中国书法将增加你对中国文化的鉴赏力。（P63） 44.specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ adj. 特定的；明确的；具体的Scanning is looking at the text quickly to find specific information such as dates ornumbers.浏览是快速看课文以找到特定的信息，如日期或数字。（P63）The money was collected for a specific purpose. 这笔钱是为一个特定用途而筹集的。I asked him to be more specific. 我要求他说得更具体些。45..struggle / ˈstrʌgl / n. 斗争；奋斗；努力；难事 When I started studying German , it wasa struggle.当我开始学习德语时，那是一件很难的事。（P64）Losing weight was a terrible struggle. 减肥是一件非常艰难的事。vi. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗；努力 She struggled to her feet. 她艰难地站起来。struggle for sth./to do sth. 为争取……而奋斗They were struggling for independence. 他们在为争取独立而奋斗。struggle against/with sb./sth.与……斗争；与……抗争 He struggled against cancer for twoyears. 。46..tongue / tʌŋ / n. 舌头；语言 The words felt strange on my tongue. 在我的舌头上，单词感觉很奇怪。（P64）脸，向他吐了吐舌头。She made a face and stuck out her tongue at him. 她做了个鬼I tried speaking to her in her native tongue. 我试着用她的本族语和她说话。47..point of view 观点；看法I could see the world from a different point of view. 我可以从不同的角度看世界。（P64）From my point of view , the party was a complete success. 依我看这次聚会非常圆满。48. semester / sɪˈmestə(r) / n.学期 the spring/fall semester 春季 / 秋季学期I plan to take chemistry this semester. 这学期我准备选修化学。49.gas /ɡæs/ n.汽油；气体；燃气 natural gas 天然气 petrol /'petrəl/ n. 汽油0.subway /'sʌbweɪ/ n.地铁 =underground5The new subway is now being laid in Jinan. 新的地铁正在济南修建。.ride/take the subway 乘地铁 by subway 乘地铁；从地下通道 He always goes to work by subway.50 .apartment /ə'pɑ:tmənt/ n. 公寓套房（=flat）I’d like to come up to your apartment. 我来看看你的公寓吧。 Even though the company is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little1.pants / pænts / n. [pl.] (BrE ）内裤；短裤； 裤子 I really need to buy some pants. （P65）5In British English, the word “pants” means underwear.在英国英语中，“pants”一词是指内裤。（P65）52. beg /beg/ vt. 恳求；祈求；哀求 I beg your pardon. 对不起。（P65）beg sb for sth =beg sth of/from sb 向某人乞求某物They begged him for help.= They begged help of/from him .他们向他求援。beg for sth 乞求某物 The homeless people were begging for food. 那些无家可归的在讨饭。beg sb to do sth 乞求某人干某事 I begged him to come back to England with me.【拓展】beggar / ˈbegə(r) / n. 乞丐; 家伙; I gave the beggar some money out of pity.The beggar died of cold and hunger. 这个乞丐由于寒冷和饥饿而死亡。3..equal /'i:kwəl /n.同等的人；相等物 …our relationship is close and we're equals …我们的关系很亲密，我们是平等的人…（P66）5…No one could be his equal at telling stories. 讲故事没人能比得上他。adj. 相同的；同样的 Men and women enjoy equal pay for equal work. 男女同工同酬。be equal to… 与……相等；能胜任……（to 为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词）I can't find a person who can be equal to this work. 我找不到能胜任这个工作的人。be equal in sth．在某方面相等 Not all men are equal in ability. 人的能力并不都是一样的。vt. 等于; 和……相等；比得上 Four plus four equals eight．四加四等于八。【拓展】（1）equally adv.平等地，同样地；均等地Men and Women must be treated equally in education and employment.2）equality /iˈkwɒləti/ n．平等；同等I believe in the principle of equality before the law. 我相信法律面前人人平等的原则。（（3）unequal /ʌnˈi:kwəl/ adj. 不平等的; 不胜任的 The twins are unequal in height.（4）unequally adv. 不公平地；不相等地 Their profits were divided unequally. 他们的利润分配不均。5..gap /gæp/ n.间隔；开口；差距 generation gap 代沟5I only need a few words to bridge the gap between us. 我只需几句话就可以弥合我们之间的差距。（P66）Both parents and teenagers must try to bridge the generation gap between them. 56..demand/ dɪˈmɑ:nd /n.要求；需求 Demand for coal is down. 煤的需求下降了。I must make it a question , not a demand. 我必须把它作为一个问题，而不是要求。（P66）to meet/satisfy their customers' demands 满足客户要求in demand 需求大 Good teachers are always in demand. 优秀的老师总是需求很大。vt. 强烈要求；需要 She demanded an immediate answer. 她强烈要求立即作出答复。This sport demands both speed and strength.这项运动既需要速度也需要体力。demand + that 从句（从句中用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”， should 常可省略）The workers demanded that they (should) get better pay and conditions.工人们要求提高工资和改善工作条件。vi.查问“Who are you? ” he demanded angrily. “你到底是谁？”他气势汹汹地查问道。7..description /dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ n.描写（文字）；形容Does the writer give a clear description of the problem? 作者是否清楚地描述了这个问题？P67）5（She gave an exact description of the accident. 她对事故作了精确的描述。beyond description 难以形容 The scenery was so beautiful that it was almost beyonddescription.风景是如此得美丽,以至于几乎难以形容。【拓展】describe /dɪˈskraɪb/ vt. 描述；形容 Can you describe him to me?你能向我描述一下他的样子吗？59..relate / rɪˈleɪt / vt. 联系；讲述 relate A with/ to B 把…联系起来The professor told his students to relate theory with/ to practice. 教授要学生们理论联系实际。I can't relate what he does with/ to what he says. 我没法把他做的和说的联系起来。be related to 与……有关， 和……有联系This heart attack may be related to his overwork. 这次心脏病发作可能和他工作过劳有关。relate to 与…… 相关；涉及；谈到 Does each sentence relate to the main idea?（P67）【拓展】（1）relation /rɪˈleɪʃn/ n. 关系；联系；交往 international relations 国际关系Manners are very important to harmonious relations among people.礼貌对人们之间的和睦关系很重要。 （2）relationship /rɪ'leɪʃnʃɪp/ n.关系；联系 She has a very close relationship with hersister.三、重点句子、句型、句式1. By the Shang Dynasty (around 1600 － 1046 BCE), these symbols had become a well-developedwriting system.（教材）到了商朝(大约公元前 1600－1046 年)，这些符号已经成为一个完善的书写体系。句式解构 “by＋时间”组成的介词短语表示“到……时为止”。在句中作时间状语时，句子的谓语动词常用完成时态。佳句：By the end of last week, we had received over 1,000 text messages.到上周末我们已收到 1 000 多条短信。2. That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.这一书写体系对于凝聚中国人和中国文化具有重要意义（教材原句）。句式解构 “of＋抽象名词”结构相当于形容词。佳句 Taking plenty of exercise can be of great benefit.多锻炼是很有好处的。3.Even today, no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they canall still communicate in writing.（教材原句）即使在今天，无论住在哪里，也不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写(文字)进行交流。句式解构 no matter where, who, what, etc.引导让步状语从句。佳句：. No matter how difficult it is, I’m going to finish the work ahead of time.不管多么困难，我都要提前完成我的工作。No matter what happened, he would not mind.不管发生什么，他都不在意。12.Even if I fail many times, I won’t give up. 即使我失败很多次，我都不会放弃。Despite/In spite of failure, I didn’t lose heart. 尽管失败了，我并没有灰心4.How many billion people speak the UN' s official languages as their native or secondlanguage? 有几十亿人把联合国的官方语言作为他们的母语或第二门语言？（P60）拓展】表数量的词的用法【dozen（十二）,score（二十）,hundred（百）,thousand（千）,million（百万）, billion（十亿）之前有确切的数字时，用单数形式；没有确切的数字时，用复数形式，而且多和 of 连用。 two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 dozens of eggs 几十个鸡蛋five hundred people 五百人 hundreds of people 数百计的人three billion years 30 亿年 billions of years 数十亿年5..As China plays a greater role in global affairs, an increasing number of internationalstudents are beginning to appreciate China’s culture and history through this amazinglanguage.（教材原句）随着中国在全球事物中扮演着更重要的角色，越来越多的国际学生开始通过汉语这一奇妙的语言了解和欣赏中国的文化和历史。四、语法由 when, where, why, or 介词+which/who 引导的定语从句when (=at/in/on /during which)where (=in/at /on/under which)why (=for which)时间状语地点状语原因状语一).关系副词 where 引导的定语从句。where 引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示地点的名词。.China is the only country where wild pandas can be found. 2.This is the house where I1lived two years ago.知识拓展：如果定语从句分别修饰 point, situation, stage, condition 和 case, position 等表示抽象意义的词，常用 where / prep + which 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。I’ve come to the point where I can’t stand him.I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.二)．关系副词 when 引导的定语从句 when 引导的定语从句其先行词往往是表示时间的名词。The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life.Ｉcan’t forget the year when I studied English in Beijing University.三）．关系副词 why 引导的定语从句。why 引导的定语从句其先行词是 reason。The reason why he didn’t come to the party is that he didn’t want to see Jane.Can you tell me the reason why you are late?四）．“介词+ 关系代词”引导的定语从句:介词后的关系代词只能是 which （指物）whom（指人）介词选择的原则：1） 介词根据从句谓语动词的搭配习惯而确定on which I spent 5 yuan .for which I paid 5 yuan . This is the book from which I learnt a lot.about which Tom often talks2）. 介词根据先行词的搭配习惯而确定the day on which I joined the Party.the days during which I lived here.the month in which I stayed there.I remember3）. 介词根据从句所表达的意义而确定My computer, without which I can’t play computer games, crashed yesterday.五）．定语从句与其他从句的比较 非限制性定语从句和单句/并列句的比较He has two sons. Both of_____ are teachers. （He has two sons, and both of ______are teachers. （He has two sons; both of _____are teachers. （He has two sons, both of _______are teachers. （五、范文欣赏句）句）句）句）假定你是李华，你的英国朋友 Peter 在中国学习中文，最近他在中文学习中遇到一些困难，这使他很担心，写信向你求助。请你给他一些建议。字数要求 100 词左右。Dear peter,Having known that you’re having trouble learning Chinese, I am writing to provide youwith some constructive suggestions.From my point of view, life is full of ups and downs. Thus, don’t feel too nervous. Tobegin with, it would be a wise choice if you make friends with native speakers, which mustbe of great help to your oral Chinese. Besides, the majority of students master a foreignlanguage by referring to dictionaries. Why not buy one related to Chinese learning. Finally,vocabulary is equally important. Try to remember Chinese characters based on their culturalbackground.I’d appreciate it if you could take my advice into consideration. I’m looking forwardto your early reply.Yours,Li Hua