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新教材适用2024版高考英语一轮总复习语法专题突破专题3不容忽视的小词课件
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这是一份新教材适用2024版高考英语一轮总复习语法专题突破专题3不容忽视的小词课件，共60页。PPT课件主要包含了考点分层演练，一 冠词，The，the ， the，去掉the ，去掉第一个the ，去掉第一个a ，二 代词，代词的形式等内容，欢迎下载使用。
语法专题突破
专题三 不容忽视的小词
考点分层演练
一、不定冠词a/an My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②；we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
一 冠词
不定冠词的用法①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。2．不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。3．有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。What fine weather we have got! Let's go for a picnic.多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4．不定冠词常见的固定搭配have a gift for有……的天赋 have a holiday度假get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观lend sb.a hand帮助某人 as a result因此as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地at a distance离一段距离 a waste of... ……的浪费What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食a collection of...一批…… a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of...有一段……的历史in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时；一时all of a sudden突然 a matter of... ……的问题
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Short writings missed as ____ result of an excused absence will be accepted.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Fitness Magazine recently ran _____ article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”. ③(2022·全国甲卷) Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club where having ____ great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.
a
an
a
④(2022·全国乙卷) Scottish National Portrait Gallery presents ____ series of lectures for the general public. ⑤In Chinese culture，each year is related to ____ Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.⑥He not only is the best student in our class，but also has _____ excellent sense of humour.
a
a
an
二、定冠词the Mr. Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④when a ship wrecked. The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy's parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
定冠词的用法①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江河湖海山岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。
⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的动词)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如by weight，by time，by length，by size等。I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配at the moment此刻；目前 in the end最后；最终to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面by the way顺便说一下in the middle of...在……中间at the same time同时on the contrary相反on the whole总的来说in the distance在远处to the point中肯；切题make the most/best of充分利用
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) ______ Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)．②(2022·全国甲卷) If you are looking for ______ best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here.③(2022·全国甲卷) I remember ______ first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.
The
the
the
④(2022·全国甲卷) On ______ other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions.⑤(2022·全国乙卷) When ______ sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. ⑥The“Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ______ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.⑦______ Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.⑧______ injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
the
the
the
The
The
三、零冠词When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children's meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋系动词，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2．no与such连用时要放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明face to face面对面 out of date过时的make room for让位 in debt负债in shape健康 on foot步行in danger在危险中 side by side并排from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地
单句改错①She started working there in the January.__________②We usually have the breakfast at 7 o'clock.__________③I'm interested in the English，while my brother is fond of the language of French.________________
去掉the
去掉the
去掉第一个the
④Dr.Peter Spence，a headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”______________
去掉第一个a
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1．如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。2．如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。技巧二 注意固定搭配
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤. It has been worn out.
二 代词
①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
一、代词的形式
二、it的用法1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等It is early spring，but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。It is twenty miles from here to the village.从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词Although he didn't like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。It is no use crying over the spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句It is a pity that you can't go with her.很遗憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that从句It seems that he has made a serious mistake.他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这场地震。⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.It took him much energy to write the novel.写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that从句I find it easy to get on with Jim.我发现同吉姆相处很容易。He didn't make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．用于强调句型中，用来强调句子成分中的主语、宾语和状语句型结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who(被强调部分为人)＋其他It was yesterday that I saw him in the street.是昨天我在街道见到他了。
单句语法填空①(2022·全国甲卷) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found __________ (her) greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins longing to say hello.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making _____ easier to produce such sounds.③(2022·浙江卷) I went up to my new teammate and introduced ______ (I).
herself
it
myself
④(2022·全国甲卷) _____ is hard to name a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here.⑤(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I quickly searched the crowd for the school's coach and asked ______ (he) what had happened. ⑥When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is ______(we) decreasing income.”⑦While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers _____(we) up.
It
him
our
us
⑧Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for _____.
it
二、不定代词 1．all，every，both，each，none，neitherThere are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard. Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don't③ want to enter a music institute. Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。
④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything，nothing，something，everything—Do you have anything① to say about your exam? —No，I have nothing② to say about it.—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.—I have told you that I don't have anything① to say about it. Everything④ has gone wrong.①anything表示“任何事物；一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。
②nothing表示“什么也没有；没有什么东西”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others，the others—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn't fit me well.—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.—Don't bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。
③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the onesI found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的表示物的可数名词单数或不可数名词(有后置定语)，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1．another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.另外3个学生去了那个聚会。2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each ________.②(2022·全国甲卷) Then, one after _____________,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. ③(2022·全国甲卷) The disagreement was so sharp that __________ he nor I knew what to settle it.
other
another
neither
④Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but _______ of us know the day，or the hour.⑤Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present，______ that I have never seen.⑥I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _______ in the city.
none
one
that
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋从句。
1．表示方位的介词We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④ the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，and my friend found something special—an empty box. Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.
三 介词
①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指到某处，去某处。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。⑪out of在……外面。⑫from从……。⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 600 a．m. to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in④two hours.However，it wasn't long before⑤ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn't open it until⑥ my parents came back. During⑦ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn't listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑧ two hours since 610 a．m..” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑨ the years?
①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。⑤before在……之前。⑥until直到……时候。⑦during在……期间。⑧for表示延续一段时间。⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④John's bad behaviour.①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词Between① the two opinions，the majority besides② me are also for③ the first one but against④ the second one. By⑤wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by⑤ others despite⑥ the different economic backgrounds among⑦ them. Besides，the price is within⑧ students' reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
①between表示两者之间。②besides表示除此之外(还)。③for表示支持。④against表示反对。⑤by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑥despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。⑦among表示在三者或三者以上之中。⑧within表示在……范围之内。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配call for需要；要求 pass by经过pay for...为……付款 figure out弄清楚apply for申请 dream of梦想search for寻找；搜索 refer to提及；参考begin with……以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成play with...同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑care about关心；介意 focus on集中于feel like想要 charge...for...索费hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换……rely on依靠 go back to追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配1．at开头的介词短语at a loss不知所措 at the cost of...以……的代价at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of...冒……的危险at war处于战争状态at the mercy of...在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时
2．on开头的介词短语on exhibition/show在展出 on account of因为on fire着火 on average平均；一般地on sale出售；打折 on behalf of代表on no account/condition决不on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by开头的介词短语by accident偶然地 by hand手工by mistake错误地 by chance偶然by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧by nature天生地
4．in开头的介词短语in cash用现金付款 in charge of...掌管……in depth在深度上 in return作为回报in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中；垂危in height在高度上 in spite of尽管in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换in favor of支持；赞成 in no time立刻in case of万一；如果；假使in no way决不
in support of...为支持……in place of...代替in honour of...为向……表示敬意in possession of拥有；占有in memory of...为了纪念……in addition to另外in the middle of...在……中间
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的 of significance有意义的of help有帮助的 of use有用的of importance重要的 of value有价值的6．out of＋n.表示状态out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能out of date过期 out of work失业
7．under＋n.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中8．with＋n.表示方式with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地with ease轻而易举地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……；难以……”beyond compare无与伦比beyond description难以描述beyond reach够不到beyond expression/words难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配but for要不是 instead of代替regardless of不管；不顾 apart from...除……之外up to直到；由……决定 according to根据along with随着 together with连同by means of用……办法；借助……owing to因为
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I am down there in my wheelchair _____ the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Now a team of researchers led _____ Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
in
by
③(2022·全国甲卷) The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shows ______ more than 100 years.④(2022·全国甲卷)He poured water _______ a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs.⑤(2022·全国乙卷) They will be moving _____ the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously.⑥(2022·全国乙卷) Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, _____ the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?
for
from
on
at
⑦(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I was familiar _______ the challenges David faced and was proud of his strong determination.⑧(2022·浙江卷) Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity _____ a basic necessity.
with
to
技法一 分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。技法二 记牢搭配1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
动词的种类I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn't④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn't⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
四 动词和动词短语
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1．有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb.＋sth.结构。如：award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给……写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2．不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。My father ___________(work) in a computer company _________(lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.因为work是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查work的主动形式，根据后面的for 5 years 可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。Many doctors _________(need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。4．非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。讲座已经开始半个小时了。The lecture has began for half an hour.×The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”的常见动词：accuse sb.of sth.指责某人某事cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某物cheat sb.of sth.欺骗某人某物remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人的东西warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人某事
6．可用于“动词＋sb.＋for doing sth.”的常见动词：blame sb.for doing sth.指责某人做某事punish sb.for doing sth.惩罚某人做某事thank sb.for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
7．可用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”的常见动词：prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from being done保护某人/物免于被……ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
8．常见动词短语bringbring in引进；挣得bring about引起；导致bring up养育；培养；提出bring down降低；使倒下bring back把……带回来；使恢复bring forward提出；提前
breakbreak down抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解break up打碎；关系结束；解散break through逾越；突破；冲破break away (from)挣脱，脱离break out爆发break in打断；闯入break off折断；中断break into 破门而入
comecome about发生come out出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来come on加油；快点come across偶遇；被理解come true变为现实come up走近；被提出come up with想出；提出come along一起来
carrycarry on继续；坚持carry out执行carry through帮助渡过难关；完成；实现getget across传达；使理解get along/on (with)进展；相处get away逃脱；设法离开get down下来；下车get in收割；到达
get off下车；下班get up起床get through 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解get down to开始认真干get over克服
givegive up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give out耗尽；分发give away泄露；赠送give off发出give back归还；使恢复
gogo against违背go without(没有……)勉强维持；凑合go in for爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)go on继续go over复习；仔细审查go ahead 进行；去做吧；拿去用吧go through经历go away走开go for去取来或接来；争取得到go out出去；熄灭
holdhold on to坚持；抓住不放hold back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感)hold on别挂断；等会儿；坚持keepkeep away (from)使远离keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题keep on继续keep out挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持(高昂情绪)；不低落；持续keep up with紧跟上
looklook ahead向前看look after照看；负责处理look back回忆；回顾look out 当心；提防；找出look up向上看；查阅；形势好转look down upon看不起look forward to盼望look through浏览；快速查看look into调查；向内看look around环视；游览
makemake up编造；化妆；组成；构成；弥补be made up of... 由……构成make up for补偿；弥补make out 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
putput down放下来；平定；镇压；记下put aside把……放到一边；储存put away把……收起来；储蓄put forward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前put off延期；推迟put on穿戴；上演；增加put out扑灭put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿put up with容忍
sendsend for派人去请send out发送；发出(请柬、信号等)setset off出发；引爆set out出发；动身；着手做set up创建；建立；竖起set about开始做；着手做set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会set apart使与众不同set down让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
taketake in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)take off 飞机起飞；脱下take place发生take along随身携带take away带走；拿走take charge负责；掌管take on呈现；雇用；承担take out拿出；带……出去take over 接管；接任
turnturn away转身；走开turn out结果是；生产turn down拒绝；调小turn on打开；取决于turn off 关掉turn over打翻；翻身turn in 上交(作业等)turn into变成；成为turn to求助于；翻到turn up调大；出现
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look ________ to stop them feeling lonely. ②(2022·全国甲卷) We can't seem to make _____ our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set _____ a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP)．
after
up
up
④(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result _____ a useful response.⑤Don't mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may give_______ the shocking ending. ⑥He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned _______.⑦To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took _____ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.⑧The old houses are being pulled down to make room______ a new office block.
in
away
down
up
for
1．动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。2．记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练单句语法填空1．—We had a really damp September this year.—I can't remember _____ autumn when it rained so much.解析：考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头。故填an。2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in ______ last row.解析：考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”。故填the。
an
the
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ____ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.解析：考查冠词。town是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。4．Among ______ “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.解析：考查冠词。设空后的four new great inventions 在本句中表示特指。故填the。
a
the
5．“As soon as he opens ______(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.解析：考查代词。根据mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。故填his。6．But it's difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan _______(they)．解析：考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，所以应用表复数的宾格代词。故填them。
his
them
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for _______ the teachers and the students.解析：考查固定搭配。固定搭配both...and...意为“两者都”，符合语境。故填both。8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after _________(me) and live independently.解析：考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。故填myself。
both
myself
9．When they grow older than three years old, _____ is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.解析：考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。故填it.10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit ________(they) intake of coffee.解析：考查代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。故填their。
it
their
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always _____ the move.解析：考查介词。句意：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。on the move在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。故填on。12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，__________________ washing machines and they use too much water.解析：考查介词。根据some modern household items及空后的washing machines可知，此处表示举例。所以填like“例如”或including“包括”。故填like/including。
on
like/including
13．Sichuan is home _____ pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.解析：考查介词。be home to...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。故填to。14．Wolf Warrior is the first film to taste success both in terms _____ box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.解析：考查介词。句意：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms of在……方面，就……而言。故填of。
to
of
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division __________ north and south.解析：考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间。故填between。
between
层级二 高考真题练单句语法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times ______ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.解析：考查冠词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。本句的结构为：倍数＋ the size of ＋比较成分。故填the。
the
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)______ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.解析：考查冠词。句意：布朗一家住在多伦多郊外的一栋公寓楼里。根据句子结构，设空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the＋姓氏＋family等同于the＋姓氏复数，意为“某某一家人”，the符合句意。同时该单词置于句首，首字母应该大写。故填The。
The
3．(2022·全国甲卷)____ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.解析：考查冠词。句意：他的一位朋友吴凡在旅行中自愿成为他的同伴。根据句意可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，应用不定冠词，friend以辅音音素开头，应用a，空处位于句首，首字母大写。故填A。
A
4．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate ______ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.解析：考查冠词。句意：为了庆祝这一节日，周四在北京的中国商人博物馆举行了一系列活动。根据句意，festival为特指，所以用定冠词the。故填the。
the
5．(2022·浙江 1月卷)Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ______ time, they agreed.解析：考查冠词。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的会议组织者是否可以让她远程演讲。大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内。故填the。
the
6．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening ______ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.解析：考查代词。句意：在开幕式上，中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌，开启了它的第一个展览：大道遗真——普洱茶专题展。名词exhibition前用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
its
7．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve_____ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。固定短语：serve as充当。故填as。
as
8．(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers _______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4 700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi’an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from...to...表示“从……到……”。故填from。
from
9．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially _____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在2019年1月27日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be＋过去分词＋by”。故填by。
by
10．(2021高考Ⅰ卷)While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is ____ must to visit! 解析：考查冠词。句意：你在中国的时候，一定要去黄山！泛指一件必须的事情，所以用不定冠词。故填a。
a
11．(2021·浙江卷)______ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.解析：考查冠词。句意：林肯夫妇在1856年把房子扩大到了整整两层，以满足他们日益增长的家庭的需要。根据句意可知，此处意为“林肯一家”；根据设空后的Lincolns可知，此处考查“the＋姓氏复数”，表示夫妇俩，或者一家人。设空处位于句首，所以首字母要大写。故填The。
The
12．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in _______(I)．解析：考查代词。句意：这首歌必定会留在我的记忆中。句中it指代the song, does指代动词sticks，空格处应指 my memory, 为了避免重复，用名词性物主代词来代替“形容词性物主代词 ＋ 名词”。故填mine。
mine
13．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has ______ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.解析：考查代词。句意：生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语；同时与空后的origin构成限定关系，因此应填形容词物主代词。故填its。 14．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of __________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.解析：考查反身代词。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的写照，每件东西都摆放整齐，品味也很好。故填herself。
its
herself
15．(2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．解析：考查介词。在唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段时间。故填in。 16．(2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 解析：考查介词。句意：……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。故填of。
in
of
17．(2021·浙江卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased _____ 2.1 in women and men.解析：考查介词。句意：研究发现1985—2017年间，农村男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by＋数值表示增长了多少。故填by。18．(2021·浙江卷) In 1844 they bought it ______$1,200 and some land.解析：考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1 200美元的价格购买了这个房子和一些地……。buy sth. for ＋价格，表示以什么价格购买某物。故填for。
by
for
19．(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are ______ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 解析：考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。20．(2020·浙江卷)Then，with ______ rise of science，changes began.解析：考查冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
the
the
21．(2020·浙江卷)A child born in the US today has ____very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.解析：考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
a
22．(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ______ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.解析：考查代词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少冰和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
its
23．(2020·山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine _____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.解析：考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
themselves
24．(2020·新课标Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist _____ earth, Mother Nature.解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
on
25．(2020·山东卷)Museums must compete ______ people's spare time and money with other amusements.解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语：compete for，意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
for
层级三 语篇提能练语法填空Passage 1 冠词与代词篇(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house，__________ was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long __________ would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
1.it
2.it
We were first greeted with the barking by _________ pack of dogs，seven to be exact. ____________(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for _____________(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of _____________(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in ___________ backyard.
3.a
4.They
5.these
6.their
7.the
When they were free from work，they invited __________(we) to local events and let us know of __________ interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On ____________ last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
8.us
9.an
10.the
解析：1．考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。2．考查代词。句意同上题。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。3．考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。4．考查代词。句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．考查代词。句意同上题。因为animals是复数形式，故填指示代词these。故填these。6．考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。7．考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。8．考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。9．考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。10．考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ卷)She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full __________ life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward __________ the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends，16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term _______________(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
1.of
2.to
3.resting
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give ________ school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part ________ shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry __________ with her education.She has turned ____________ several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year ___________ to model full-time before going to university to get a degree __________ engineering or architecture.
4.up
5.in
6.on
7.down
8.off
9.in
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school _____________(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
10.comes
解析：1．考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。故填of。2．考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。3．考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。故填resting。4．考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。故填up。5．考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。故填in。
6．考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续某事。 故填on。7．考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。故填down。8．考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。故填off。9．考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。故填in。10．考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。故填comes。
语法专题突破
专题三 不容忽视的小词
考点分层演练
一、不定冠词a/an My friend Linda is an honest girl① studying in a university①.We are of an age②；we both like milk and we drink a cup of milk③ a day④.So we think a cow⑤ is very useful.
一 冠词
不定冠词的用法①表示泛指“某个”。当说话人第一次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单词前用a，在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。②表示“同一”。③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。④表示“每一”，相当于per。⑤表示“一类”事物。
1．不定冠词a/an用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。2．不定冠词a/an可以用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。
Tony is a famous pianist.I'm absolutely certain that his concert this Sunday will be a success.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定会成功。3．有些名词是永久性不可数名词，即使前面有了形容词，也不能在形容词前加a/an。如weather，progress，fun等。What fine weather we have got! Let's go for a picnic.多好的天气啊，我们去野餐吧。
4．不定冠词常见的固定搭配have a gift for有……的天赋 have a holiday度假get a lift/ride搭便车 pay a visit to参观lend sb.a hand帮助某人 as a result因此as a rule通常，照例 in a hurry匆忙地at a distance离一段距离 a waste of... ……的浪费What a pity！真遗憾！ be/go on a diet节食a collection of...一批…… a knowledge of知道
have a good time玩得高兴 make a living谋生as a matter of fact事实上 have a history of...有一段……的历史in a sense/way在某种意义上 for a while暂时；一时all of a sudden突然 a matter of... ……的问题
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Short writings missed as ____ result of an excused absence will be accepted.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Fitness Magazine recently ran _____ article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner”. ③(2022·全国甲卷) Every weekend this is “Wales” premier comedy club where having ____ great time is the order for both audiences and comedy stars alike.
a
an
a
④(2022·全国乙卷) Scottish National Portrait Gallery presents ____ series of lectures for the general public. ⑤In Chinese culture，each year is related to ____ Chinese animal according to the 12-year cycle.⑥He not only is the best student in our class，but also has _____ excellent sense of humour.
a
a
an
二、定冠词the Mr. Smith is a teacher from the United States①.He was the first② foreign teacher I had met.In the 1990s③，he and his wife were traveling along the Yangtze River④when a ship wrecked. The Smiths⑤ came up to help the injured⑥ and saved a boy by catching him by the arm⑦.The boy's parents said they were the kindest⑧ people in the world⑨.They would remember the couple⑩ forever.
定冠词的用法①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。②用于序数词之前。③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。④用于江河湖海山岛前。⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。
⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的动词)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位。⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。
1．被演奏的西洋乐器前用the。但是球类棋类之前却没有冠词。As far as I know，he likes playing the piano but doesn't like playing football.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。2．用在表计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the meter等。但是如果是抽象名词前，则不用冠词，如by weight，by time，by length，by size等。I got paid by time.To be exact，I got paid by the hour.我按时间拿报酬，确切地说，我是按小时拿钱。
3．定冠词的常见固定搭配at the moment此刻；目前 in the end最后；最终to tell the truth说实话 on the other hand另一方面by the way顺便说一下in the middle of...在……中间at the same time同时on the contrary相反on the whole总的来说in the distance在远处to the point中肯；切题make the most/best of充分利用
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) ______ Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set up a Giant Panda National Park(GPNP)．②(2022·全国甲卷) If you are looking for ______ best comedies on tour and brilliant live music, you should start here.③(2022·全国甲卷) I remember ______ first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us.
The
the
the
④(2022·全国甲卷) On ______ other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions.⑤(2022·全国乙卷) When ______ sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. ⑥The“Spider-story” is often told.Robert Bruce，leader of the Scots in ______ 13th century，was hiding in a cave from the English.⑦______ Greens are a happy couple；they have been married for 30 years.⑧______ injured have been sent to hospital where they will be treated.
the
the
the
The
The
三、零冠词When learning that teachers① are badly needed in remote districts①，Lily volunteered to teach in a remote place.Local people have made her headmaster② of the school since her arrival and she teaches Chinese③，maths③，and English③ herself from spring to winter④ and from Monday to Sunday④.On weekends，she teaches them to play volleyball and chess⑤.When she finds many children attending school without having lunch⑥，she raises money① for the children's meals.
零冠词常用的几种情况①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。
1．用于固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋系动词，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。Young man as he is，he has seen much of the world.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2．no与such连用时要放在such之前，such后的名词前不用冠词。As the saying goes，there is no such thing as a free lunch.If you want something，go and earn it.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想要什么，就得去挣。
3．零冠词的常见固定搭配on purpose故意地 by chance碰巧catch fire着火 at dawn在黎明face to face面对面 out of date过时的make room for让位 in debt负债in shape健康 on foot步行in danger在危险中 side by side并排from time to time不时地 hand in hand手拉手day after day日复一日地 heart and soul全心全意地
单句改错①She started working there in the January.__________②We usually have the breakfast at 7 o'clock.__________③I'm interested in the English，while my brother is fond of the language of French.________________
去掉the
去掉the
去掉第一个the
④Dr.Peter Spence，a headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge.”______________
去掉第一个a
技巧一 注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词＋名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1．如果空格及后面的名词在文中第一次出现，可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”，一般填a/an；如果是前文已经提到过，可翻译成“这/那个，这/那些”，一般填the。2．如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。技巧二 注意固定搭配
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 I① am a senior school student and I① want to join our③ school football team，but the person in charge rejected me②.I have to spend my③ spare time practicing football to improve myself④.Look! The football under the bed is mine⑤. It has been worn out.
二 代词
①为人称代词的主格形式作主语。②为人称代词的宾格形式作宾语。③为形容词性物主代词，放在名词之前作定语。④为反身代词，可作宾语、表语或同位语。⑤为名词性物主代词，后面不加名词，可作主语、宾语或表语。
一、代词的形式
二、it的用法1．指天气、时间、距离、环境等It is early spring，but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。It is twenty miles from here to the village.从这里到那个村庄有20英里路。2．代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词Although he didn't like it，I decided to see the movie anyway.尽管他不喜欢看这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。
3．指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)What will you call it if it is a boy? 要是男孩的话，你会给他取个什么名字？4．用作形式主语或形式宾语，代替不定式、动名词或从句(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：①It＋be＋adj./n.＋for/of sb.＋不定式It is important for students to learn English well.对学生来说学好英语是重要的。It was foolish of him to leave the door open after he left the office.离开办公室之后，他还让门开着，真是糊涂了。
②It is no good/use/useless doing sth.做某事是没有好处/用处的。It is no use crying over the spilt milk.为打翻的牛奶而哭泣是没有用处的。③It＋be＋名词词组(a pity/a fact/no wonder...)/adj.＋that从句It is a pity that you can't go with her.很遗憾你不能和她一起去。④It＋特殊动词(seem/appear/turn out/occur to sb....)＋that从句It seems that he has made a serious mistake.他似乎犯了一个严重错误。
⑤It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句It was reported that 20 people were killed in the earthquake.据报道有20人死于这场地震。⑥It takes sb.time/patience/effort/energy to do sth.It took him much energy to write the novel.写这部小说花费了他大量的精力。
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep...＋it＋adj./n.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that从句I find it easy to get on with Jim.我发现同吉姆相处很容易。He didn't make it clear when and where the meeting would be held.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。
(3)用于like，enjoy，hate，love，appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon，see to等动词短语后，再接when，if，that等引导的从句。I'd appreciate it if you could attend our party.如果您能参加我们的聚会，我将不胜感激。
5．用于强调句型中，用来强调句子成分中的主语、宾语和状语句型结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who(被强调部分为人)＋其他It was yesterday that I saw him in the street.是昨天我在街道见到他了。
单句语法填空①(2022·全国甲卷) As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found __________ (her) greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins longing to say hello.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making _____ easier to produce such sounds.③(2022·浙江卷) I went up to my new teammate and introduced ______ (I).
herself
it
myself
④(2022·全国甲卷) _____ is hard to name a comedy star who hasn't been on the stage here.⑤(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I quickly searched the crowd for the school's coach and asked ______ (he) what had happened. ⑥When told that it was a loss to humans，the farmers burst into laughter and responded，“Our real loss is ______(we) decreasing income.”⑦While making a choice from various ways of spending our time，we ought to ensure something that restores our lost energy and cheers _____(we) up.
It
him
our
us
⑧Given hope，I am convinced that a breakthrough can come at any age if we have faith in ourselves and keep learning and working for _____.
it
二、不定代词 1．all，every，both，each，none，neitherThere are 50 students in my class.Though not all① of us are studying well，we all① study hard. Every student② has a dream university，though not every student② can be admitted to a famous one.My deskmate and I both③ like music，but both of us don't③ want to enter a music institute. Each④ of us has chosen our future college.We have 14 teachers in all，none⑤ of whom treat us badly.However, my deskmate and I are both③ fat，so neither⑥ of us love PE classes.
①all指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。作主语时，谓语动词通常依据所指为可数名词还是不可数名词而定；与not连用表示部分否定。②every强调(整体中的)每一个，只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词，表示三者或三者以上中的“每一个”，与not连用构成部分否定。③both表示“两者(都)”。作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；与not连用表示部分否定，意为“两者并不都……”。
④each强调个体，可作代词和形容词，修饰单数可数名词，指两者或两者以上中的“每一个”，可以与of短语连用。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；作同位语时，谓语动词的数和主语保持一致。⑤none表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或“没有一点儿”。后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。⑥neither表示“(两者)都不”。单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词用单复数皆可。
2．anything，nothing，something，everything—Do you have anything① to say about your exam? —No，I have nothing② to say about it.—I hope you can share something③ special about your school.—I have told you that I don't have anything① to say about it. Everything④ has gone wrong.①anything表示“任何事物；一些事”时，用于否定句和疑问句中；表示“随便什么事物”，用于肯定句中。
②nothing表示“什么也没有；没有什么东西”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。③something表示“某事(物)”，一般用于肯定句中。④everything表示“一切”，强调全体，但谓语动词要用单数。
3．the other，another，others，the others—Excuse me.Can you exchange this T-shirt for another① one? Some others② say it doesn't fit me well.—Of course.This T-shirt comes in two sizes；you can try on the other③ one.—Don't bother.There are so many shops and I will go to see the others④.①another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。②others表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。
③the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。④特指“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。
4．替代词that，those，one，ones，the one，the onesI found a beautiful coat in a shop，but it was very expensive.Luckily，I found one① looking the same online and it was much cheaper than that②/the one③ in the physical shop.However，when I received the coat，I realized though the ones④ sold online were much cheaper，they were not as good as those⑤ in physical shops.I would rather spend more money on better ones⑥ with high quality.
①one替代上文出现的单数可数名词，相当于“a/an＋单数名词”。②that替代上文出现的表示物的可数名词单数或不可数名词(有后置定语)，相当于“the＋单数名词/不可数名词”。③the one替代特指的可数名词单数，相当于“the＋单数名词”。④the ones替代上文出现的复数名词，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑤those 替代上文出现的复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)，相当于“the＋可数名词复数”。⑥ones替代上文出现的复数名词。所替代名词都是同类不同物；同类同物替代用it/them。
1．another后可接“基数词/few＋复数名词”，表示“另外的……(多少)”。“基数词/few＋other＋复数名词”也表示“另外的……(多少)”。Another three students went to that party.＝Three other students went to that party.另外3个学生去了那个聚会。2．no one，none，nobody，nothing以及“no与名词连用”等都表示全部否定。当not与不定代词all，both，everyone，everybody，everything等或“every＋名词”连用时，不管not在它们之前还是之后，都表示部分否定。
None of us was going to the party.我们当中没人打算去参加那个聚会。Not all of them smoke.＝All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each ________.②(2022·全国甲卷) Then, one after _____________,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. ③(2022·全国甲卷) The disagreement was so sharp that __________ he nor I knew what to settle it.
other
another
neither
④Nobody likes to talk about death，but the reality is—everyone is going to die at one point，but _______ of us know the day，or the hour.⑤Mr. Zhang gave me a very valuable present，______ that I have never seen.⑥I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _______ in the city.
none
one
that
1．通过句子成分确定所填代词的形式如果作主语，则用人称代词的主格；如果作宾语或表语，则用人称代词的宾格；如果作定语，则用形容词性物主代词；如果作宾语、表语或同位语且又和句子的主语为同一人或物，则用反身代词。2．通过句式结构和“指代”，判断是否用it如果指代上文提到的同一个事物，则用it；如果指代天气、时间、距离或环境情况则用it；如果作形式主语或形式宾语，则用it；注意一些固定用法：dislike/hate/appreciate/depend on/see to...＋it＋从句。
1．表示方位的介词We walked across① the beach，through② the woods and finally came to③ the house which was under④ the big tree marked in⑤ the map.After stepping into⑥ the house，we found a small black table，over⑦ which was a lamp.Then we looked around⑧，and my friend found something special—an empty box. Beneath⑨ it was a note saying，“Stand beside⑩ the window and look out of⑪ it.” From⑫ the window we saw another house beyond⑬ a small hill.
三 介词
①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指到某处，去某处。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。
⑩beside在……旁边。⑪out of在……外面。⑫from从……。⑬beyond 在/向……较远的一边，超出。
2．表示时间的介词It happened on① a Saturday morning in② November,2015.My parents left home at③ 600 a．m. to meet my uncle at the airport and told me they would come back in④two hours.However，it wasn't long before⑤ someone knocked at the door，and I looked through the peep hole and saw a stranger.I quickly locked the door from the inside，and didn't open it until⑥ my parents came back. During⑦ the two hours，the stranger always tried to tell me something but I wouldn't listen to him.On seeing my parents，the stranger said，“I have been waiting out of the door for⑧ two hours since 610 a．m..” Why had my uncle changed so much over⑨ the years?
①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④in也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。⑤before在……之前。⑥until直到……时候。⑦during在……期间。⑧for表示延续一段时间。⑨over表示“在……期间”，表延续。
3．表示原因的介词John was punished for① cheating in the exam.His father was angry at/over② it and he trembled with③ anger because of④John's bad behaviour.①for表示原因，后面可以加名词(词组)或句子。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面加名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④because of/owing to/due to/thanks to之后不加陈述句，加名词(短语)/名词性从句。
4．其他重要介词Between① the two opinions，the majority besides② me are also for③ the first one but against④ the second one. By⑤wearing school uniforms，students can be treated equally by⑤ others despite⑥ the different economic backgrounds among⑦ them. Besides，the price is within⑧ students' reach.Most students except⑨ a minority of them say school uniforms are good except for⑩ the fact that they are not fashionable.
①between表示两者之间。②besides表示除此之外(还)。③for表示支持。④against表示反对。⑤by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑥despite表示尽管，等于in spite of。⑦among表示在三者或三者以上之中。⑧within表示在……范围之内。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩except for表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。
一、介词的省略1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。
2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。
3．习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spend some time (in) doing sth.，waste some time (in) doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.，be busy (in) doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.(from) doing sth.等。I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.在那家餐厅里我很难在菜单上找到合适的食物。
二、介词不可遗漏的问题1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
三、介词与动词构成的搭配call for需要；要求 pass by经过pay for...为……付款 figure out弄清楚apply for申请 dream of梦想search for寻找；搜索 refer to提及；参考begin with……以……开始 contribute to贡献；有助于；促成play with...同……一起玩；玩弄 laugh at嘲笑care about关心；介意 focus on集中于feel like想要 charge...for...索费hold up举起 exchange...for...用……来交换……rely on依靠 go back to追溯到
四、介词与名词构成的搭配1．at开头的介词短语at a loss不知所措 at the cost of...以……的代价at peace处于和平状态 at the risk of...冒……的危险at war处于战争状态at the mercy of...在……支配下；由……摆布at the same time同时
2．on开头的介词短语on exhibition/show在展出 on account of因为on fire着火 on average平均；一般地on sale出售；打折 on behalf of代表on no account/condition决不on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加on holiday/vacation在度假
3．by开头的介词短语by accident偶然地 by hand手工by mistake错误地 by chance偶然by the day按天算 by coincidence碰巧by nature天生地
4．in开头的介词短语in cash用现金付款 in charge of...掌管……in depth在深度上 in return作为回报in detail详细地 in danger (of) 在危险中；垂危in height在高度上 in spite of尽管in length在长度上 in exchange for作为交换in favor of支持；赞成 in no time立刻in case of万一；如果；假使in no way决不
in support of...为支持……in place of...代替in honour of...为向……表示敬意in possession of拥有；占有in memory of...为了纪念……in addition to另外in the middle of...在……中间
5．of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的 of significance有意义的of help有帮助的 of use有用的of importance重要的 of value有价值的6．out of＋n.表示状态out of balance失去平衡 out of order发生故障out of breath上气不接下气 out of sight看不见out of control失去控制 out of the question不可能out of date过期 out of work失业
7．under＋n.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under treatment在治疗中under pressure在压力下 under control处于控制之中8．with＋n.表示方式with delight/joy高兴地 with fear害怕地with difficulty困难地 with pleasure乐意地with ease轻而易举地
9．beyond＋n.表示“超出……；难以……”beyond compare无与伦比beyond description难以描述beyond reach够不到beyond expression/words难以表达
五、介词与其他词构成的搭配but for要不是 instead of代替regardless of不管；不顾 apart from...除……之外up to直到；由……决定 according to根据along with随着 together with连同by means of用……办法；借助……owing to因为
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I am down there in my wheelchair _____ the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.②(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) Now a team of researchers led _____ Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
in
by
③(2022·全国甲卷) The New Theatre has been the home of quality drama, musicals, dance and children's shows ______ more than 100 years.④(2022·全国甲卷)He poured water _______ a bottle into his hand and offered it to my dogs.⑤(2022·全国乙卷) They will be moving _____ the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously.⑥(2022·全国乙卷) Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, _____ the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?
for
from
on
at
⑦(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) I was familiar _______ the challenges David faced and was proud of his strong determination.⑧(2022·浙江卷) Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity _____ a basic necessity.
with
to
技法一 分析句子成分如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词、代词或动名词前一定是填介词。技法二 记牢搭配1．注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用；2．注意有特殊用法的介词，如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
动词的种类I looked① at the window and saw② a bird perching on the tree.I kept watching③ it but it didn't④ see me.The bird looked⑤ beautiful.Suddenly a cat appeared and the bird got⑤frightened.It seemed as if the bird was⑤ in danger.However，it turned out that I shouldn't⑥ have been worried about it.It had⑦ flown away swiftly before the cat drew near.
四 动词和动词短语
•有实际意义的动词叫实义动词，如文中的①②③。•文中的④⑦为助动词，不能单独构成谓语。⑥是情态动词，也不能单独构成谓语。•动词可分为及物动词(可直接加宾语)，如②③和不及物动词(需要加介词后再加宾语)如①。•根据表示的动作是否可以延续，可分为与表示一段时间的状语连用的延续性动词如③，以及不与表示一段时间的状语连用的非延续性动词如①②。•文中⑤为系动词，后面可以直接加形容词，构成系表关系。
1．有些及物动词后面可以跟双宾语，构成vt.＋sb.＋sth.结构。如：award(授予)，buy(买)，give(给)，leave(留下)，lend(借出)，offer(提供)，pay(付款)，show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，bring(带来)，pass(传递)，sell(销售)，send(送给)，write(给……写信)，envy(嫉妒)，refuse(拒绝)，save(挽救)，spare(节省)等
2．不及物动词不可以直接加宾语而且无被动语态。如果一个动词是不及物动词，则考查点不会是被动语态。常见不及物动词有agree，go，work，listen，look，come，die，belong，fall，exist，rise，arrive，sit，sail，hurry，fail，succeed，run，swim，stand，sleep，lie等。My father ___________(work) in a computer company _________(lie) in the east of our city for 5 years.因为work是不及物动词无被动语态，所以只能考查work的主动形式，根据后面的for 5 years 可知，应该填现在完成时，所以是has worked。 另外，lie是不及物动词，所以不可能是被动形式，只能是主动形式作定语，所以填lying。
3．如果被考查动词为及物动词，而且后面有宾语，则要考查其主动形式，如果后面没有宾语，则很可能考查其被动形式。Many doctors _________(need) in Wuhan when COVID-19 broke out.因为need是及物动词，其后无宾语，所以考查的是它的被动形式。根据题意，此处用were needed。4．非延续性动词不可与时间段连用。讲座已经开始半个小时了。The lecture has began for half an hour.×The lecture has been on for half an hour.√
5．可用于“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”的常见动词：accuse sb.of sth.指责某人某事cure sb.of sth.治好某人的病rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某物cheat sb.of sth.欺骗某人某物remind sb.of sth.使某人想起某事inform sb.of sth.通知某人某事rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人的东西warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事convince sb.of sth.使某人确信某事suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人某事
6．可用于“动词＋sb.＋for doing sth.”的常见动词：blame sb.for doing sth.指责某人做某事punish sb.for doing sth.惩罚某人做某事thank sb.for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
7．可用于“动词＋sb./sth.＋from doing sth.”的常见动词：prevent/stop/keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth.from being done保护某人/物免于被……ban/prohibit sb./sth.from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
8．常见动词短语bringbring in引进；挣得bring about引起；导致bring up养育；培养；提出bring down降低；使倒下bring back把……带回来；使恢复bring forward提出；提前
breakbreak down抛锚；(身体、精神)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解break up打碎；关系结束；解散break through逾越；突破；冲破break away (from)挣脱，脱离break out爆发break in打断；闯入break off折断；中断break into 破门而入
comecome about发生come out出版；开花；(太阳、月亮)出来come on加油；快点come across偶遇；被理解come true变为现实come up走近；被提出come up with想出；提出come along一起来
carrycarry on继续；坚持carry out执行carry through帮助渡过难关；完成；实现getget across传达；使理解get along/on (with)进展；相处get away逃脱；设法离开get down下来；下车get in收割；到达
get off下车；下班get up起床get through 接通；通过；完成；度过；使理解get down to开始认真干get over克服
givegive up放弃give in 屈服；呈交give out耗尽；分发give away泄露；赠送give off发出give back归还；使恢复
gogo against违背go without(没有……)勉强维持；凑合go in for爱好；参加考试(或竞赛)go on继续go over复习；仔细审查go ahead 进行；去做吧；拿去用吧go through经历go away走开go for去取来或接来；争取得到go out出去；熄灭
holdhold on to坚持；抓住不放hold back阻碍(某人发展)；抑制(情感)hold on别挂断；等会儿；坚持keepkeep away (from)使远离keep off避免吃(或喝、吸)……；使不接近；回避某话题keep on继续keep out挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近keep up保持(高昂情绪)；不低落；持续keep up with紧跟上
looklook ahead向前看look after照看；负责处理look back回忆；回顾look out 当心；提防；找出look up向上看；查阅；形势好转look down upon看不起look forward to盼望look through浏览；快速查看look into调查；向内看look around环视；游览
makemake up编造；化妆；组成；构成；弥补be made up of... 由……构成make up for补偿；弥补make out 辨认出(看出、听出)；理解
putput down放下来；平定；镇压；记下put aside把……放到一边；储存put away把……收起来；储蓄put forward提出(计划、建议)；拨快；提前put off延期；推迟put on穿戴；上演；增加put out扑灭put up建造；举起；张贴；为……提供住宿put up with容忍
sendsend for派人去请send out发送；发出(请柬、信号等)setset off出发；引爆set out出发；动身；着手做set up创建；建立；竖起set about开始做；着手做set aside留出；把……放在一边；不理会set apart使与众不同set down让(乘客)下车；写下；记下
taketake in吸收；理解；欺骗；收容take up从事；拿起；占据(时间或空间)take off 飞机起飞；脱下take place发生take along随身携带take away带走；拿走take charge负责；掌管take on呈现；雇用；承担take out拿出；带……出去take over 接管；接任
turnturn away转身；走开turn out结果是；生产turn down拒绝；调小turn on打开；取决于turn off 关掉turn over打翻；翻身turn in 上交(作业等)turn into变成；成为turn to求助于；翻到turn up调大；出现
单句语法填空①(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look ________ to stop them feeling lonely. ②(2022·全国甲卷) We can't seem to make _____ our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.③(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) The Chinese government recently finalized a plan to set _____ a Giant Panda National Park (GPNP)．
after
up
up
④(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷) You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won't result _____ a useful response.⑤Don't mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may give_______ the shocking ending. ⑥He was disappointed to find his suggestions turned _______.⑦To keep healthy，Professor Johnson took _____ cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.⑧The old houses are being pulled down to make room______ a new office block.
in
away
down
up
for
1．动词的考查常常和时态、语态或非谓语结合起来考。所以分清动词是及物还是不及物，能否用被动形式至关重要。2．记牢动词短语，分清同一个动词加不同的介词或副词分别是什么意义。
考点分层演练
层级一 基础达标练单句语法填空1．—We had a really damp September this year.—I can't remember _____ autumn when it rained so much.解析：考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处指任何一个秋天，表示泛指，用不定冠词，且autumn的发音以元音音素开头。故填an。2．But she quickly realized that it was probably because of the fact that she sat in ______ last row.解析：考查冠词。last和定冠词the连用，表示“最后的……”。故填the。
an
the
3．The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ____ small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.解析：考查冠词。town是可数名词，此处指离那里大约有20公里远的“一个小镇”，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，small的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。4．Among ______ “four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U．K.in 1979.解析：考查冠词。设空后的four new great inventions 在本句中表示特指。故填the。
a
the
5．“As soon as he opens ______(he) mouth and sings in Chinese，the Chinese are very surprised and they feel proud of him，” said his music teacher.解析：考查代词。根据mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句中作定语。故填his。6．But it's difficult for me to decide what activities we should organize and how to plan _______(they)．解析：考查代词。plan后应跟一个指代前面的activities的代词，为复数形式，作plan的宾语，所以应用表复数的宾格代词。故填them。
his
them
7．Nowadays reference books have become a problem of great concern for _______ the teachers and the students.解析：考查固定搭配。固定搭配both...and...意为“两者都”，符合语境。故填both。8．I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after _________(me) and live independently.解析：考查代词。与句子主语I呼应，应用反身代词，意为“照顾好自己”。故填myself。
both
myself
9．When they grow older than three years old, _____ is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.解析：考查it的用法。分析句子可知，此处应用it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。故填it.10．Pregnant women，for example，should limit ________(they) intake of coffee.解析：考查代词。intake为名词，意为“摄入量”，故其前应用形容词性物主代词作定语。故填their。
it
their
11．This young man likes travelling—he is always _____ the move.解析：考查介词。句意：这个年轻人喜欢旅行——他总是在移动。on the move在行动中，四处奔波，符合语境。故填on。12．It means that we cannot use some modern household items，__________________ washing machines and they use too much water.解析：考查介词。根据some modern household items及空后的washing machines可知，此处表示举例。所以填like“例如”或including“包括”。故填like/including。
on
like/including
13．Sichuan is home _____ pandas，also the starting point of the Southern Silk Road.解析：考查介词。be home to...为固定搭配，意为“是……的故乡、产地”。故填to。14．Wolf Warrior is the first film to taste success both in terms _____ box office earnings and promoting Chinese values.解析：考查介词。句意：《战狼2》是第一部在票房收入和宣扬中国价值观上都获得成功的电影。in terms of在……方面，就……而言。故填of。
to
of
15．Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea，the Yangtze is a natural division __________ north and south.解析：考查介词。由句意及句中的and可知，此处表示两者(南和北)之间。故填between。
between
层级二 高考真题练单句语法填空1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times ______ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country.解析：考查冠词。句意：该公园占地面积约为黄石国家公园的三倍，将成为中国首批国家公园之一。本句的结构为：倍数＋ the size of ＋比较成分。故填the。
the
2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)______ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto.解析：考查冠词。句意：布朗一家住在多伦多郊外的一栋公寓楼里。根据句子结构，设空处要填写冠词与Brown family 构成名词短语作主语。the＋姓氏＋family等同于the＋姓氏复数，意为“某某一家人”，the符合句意。同时该单词置于句首，首字母应该大写。故填The。
The
3．(2022·全国甲卷)____ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.解析：考查冠词。句意：他的一位朋友吴凡在旅行中自愿成为他的同伴。根据句意可知，此处泛指“他的一个朋友”，应用不定冠词，friend以辅音音素开头，应用a，空处位于句首，首字母大写。故填A。
A
4．(2022·全国乙卷)To celebrate ______ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday.解析：考查冠词。句意：为了庆祝这一节日，周四在北京的中国商人博物馆举行了一系列活动。根据句意，festival为特指，所以用定冠词the。故填the。
the
5．(2022·浙江 1月卷)Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak if she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of ______ time, they agreed.解析：考查冠词。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的会议组织者是否可以让她远程演讲。大约有四分之三的时间，他们同意了。此处特指Cobb询问的时间范围内。故填the。
the
6．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony opening ______ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu’er Tea.解析：考查代词。句意：在开幕式上，中国古茶博物馆正式揭牌，开启了它的第一个展览：大道遗真——普洱茶专题展。名词exhibition前用形容词性物主代词。故填its。
its
7．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Giant pandas also serve_____ an umbrella species(物种), bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.解析：考查介词。句意：大熊猫还扮演着保护伞的角色，为中国西南和西北地区的许多动植物带来保护。固定短语：serve as充当。故填as。
as
8．(2022·全国甲卷) He flew 4, 700 kilometers _______ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi’an in five months.解析：考查介词。句意：9月20日，他从4 700公里外的西安飞到了喀什，计划在五个月内徒步回到西安。根据句意和Xi’an to Kashgar 可知，此处表示“从西安飞往喀什”，应用介词from，固定搭配from...to...表示“从……到……”。故填from。
from
9．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially _____ the United Nations on November 27th, 2019. 解析：考查介词。句意：2019年11月27日，联合国正式将5月21日定为第一个国际茶日。根据句意可知，此处表达“被联合国在2019年1月27日命名”。表示被动，使用固定结构“be＋过去分词＋by”。故填by。
by
10．(2021高考Ⅰ卷)While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is ____ must to visit! 解析：考查冠词。句意：你在中国的时候，一定要去黄山！泛指一件必须的事情，所以用不定冠词。故填a。
a
11．(2021·浙江卷)______ Lincolns enlarged the house to a full two stories in 1856 to meet the needs of their growing family.解析：考查冠词。句意：林肯夫妇在1856年把房子扩大到了整整两层，以满足他们日益增长的家庭的需要。根据句意可知，此处意为“林肯一家”；根据设空后的Lincolns可知，此处考查“the＋姓氏复数”，表示夫妇俩，或者一家人。设空处位于句首，所以首字母要大写。故填The。
The
12．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in _______(I)．解析：考查代词。句意：这首歌必定会留在我的记忆中。句中it指代the song, does指代动词sticks，空格处应指 my memory, 为了避免重复，用名词性物主代词来代替“形容词性物主代词 ＋ 名词”。故填mine。
mine
13．(2021·全国乙卷)Ecotourism has ______ (it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.解析：考查代词。句意：生态旅游业起源于20世纪70年代的环保运动。空格所填词与空后的origin一起作has的宾语；同时与空后的origin构成限定关系，因此应填形容词物主代词。故填its。 14．(2021·浙江卷)She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of __________ (she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.解析：考查反身代词。句意：她非常漂亮，并且她的房子就是她的写照，每件东西都摆放整齐，品味也很好。故填herself。
its
herself
15．(2021·全国甲卷)It was built originally to protect the city _____ the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)．解析：考查介词。在唐朝the Tang Dynasty，是段时间。故填in。 16．(2021·全国乙卷) Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types _____ trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 解析：考查介词。句意：……各种各样的旅行被归类于生态旅行。根据空格前后为名词并具有所属关系。故填of。
in
of
17．(2021·浙江卷)The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased _____ 2.1 in women and men.解析：考查介词。句意：研究发现1985—2017年间，农村男人和女人BMI的平均数值上升了2.1。increase by＋数值表示增长了多少。故填by。18．(2021·浙江卷) In 1844 they bought it ______$1,200 and some land.解析：考查介词。句意：1844年，他们以1 200美元的价格购买了这个房子和一些地……。buy sth. for ＋价格，表示以什么价格购买某物。故填for。
by
for
19．(2020·新课标Ⅱ卷)The plum trees are ______ first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). 解析：考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词first前要加定冠词the。故填the。20．(2020·浙江卷)Then，with ______ rise of science，changes began.解析：考查冠词。句意：随着科学的崛起，事情发生了变化。with the rise of 译为“随着……的崛起”是固定短语。故填the。
the
the
21．(2020·浙江卷)A child born in the US today has ____very realistic chance of living beyond 100 and needs to plan accordingly.解析：考查冠词。句意：今天在美国出生的孩子有非常现实的机会活到100岁以上，因此需要做出相应的计划。chance为可数名词，此处表示泛指应用不定冠词，且very为辅音音素开头的单词。故填a。
a
22．(2020·全国Ⅰ卷)Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether ______ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.解析：考查代词。句意：关于月亮构成的数据，比如它含有多少冰和其他财富，可以帮助中国决定它未来月球基地的计划是否实用。根据空后的名词plans可知，此处应使用形容词性物主代词its。故填its。
its
23．(2020·山东卷)As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine _____________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.解析：考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
themselves
24．(2020·新课标Ⅲ卷)The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist _____ earth, Mother Nature.解析：考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
on
25．(2020·山东卷)Museums must compete ______ people's spare time and money with other amusements.解析：考查介词。句意：博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语：compete for，意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
for
层级三 语篇提能练语法填空Passage 1 冠词与代词篇(改编自2019·全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house，__________ was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long __________ would take to get there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
1.it
2.it
We were first greeted with the barking by _________ pack of dogs，seven to be exact. ____________(them) were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for _____________(this) animals.Our hosts shared many of _____________(they) experiences and recommended wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜) and other fruits from their trees in ___________ backyard.
3.a
4.They
5.these
6.their
7.the
When they were free from work，they invited __________(we) to local events and let us know of __________ interesting competition to watch，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.On ____________ last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者在美国夏威夷的一次旅行经历。
8.us
9.an
10.the
解析：1．考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住去想还要多久才能到达那里。it 可以指天气。故填it。2．考查代词。句意同上题。此处是句式It takes (sb.)some time to do sth.，it为形式主语，to do不定式为真正的主语。故填it。3．考查冠词。a pack of意为“一群”。故填a。4．考查代词。句意：它们被它们的主人训练得很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。它们(狗儿们)在这里作主语；位于句首，大写首字母。故填They。
5．考查代词。句意同上题。因为animals是复数形式，故填指示代词these。故填these。6．考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。7．考查冠词。空格修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。8．考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。9．考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，此处泛指一场有趣的比赛。故填an。10．考查冠词。on the last day在最后一天。故填the。
Passage 2 动词与介词篇(改编自2017·全国Ⅲ卷)She looks like any other schoolgirl，fresh-faced and full __________ life.Sarah Thomas is looking forward __________ the challenge of her new A-level course.But unlike her school friends，16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term _______________(rest)．Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as a model in New York.
1.of
2.to
3.resting
Sarah was told that she could be Britain's new supermodel，earning a million dollars in the next year.Her father Peter,44，wants her to give ________ school to model full-time.But Sarah，who has taken part ________ shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.She is determined to carry __________ with her education.She has turned ____________ several invitations to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.After school she plans to take a year ___________ to model full-time before going to university to get a degree __________ engineering or architecture.
4.up
5.in
6.on
7.down
8.off
9.in
Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school _____________(come) first.I don't want to get too absorbed in modeling.It is certainly fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.I don't want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can't model any more.”语篇导读：本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了Sarah Thomas在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择，她认为在青少年时期要把学业放在首位。
10.comes
解析：1．考查介词。固定短语： full of life充满活力。故填of。2．考查介词。固定短语：look forward to (doing) sth.盼望(做)某事。故填to。3．考查非谓语动词。固定短语：spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间做某事。故填resting。4．考查动词短语。固定短语：give up (doing) sth.放弃(做)某事。故填up。5．考查动词短语。固定短语：take part in sth.参加……活动。故填in。
6．考查动词短语。固定短语：carry on with sth.继续某事。 故填on。7．考查动词短语。固定短语：turn down 拒绝。故填down。8．考查动词短语。固定短语：take some time off 请假一段时间。故填off。9．考查介词。in表示“在某方面”，获得某项学位“get a degree in...”。故填in。10．考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，Sarah认为当下应该是学业第一，说明现在的情况应该用一般现在时。故填comes。
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