北京市西城区2021-2022学年高一英语下学期期末试卷（Word版附解析）

这是一份北京市西城区2021-2022学年高一英语下学期期末试卷（Word版附解析），共23页。试卷主要包含了5分），5分，共6分)等内容，欢迎下载使用。

北京市西城区2021-2022学年度第二学期期末试卷
高一英语
本试卷共16页，共140分。考试时长120分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷(共75分)
Ⅰ.听力理解（共三节，22.5分）
第一节:(共4小题;每小题1.5分，共6分)
听下面四段对话，每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话你将听一遍。
1. When will the speakers have dinner together?
A. On Wednesday. B. On Thursday. C. On Friday.
2. Where does the conversation most probably take place?
A. In a restaurant. B. In a hotel. C. In a store.
3. What will the speakers do next?
A. Play table tennis. B. Buy a table tennis bat. C. Book a table tennis room.
4. How does the man feel?
A. Strange. B. Tired. C. Disappointed.
第二节:（共6小题；每小题1.5分，共9分）
听下面三段对话，每段对话后有两道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话你将听两遍。
听第5段材料，回答第5至第6小题。
5. What does the man have to do today?
A. See a doctor. B. Have a meeting. C. Visit a lawyer.
6. What does the woman offer to do for the man?
A. Sign a few papers. B. Make an appointment. C. Answer his phone calls.
听第6段材料，回答第7至第8小题。
7. What is the woman doing?
A. Asking for advice. B. Giving an introduction. C. Conducting an interview.
8. When does the man buy a book from a bookstore?
A. When the book is on sale.
B. When there are new fiction books.
C. When the book is popular on the Internet.
听第7段材料，回答第9至第10小题。
9. How many lectures does the man have to attend every week?
A. One. B. Two. C. Three.
10. What are the speakers mainly talking about?
A. Rules of the office. B. Notice of the exam. C. Course requirements.
第三节：（共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分）
听下面一段独白，根据题目要求在相应的横线上写下第11题至第15题的关键信息。每小题仅填写一个词。这段独白你将听两遍。
How to Be a Green Traveller
Make sure your home is ___11___ efficient.
● Turn off all the ___12___
● Unplug electrical devices
___13___ carefully about your mode of transport.
● Take a train or boat to your destination
● ___14___ when you go sightseeing
Help preserve places of interest.
● Help ensure the landmarks remain for generations to come
● Remind visitors of the importance of saving the ___15___ world
Ⅱ.完形填空（共15小题；每小题1.5分，共22.5分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
A man in California survived a five-hour night swim, thanks to the ____1____ of a friendly seal.
Scott Thompson, a boater from Southern California, was out on his boat. After realizing the weather wasn’t favorable, he turned the boat back towards land.
Soon after, something ____2____ happened. The boat was rocked by the wavy water and Scott got ____3____ out of the boat. The engines continued to run, moving the boat farther and farther away from him, which made it ____4____ to swim back to it. He watched his boat ____5____ in the middle of the icy Santa Barbara Channel.
Lost at sea, with no land in ____6____, Thompson was sure these were his ____7____ moments on earth. However, thoughts of his family helped him find the ____8____ to survive. “Just keep ____9____, and you will get home to your family,” Thompson kept telling himself. “Just imagining my girls and my son growing up without me, and my wife not having a husband to support her, I couldn’t _____10_____.
All of a sudden, he heard a big splash (拍水声). It was a medium-sized harbor seal that Thompson described as “an angel” that came to help him. “The seal would come up and _____11_____ me, like a dog comes up and pushes your leg.” Thompson said. It was a sense of _____12_____, Thompson recalled, knowing that he wasn’t alone on this heroic journey.
Being pushed along by the seal, Thompson felt _____13_____ to swim to the nearest oil platform, which was far but closer than land. With the _____14_____ of the seal, he swam through the dark, freezing water for five hours, until he managed to reach an oil platform. People aboard the oil platform offered aid. They rushed him to a hospital where Thompson was treated and recovered a few days later.
While the thought of his _____15_____ motivated him to keep going, Thompson said that he would not have endured through the pain if it hadn’t been for the seal swimming alongside him.
1. A. recognition B. encouragement C. respect D. trust
2. A. unexpected B. common C. confusing D. funny
3. A. kicked B. locked C. chased D. knocked
4. A. easy B. unnecessary C. impossible D. safe
5. A. disappear B. stop C. ground D. sink
6. A. space B. mind C. line D. sight
7. A. spare B. final C. exciting D. private
8. A. tool B. way C. will D. skill
9. A. swimming B. calling C. watching D. practicing
10. A. break in B. show up C. slow down D. give up
11. A. greet B. push C. lift D. take
12 A. duty B. hope C. curiosity D. wonder
13. A. determined B. satisfied C. honored D. amused
14. A. task B. cost C. company D. arrival
15. A. pets B. friends C. family D. boat
【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在加州，一名船夫在夜间因为风浪从船上被甩到海里。多亏了一只友好的海豹的鼓励，他在黑暗、冰冷的水中游了5个小时后活了下来。
【1题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在加州，一名男子在夜间游泳5个小时后活了下来，多亏了一只友好的海豹的鼓励。A. recognition认出；B. encouragement鼓励；C. respect尊敬；D. trust相信。根据“While the thought of his ____15____ motivated him to keep going, Thompson said that he would not have endured through the pain if it hadn’t been for the seal swimming alongside him.”可知，因为海豹的鼓励，斯科特最终存活下来。故选B。
【2题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：不久之后，意想不到的事情发生了。A. unexpected意想不到的；B. common普通的；C. confusing使人困惑的；D. funny可笑的。根据“The boat was rocked by the wavy water and Scott got ____3____ out of the boat.”可知，发生了意想不到的事情。故选A。
【3题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：船被波浪摇晃着，斯科特被撞出了船。A. kicked踢；B. locked锁；C. chased追逐；D. knocked撞。根据“The boat was rocked by the wavy water”可知，斯科特被撞出了船。故选D。
【4题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：引擎继续运转，船离他越来越远，所以他不可能游回去。A. easy容易的；B. unnecessary不必要的；C. impossible不可能的；D. safe安全的。根据“The engines continued to run, moving the boat farther and farther away from him,”可知，船越来越远，所以斯科特不可能游回去。故选C。
【5题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：他看着他的船消失在冰冷的圣巴巴拉海峡中央。A. disappear消失；B. stop停止；C. ground使停飞；D. sink下沉。根据“The engines continued to run, moving the boat farther and farther away from him, which made it ____4____ to swim back to it.”可知，船越来越远，最终消失了。故选A。
【6题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：汤普森迷失在海上，看不到陆地，他确信这是他在地球上的最后时刻。A. space空间；B. mind想法；C. line行；D. sight看见。根据“Lost at sea,”可知，汤普森在海中，所以看不见陆地。故选D。
【7题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：汤普森迷失在海上，看不到陆地，他确信这是他在地球上的最后时刻。 A. spare备用的；B. final最终的；C. exciting令人激动的；D. private私人的。根据“Lost at sea, with no land in ____6____,”可知，汤普森绝望了，确信这是他在地球上的最后时刻。故选B。
【8题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，对家人的思念帮助他找到了生存的意志。A. tool工具；B. way方法；C. will意志；D. skill技巧。根据““Just keep ____9____, and you will get home to your family,” Thompson kept telling himself. “Just imagining my girls and my son growing up without me, and my wife not having a husband to support her, I couldn’t ____10____.”可知，因为汤普森对家人的思念，让他找到了生存的意志。故选C。
【9题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“只要坚持游泳，你就能回到家人身边，”汤普森一直对自己说。A. swimming游泳；B. calling打电话；C. watching观看；D. practicing练习。根据“and you will get home to your family”可知，汤普森鼓励自己，只要坚持游泳，就能回到家人身边。故选A。
【10题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：想象一下，我的女儿和儿子在没有我的情况下长大，我的妻子没有丈夫支持，我不能放弃。A. break in闯入；B. show up出现；C. slow down减速；D. give up放弃。根据“Just imagining my girls and my son growing up without me, and my wife not having a husband to support her,”可知，汤普森想到家人，知道自己不能放弃。故选D。
【11题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：海豹会过来推我，就像狗过来推你的腿一样。A. greet打招呼；B. push推；C. lift提高；D. take带走。根据“like a dog comes up and pushes your leg.”和“Being pushed along by the seal,”可知，海豹在海里推汤普森。故选B。
【12题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：汤普森回忆说，那是一种希望，他知道自己在这段英勇的旅程中并不孤单。A. duty责任；B. hope希望；C. curiosity好奇；D. wonder奇迹。根据“Thompson recalled, knowing that he wasn’t alone on this heroic journey.”可知，因为海豹在海里时而不时地推汤普森，给了他希望。故选B。
【13题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在海豹的推动下，汤普森下定决心游到最近的石油平台，那里远比陆地近。A. determined下定决心的；B. satisfied满意的；C. honored受尊敬的；D. amused愉快的。根据“which was far but closer than land.”可知，汤普森下定决心游到最近的石油平台。故选A。
【14题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在海豹的陪伴下，他在黑暗、冰冷的水中游了5个小时，直到他设法到达一个石油平台。A. task任务；B. cost花费；C. company陪伴；D. arrival到达。根据“he swam through the dark, freezing water for five hours, until he managed to reach an oil platform.”可知，汤普森在海豹的陪伴下游了5个小时。故选C。
【15题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然想到家人的想法激励着他坚持下去，但汤普森说，如果没有这只海豹在他身边游泳，他是不会忍受这些痛苦的。A. pets宠物；B. friends朋友；C. family家人；D. boat船。根据“Just keep ____9____, and you will get home to your family,”可知，汤普森想到家人的想法和海豹的激励他活下去。故选C。
Ⅲ.阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Summertime, i.e. vacation season, is quickly approaching. And whether your ideal getaway is R&R on the beach, outdoor adventuring, or exploring a new city, it pays to plan.
I’d love to get away. How do I save for a vacation?
You’re not alone. One study says 71% of Americans are planning to take a trip for leisure in 2022. And they’re planning on spending 29% more than they did pre-pandemic in 2019. But you don’t have to go broke (身无分文) to get a break. Before you even start planning your travel, here’s how to make the trip you’ve been waiting for a reality.
● Make a sinking fund. These funds are where you set aside money with an intention to spend it on a big goal.
● Timing is everything. Research the cheapest places to go when the temperature rises, and plan accordingly. You’ll also get more bang for your buck by checking out destinations with a favorable exchange rate. For somewhere further east, your dollars will go far in Thailand or the Philippines.
● Book smart. Renting a home is often a better deal than booking a hotel. Not only will you save on the price tag, but you can cook instead of eating out for every meal.
How do I keep saving while I’m on vacation?
True story: travel doesn’t feel like real life, so it’s easier to splurge (挥霍). And if you’re visiting a popular tourist location, everything costs more. Here’s how to see the sights without losing sight of your budget.
● Set a daily spending limit and track what you buy to avoid overdoing it. Using cash or a prepaid debit card instead of a credit card can also help.
● Food is a money vampire. If you have access to a kitchen where you’re staying, make breakfast, pack lunch, and cook dinner when you can. If not, hit up a supermarket or farmer’s market for an easy, cheap breakfast. And when you do eat out, go for lunch or appetizers, where the menu items tend to be less expensive.
16. According to the passage, which of the following may help make your dream trip a reality?
A. Preparing enough fast food. B. Borrowing money from friends.
C. Researching the cheapest places to go. D. Carrying credit cards from different banks.
17. To keep saving while on vacation, you’d better ________.
A. go out for meals B. avoid using cash
C. set a daily spending limit D. visit popular tourist locations
18. What’s the purpose of the passage?
A. To help travellers save money. B. To report some survey results.
C. To advertise some tourist attractions. D. To compare different travel plans.
【答案】16. C 17. C 18. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文，主要讲的是怎样为了假期而省钱和在度假的时候应该怎么省钱。
【16题详解】
细节理解题。根据● Timing is everything. 部分的“Research the cheapest places to go when the temperature rises, and plan accordingly.(研究一下气温上升时最便宜的去处，并据此制定计划。)”可知，研究最便宜的地方可能帮助你实现梦想的旅行，故选C。
【17题详解】
细节理解题。根据How do I keep saving while I’m on vacation?部分的“Set a daily spending limit and track what you buy to avoid overdoing it.(设定每天的消费限额，并记录你购买的东西，以避免过度消费。)”可知，要想在度假时继续省钱，你最好设定每日消费限额。故选C。
【18题详解】
推理判断题。根据“I’d love to get away. How do I save for a vacation?(我想离开这里。如何为度假省钱？)”和“How do I keep saving while I’m on vacation?(我如何在度假的时候继续省钱？)”可知，本文主要讲的是怎样为了假期而省钱和在度假的时候应该怎么省钱，因此目的是帮助旅行者省钱。故选A。
B
Rhiannon Menn is the founder of Lasagna Love, a global nonprofit that connects neighbors through homemade meal delivery. In March 2020, her San Diego community shut down because of the pandemic. She and her husband own a design and build company, but their projects were put on hold. Rhiannon felt helpless and wondered what she could do to be useful. It didn’t take her long to decide.
“Cooking is my happy place,” she says. She ordered groceries online and got to work. She and her daughter, Cimorene, then three, made extra pans of lasagna, and Rhiannon posted in a local moms’ group on Facebook, offering to drop off a free home-cooked meal to anyone who wanted one. Some people requested a meal. Even more wanted to help Rhiannon feed those who were struggling.
Rhiannon created a spreadsheet for each volunteer, matching them with families who’d requested a meal. Word of what she was doing spread quickly on social media. “By summer, we had more than 100 volunteer chefs,” she says. Too many for one person to track. Someone offered to create an online portal (门户网站) to manage the volunteers and meal requests. This automated system freed Rhiannon to do what she really loves: cook and reach people in need.
For Rhiannon, lasagna is the best comfort food. But it’s about more than just food. “Our volunteers deliver a sense of hope with the meal,” she says. “We want people to know that a stranger cared enough about them to make them a meal. Kindness is contagious (传染性的), and it can transform communities.”
Lasagna Love currently has 25,000 volunteers—or Lasagna Chefs, as they’re called—across the United States, Canada and Australia, who have delivered more than 150,000 meals to families in their communities. “This movement has given me purpose in a way I didn’t have before,” Rhiannon says.
In her home, cooking is a family event. Cimorene, now five, has gotten good at layering the noodles. Rhiannon also has a three-year-old son and an 11-month-old baby boy. “I love that my kids are learning the importance of helping others,” she says.
Volunteer chefs log in to the portal and input how many meals they’d like to deliver that week. The system matches them with nearby families requesting a meal and the volunteer texts the family to set up a delivery time. The meals are dropped off on doorsteps for contact-free delivery.
The organization is called Lasagna Love, but volunteers can deliver any home-cooked meal they’d like. Rhiannon’s recipe is her own take on lasagna, made healthier with grated zucchini and yellow squash. “I’ve shared my recipe, but volunteers are welcome to use their own recipes for any dishes they’d like to make,” she says.
19. Why did Rhiannon start Lasagna Love?
A. To help struggling neighbors. B. To fight against the pandemic.
C. To help their design and build company. D. To improve her neighbors’ cooking skills.
20. What can we know about the volunteers in Lasagna Love?
A. They are trained by experienced chefs.
B. They deliver their own meals to people in need.
C. They search for families in need by themselves.
D. They all follow Rhiannon’s recipe to make lasagna.
21. We can infer from the passage that Rhiannon ________.
A. had no purpose in life before
B. is too busy to deliver meals now
C. likes posting her meals on social media
D. has set a good example for her children
22. Which of the following words best describe Rhiannon?
A. Helpful and humorous. B. Honest and successful.
C. Kind-hearted and generous. D. Hardworking and ambitious.
【答案】19. A 20. B 21. D 22. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是Rhiannon Menn建立了名为Lasagna Love的全球非营利组织，旨在给有需要的邻居提供食物。
【19题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“She and her daughter, Cimorene, then three, made extra pans of lasagna, and Rhiannon posted in a local moms’ group on Facebook, offering to drop off a free home-cooked meal to anyone who wanted one. Some people requested a meal. Even more wanted to help Rhiannon feed those who were struggling.(她和当时三岁的女儿Cimorene多做了几盘千层面，Rhiannon在Facebook上的一个当地妈妈群里发帖，表示愿意给任何想吃的人送一份免费的家常菜。有些人要了一份。甚至有更多的人想帮助Rhiannon养活那些生活挣扎的人。)”可知，Rhiannon创办Lasagna Love的目的是帮助苦苦挣扎的邻居。故选A。
【20题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段的“Lasagna Love currently has 25,000 volunteers—or Lasagna Chefs, as they’re called—across the United States, Canada and Australia, who have delivered more than 150,000 meals to families in their communities.(Lasagna Love目前有2.5万名志愿者——他们被称为“千层面大厨”——来自美国、加拿大和澳大利亚，他们已经为社区的家庭提供了超过15万份食物。)”可知，Lasagna Love的志愿者送餐给有需要的人。故选B。
【21题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Cimorene, now five, has gotten good at layering the noodles. Rhiannon also has a three-year-old son and an 11-month-old baby boy. “I love that my kids are learning the importance of helping others,” she says.(五岁的Cimorene很擅长将面条分层。Rhiannon还有一个三岁的儿子和一个11个月大的男婴。她说:“我很高兴我的孩子们正在学习帮助他人的重要性。)”可知，我们可以从文章中推断，Rhiannon为她的孩子树立了一个好榜样，故选D。
【22题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“She and her daughter, Cimorene, then three, made extra pans of lasagna, and Rhiannon posted in a local moms’ group on Facebook, offering to drop off a free home-cooked meal to anyone who wanted one. Some people requested a meal. Even more wanted to help Rhiannon feed those who were struggling.(她和当时三岁的女儿Cimorene多做了几盘千层面，Rhiannon在Facebook上的一个当地妈妈群里发帖，表示愿意给任何想吃的人送一份免费的家常菜。有些人要了一份。甚至有更多的人想帮助Rhiannon养活那些挣扎的人。)”可知，她为有需要的人免费提供千层面，所以她是善良的和慷慨的。故选C。
C
Horseshoe crabs are often called living fossils. These primitive arthropods have lived on earth for 360 million years, largely in the same form as they appear today. Despite their long history, the horseshoe crab’s existence is now threatened by human activities, including harvesting for medical research.
Any time a foreign object or substance enters the human body, there’s a risk of introducing infection. If you’ve had a vaccination, a surgery of any kind, or had a medical device implanted in your body, you owe your very survival to the horseshoe crab.
Horseshoe crabs have copper-rich blood that appears to be striking blue in color. Proteins in the horseshoe crab’s blood cells are released in response to even the smallest amount of bacterial endotoxin (内毒素), such as E. coli. The presence of bacteria causes horseshoe crab blood to clot or gel, part of its hypersensitive immune response system.
In the 1960s, two researchers, Frederick Bang and Jack Levin, developed a method of using these coagulation (凝固) factors to test for contamination (污染) of medical devices. By the 1970s, their Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test was being used commercially to make sure everything from scalpels (手术刀) to artificial hips (髋关节) is safe for introduction in the human body.
While such testing is crucial to safe medical treatments, the practice takes a toll on horseshoe crab populations. Horseshoe crab blood is in high demand, and the medical testing industry catches as many as 500,000 horseshoe crabs each year to drain them of their blood. The crabs aren’t killed outright in the process; they’re caught, bled, and released. But biologists suspect the stress results in a percentage of the released horseshoe crabs dying once back in the water. Fortunately, management practices are in place now to protect the species.
In addition to their value in medical research, horseshoe crabs fill important ecological roles. Their smooth, wide shells provide the perfect substrate (基质) for many other marine organisms to live on. As it moves along the ocean’s bottom, a horseshoe crab may be carrying mussels, barnacles, tube worms, sea lettuce, sponges, and even oysters. Horseshoe crabs deposit their eggs by the thousands along sandy shorelines, and many migratory shorebirds, including red knots, rely on these eggs as a source of fuel during their long flights.
23. What feature of horseshoe crabs helps save lives?
A. They can improve their immune system. B. Their blood is sensitive to bacteria.
C. They have copper-rich blood cells. D. Their blood is striking blue.
24. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “take a toll on” in Paragraph 5?
A. Make use of. B. Do harm to. C. Run out of. D. Contribute to.
25. How are the ecological roles of horseshoe crabs explained in the last paragraph?
A. By giving examples. B. By making a comparison.
C. By quoting experts. D. By offering a definition.
26. On which type of website can we possibly read this passage?
A. Science. B. Travel. C. Business. D. Life.
【答案】23. B 24. B 25. A 26. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是鲎这种生物的医学价值和生态角色。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Proteins in the horseshoe crab’s blood cells are released in response to even the smallest amount of bacterial endotoxin (内毒素), such as E. coli. The presence of bacteria causes horseshoe crab blood to clot or gel, part of its hypersensitive immune response system.(即使是最小数量的细菌内毒素，如大肠杆菌，鲎血细胞中的蛋白质也会被释放出来。细菌的存在会导致鲎的血液凝结或凝胶，这是其过度敏感的免疫反应系统的一部分。)”可知，鲎的血液对细菌敏感这一特点有助于拯救生命，故选B。
【24题详解】
词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段的“Horseshoe crab blood is in high demand, and the medical testing industry catches as many as 500,000 horseshoe crabs each year to drain them of their blood. The crabs aren’t killed outright in the process; they’re caught, bled, and released.(鲎的血需求量很大，医疗检测行业每年捕获多达50万只鲎，以抽取它们的血。鲎不会在这个过程中被直接杀死；他们被抓住，流血，然后释放。)”可知，虽然这样的检测对安全的医学治疗至关重要，但这种做法会对鲎的数量造成影响，也就是会对鲎造成伤害，划线短语takes a toll on的意思是“对……造成伤害”，和do harm to意思相近，故选B。
【25题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段的“As it moves along the ocean’s bottom, a horseshoe crab may be carrying mussels, barnacles, tube worms, sea lettuce, sponges, and even oysters.(当鲎沿着海底移动时，它可能会携带贻贝、藤壶、管虫、海莴苣、海绵，甚至牡蛎。)”可知，最后一段是通过举例来解释鲎的生态角色的。故选A。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，根据第一段的“Horseshoe crabs are often called living fossils. These primitive arthropods have lived on earth for 360 million years, largely in the same form as they appear today. Despite their long history, the horseshoe crab’s existence is now threatened by human activities, including harvesting for medical research.(鲎常被称为活化石。这些原始的节肢动物已经在地球上生活了3.6亿年，与它们今天的形态基本相同。尽管鲎历史悠久，但它们的生存现在受到人类活动的威胁，包括为医学研究而采集鲎。)”和最后一段的“In addition to their value in medical research, horseshoe crabs fill important ecological roles.(除了在医学研究上的价值外，鲎还扮演着重要的生态角色。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是鲎这种生物的医学价值和生态角色，属于科普知识。由此推知，本文很有可能在“科学”网站读到。故选A。
D
Chemists have spent the past century trying to make plastics that will break down in seawater. As it is, most plastics appear to take centuries to fully degrade in the ocean. But that may change. Scientists have just designed a new plastic that can break down in seawater within weeks, not decades or more.
Back in the 1930s, scientists created a now-popular plastic out of corn and potato starch (淀粉). It’s known as polylactide, or PLA. It’s a polymer (聚合物), which is a molecule made by linking many building blocks — called monomers — into a long string. Scientists had hoped PLA would quickly break down in the environment. And in some places, like compost pits (堆肥坑), it does. But not in seawater. Even after three years in ocean water, PLA remains largely unchanged.
Timo Rheinberger is a PhD student at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. His work on polymers has focused on boosting PLA’s breakdown. As part of that work, he became part of a team that just added some RNA-inspired breaking points to PLA. They put those breaking points in places where monomers in the PLA molecules are linked.
They weakened the links that joined up to 15 percent of a PLA’s monomers. Then, they soaked their samples in artificial seawater and measured how fast these tweaked versions of PLA broke down. The expected final product of PLA’s breakdown was a small molecule called lactic acid. So, they tested for that too.
As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down.
When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years. This suggests the team can design how quickly PLA will break down in water by adjusting how many weakened links it has.
Mehlika Karamanlioglu teaches biomedical engineering at Istanbul Gelisim University. She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. “It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “a preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. Scientists want to know how the strength of the new PLA compares to old PLA.
Rheinberger agrees. “You need a lot of material to start those studies,” he adds. And so far, his team has made only small amounts of the modified PLA.
Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation.
27. What can we learn about PLA from the passage?
A. Lactic acid prevents the breakdown of PLA.
B. PLA breaks down faster in artificial seawater.
C. PLA’s breakdown relies on that of monomers.
D. Compost pits are the best places for PLA’s breakdown.
28. What does the underlined word “preliminary” in Paragraph 7 probably mean?
A. Systematic. B. Comparative. C. In-depth. D. Early-stage.
29. What is Mehlika’s attitude towards the findings of the Dutch team?
A. Supportive. B. Doubtful. C. Optimistic. D. Cautious.
30. What can be learned from the last three paragraphs?
A. Mehlika is confident about the application of the new PLA.
B. The cleanness of water also affects the breakdown of PLA.
C. The new PLA has better strength than the old PLA.
D. The new PLA have been produced in large amounts.
【答案】27. C 28. D 29. D 30. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍科学家们设计了一种新型塑料，可以在海洋中迅速分解。
【27题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“As the team had hoped, seawater attacked the weakened links between monomers, splitting the polymer chain apart. The more breaking points the researchers added to the polymer, the faster the PLA broke down. (正如研究小组所希望的那样，海水攻击了单体之间薄弱的连接，使聚合物链断裂。研究人员在聚合物中添加的断点越多，PLA分解的速度就越快)”和第六段“When they weakened 15 percent of PLA’s monomer links, the polymer broke down entirely within just two weeks. When they weakened only 3 percent of the links, the breakdown took about 2 years.(当他们削弱PLA 15%的单体连接时，聚合物在两周内完全分解。当他们只削弱了3%的联系时，这种破坏持续了大约2年)”可知，PLA的分解依赖于单体的分解。故选C。
【28题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词后句“So, more testing must follow. (因此，必须进行更多的测试)” 可知，他们的研究只是“初步研究”。由此推知，划线词preliminary与early-stage(早期阶段，早期的)意思接近。故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第七段“She, too, has studied environmental breakdown of PLA. “It’s a new approach,” she says of the Dutch technique. Theirs is also “a preliminary study,” Karamanlioglu says. So, more testing must follow. (她也研究过PLA的环境破坏。“这是一种新方法，”她谈到荷兰的技术时说。Karamanlioglu说，他们的研究也是“初步研究”。因此，必须进行更多的测试)” 可推断，Mehlika对荷兰研究小组的发现持谨慎态度。故选D。
【30题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后三段，尤其是最后一段“Karamanlioglu notes the Dutch team also tested the breakdown of its PLA in artificial seawater. “I wonder if they checked [the water] for pollution,” she adds. If there were microbes (微生物), those microbes may have produced molecules called enzymes that sped up the PLA’s degradation. (Karamanlioglu指出，荷兰研究小组还测试了PLA在人工海水中分解。她补充说：“我想知道他们是否检查了（水）污染。”如果有微生物，这些微生物可能产生了一种叫做酶的分子，加速PLA的降解)” 可知，水的清洁度也会影响PLA的分解。故选B。
第Ⅱ卷（共65分）
Ⅰ.选词填空（共7小题；每小题2分，共14分）
用方框中单词的适当形式完成下列句子,每个单词只能用一次。
month effect relax limit harm talent perform

31. People feel more ________ when wearing casual clothes.
32. The actors are just amazing. They are all very ________.
33. Doctors have warned against the ________ effects of smoking.
34. Your ________ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.
35. The advertisement was simple but remarkably ________.
36. These machines have to be checked ________.
37. We are doing our best with the ________ resources available.
【答案】31. relaxed
32. talented
33. harmful
34. performances
35. effective
36. monthly
37. limited
【解析】
【31题详解】
考查形容词。句意：人们穿便装时感觉更放松。根据后文“wearing casual clothes”可知，穿便装，人应该感到放松，应选relax为动词意为“放松”，空前是系动词feel，所以应该用形容词形式，主语是人，应该用动词-ed形式。故填relaxed。
【32题详解】
考查形容词。句意：演员们太棒了。他们都很有才华。根据前文“The actors are just amazing”，可知，他们都是有才华的，应选talent，又因空前是系动词are，所以要用形容词形式，talent的形容词是talented。故填talented。
【33题详解】
考查形容词。句意：医生警告人们注意吸烟的有害影响。根据后文的“smoking”可知，吸烟是有害的，应选harm，又因空后是名词effects，所以空处应用形容词，harm的形容词是harmful。故填harmful。
【34题详解】
考查名词。句意：如果你养成反思学习方式习惯，你作为一个学生的表现将会很出色。根据后文“if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn”可知，如果你养成反思学习方式的习惯，你作为一个学生的表现将会很出色，所以应选perform，又因为空前是形容词性物主代词，所以空处应填名词，perform的名词为performance是可数名词，此处应用复数形式。故填performances。
【35题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这则广告很简单，但却非常有效。根据but可知，此句表达的意思是广告虽然简单，但是有效，所以选effect，又空处和前文simple并列，所以应该用形容词形式，effect的形容词是effective。故填effective。
【36题详解】
考查副词。句意：这些机器必须每月检查一次。根据前文的checked可知，此处应表示没有检查一次，故应选month，又空处是修饰动词checked，所以应该用副词形式，month的副词为monthly。故填monthly。
【37题详解】
考查形容词。句意：我们正在利用有限的资源尽最大努力。根据后文的“available”可知，资源应是有限的，应选limit，又空后是名词resource，所以空处应填形容词，limit的形容词是limited。故填limited。
Ⅱ.语法填空（共10小题；每小题1分，共10分）
在未给提示词的空白处填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
38. Roots＆Shoots is an institute ________ (establish) in the early 1990s by Dr. Jane Goodall.（所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】 established
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：“根与芽”是简·古道尔博士在20世纪90年代早期建立的一个研究所。名词institute 与establish之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作后置定语。根据句意，故填established。
39. Beijing Opera is one of China’s national ________. (treasure) （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】treasures
【解析】
【详解】考查名词的数。句意：京剧是中国的国宝之一。one of +复数名词。根据句意，故填treasures。
40. A 19-meter sperm whale ________ (rescue) from the shores of Xiangshan county in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, on April 20. （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】was rescued
【解析】
【详解】考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：4月20日，一条19米长的抹香鲸在浙江省宁波市象山县海岸获救。根据句中时间状语on April 20可知，用一般过去时。主语A 19-meter sperm whale与rescue之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态，且主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数。故填was rescued。
41. The Shenzhou XIV crew ________ (meet) another three astronauts from the Shenzhou XV mission in December, 2022. （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】will meet
【解析】
【详解】考查时态。句意：2022年12月，神舟十四号乘组将与神舟十五号的另外三名宇航员会合。根据时间状语in December, 2022可知，用一般将来时。根据句意，故填will meet。
42. More expressways will be built soon ________ (promote) the local economy. （所给词的适当形式填空）
【答案】to promote
【解析】
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：不久将修建更多的高速公路，以促进当地经济发展。句中用不定式作目的状语。根据句意，故填to promote。
43. Tu Youyou is the scientist ________ discovery has led to the development of new drugs which have saved millions of lives. （用适当的词填空）
【答案】whose
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：屠呦呦是一位科学家，他的发现导致了新药物的开发，拯救了数百万人的生命。分析句子结构可知，空处引导的是定语从句，先行词是the scientist，从句部分缺少定语，所以应是whose引导。故填whose。
44. We all know that there are various types of pollution around us, ________ may cause different kinds of environmental problems. （用适当的词填空）
【答案】which
【解析】
【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们都知道，我们周围有各种各样的污染，这些污染可能会导致各种各样的环境问题。句中先行词为 types of pollution，在非限定性定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which引导。故填which。
45. —Why didn’t I see you at Jim’s birthday party last night?
—I ________ (receive) a call from my boss, telling me to do some extra paperwork. （所给词适当形式填空）
【答案】received
【解析】
【详解】考查动词时态。句意：——为什么我昨晚没在吉姆的生日派对上见到你?——我接到老板的电话，让我做一些额外的文书工作。分析句子结构可知，本句缺少谓语动词，所以receive应该做本句谓语；结合语境，陈述过去的事实，应该用一般过去时。故填received。
46. ________(land) on the moon’s far side is extremely challenging. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】Landing
【解析】
【详解】考查动名词。句意：在月球背面着陆极具挑战性。空格处用动名词作主语，位于句首，首字母大写，故填Landing。
47. This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best. (用适当的词填空)
【答案】what
【解析】
【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：这就是我父亲教给我的——总是面对困难，抱着最好的希望。在表语从句中缺少taught的宾语，根据“to always face difficulties and hope for the best”可知，此处是指道理，所以应用连接代词what。故填what。
Ⅲ.完成句子（共5小题;第63、64题每题2分,第65、66、67题每题3分,共13分）
根据括号中所给提示完成下列句子。
48. 我希望能在你们的帮助下取得很大的进步。(make progress)（汉译英）
【答案】I hope I can make great progress with your help.
【解析】
【详解】考查宾语从句和动词短语。根据中文提示，可知本句使用一般现在时，是一个主从复合句，主句是“我希望”应译为I hope，其后是宾语从句，从句结构完整，应用that引导，也可省略，从句主语分析可知依旧是“我”，谓语动词是“能取得很大的进步”，根据所给英文提示词，所以翻译为can make great progress，“在你们的帮助下”做状语，应翻译为with your help。故译为：I hope I can make great progress with your help.
49. 地球的主要能源来自太阳。 (come from) （汉译英）
【答案】The Earth’s main source of energy comes from the sun.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语和时态。本句为主谓宾结构，主语The Earth’s main source of energy地球的主要能源；谓语 come from来自；宾语 the sun太阳。陈述客观事实，用一般现在时。主语为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。故翻译为The Earth’s main source of energy comes from the sun.
50. 绿色生活就是与自然和谐相处。(in harmony with) （汉译英）
【答案】Green living is living in harmony with nature.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语，时态和非谓语动词。根据句意，应用一般现在时描述事实，分析句子可知，句子使用主系表结构，green living绿色生活，作主语，是单数，谓语动词用单数is； live in harmony with“与……和谐相处”，用动名词作表语，解释主语的特征，故翻译为Green living is living in harmony with nature.
51. 减少污染的一个好方法是改变我们的生活习惯。(change one’s living habits) （汉译英）
【答案】A good way to reduce pollution is to change our living habits.
【解析】
【详解】考查不定式和主谓一致。分析句意可知，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“……的一个好方法”是a good way to do...，“减少污染”是reduce pollution，“改变我们的生活习惯”用不定式作表语，是to change our living habits，主语是单数，谓语动词用is，因此整句话翻译为“A good way to reduce pollution is to change our living habits”。故答案为A good way to reduce pollution is to change our living habits.
52. 我认为与自己的弱点作斗争的人也是令人钦佩的人。(fight against) （汉译英）
【答案】I think a man who fights against his weaknesses is also an admirable man.
【解析】
【详解】考查时态，定语从句和主谓一致。分析句意可知，句子表示客观事实，时态用一般现在时，“我认为”是I think，“与自己的弱点作斗争的人”用who引导的定语从句，修饰“人”，翻译为a man who fights against his weaknesses，“也是令人钦佩的人”是is also an admirable man，因此整句话翻译为I think a man who fights against his weaknesses is also an admirable man.
Ⅳ.阅读表达（共4小题;每小题2分,共8分）
阅读下面的短文和问题，根据短文内容，在相应题号后的横线上写下相关信息，完成对该问题的回答。答语要意思清楚，结构正确，书写工整。
Laughing Matters
Making people laugh connects us to one another. But what are laughing matters related to? For me, they are about personal life stories and experiences. Life will always change, and therefore laughing matters vary accordingly. While we may not have the same experiences, everyone can relate to observations on life, family, and the varieties of behavior we all encounter every day as we go about life.
Laughing matters are dedicated to making laughter a part of daily life and building a healthier and less stressful outlook. It can end tense situations. It always breaks the ice and brings people together. At home, it brings the family closer. A friend once told me how his dad collected jokes in a box and wrote them down on cards so he wouldn’t forget them and then told jokes at the dinner table. I could relate to that. My older brother used to bring home joke books and read them to me when I was 10 or 11 years old, which had a great impact on me.
Great comedians view life in different ways. Some of them can tell a relatable story about life and it will be funny, reminding the audience of similar situations and getting huge laughs. Others will look at a similar observation in life and tell a very different story from a very different angle with a very different delivery. The best of them keep working it out until they find the humor that suits them and strikes the right string and, hopefully, the laughter string of an audience.
People will always relate to the human story with all its challenges. One good thing about life is that it changes and develops. Life itself never gets old and is always feeding a laugh. As a result, comedians are constantly pushing the envelope because what the previous generation found funny becomes foreign to the new generation. As comedy adjusts to life changes, the edge keeps moving as well. That’s what time does to comedy. And now with a whole new generation the challenge is the same. Humorists must keep pushing that envelope, and we will.
53. For the author, what are laughing matters about? (不多于8个单词)
54. How can the best comedians make people laugh? (不多于11个单词)
55. Why does comedy need to change? (不多于13个单词)
56. Based on your personal experience, does humor help you in your life? Why or why not? （单词数不限）
【答案】53. Personal life stories and experiences.
54. By finding the humor that suits the audience.
55. Because comedy adjusts to life changes and the edge keeps moving as well.
56. Yes. Because humor helps me forget the troubles in my life and see the positive and positive things in my life, which gives me the strength to move on.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是值得笑的事情及笑的意义。
【53题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第一段的“For me, they are about personal life stories and experiences.(对我来说，它们是关于个人生活的故事和经历)”可知，值得笑的事情是关于个人生活的故事和经历，故答案为Personal life stories and experiences.
【54题详解】
考查细节理解。根据第二段的“The best of them keep working it out until they find the humor that suits them and strikes the right string and, hopefully, the laughter string of an audience.(他们中最优秀的人一直在努力，直到他们找到适合观众的幽默，并拨对了弦，希望是观众的笑弦)”可知，最好的喜剧演员通过找到适合观众的幽默来让人们笑，故答案为By finding the humor that suits the audience.
【55题详解】
考查细节理解。根据最后一段的“As comedy adjusts to life changes, the edge keeps moving as well. That’s what time does to comedy.(随着喜剧适应生活的变化，边缘也在不断移动。这就是时间对喜剧的影响)”可知，喜剧需要改变是因为喜剧适应生活的变化，边缘也在不断移动，故答案为Because comedy adjusts to life changes and the edge keeps moving as well.
【56题详解】
考查开放性试题。言之有理即可。例如：根据我的个人经验，幽默对我的生活是有帮助的，因为幽默帮助我忘记生活中的烦恼，看到生活中积极向上的事情，这给了我继续前进的力量。故答案为Yes. Because humor helps me forget the troubles in my life and see the positive and positive things in my life, which gives me the strength to move on.
Ⅴ. 书面表达（20分）
57. 英语课上你们在讨论英语学习的方法，请根据下列内容，写一个发言稿，介绍你的英语学习情况：
1、你在英语学习过程中遇到了哪些困难？
2、你尝试了哪些方法解决这些困难？效果如何？
注意：词数不少于80；
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】English is not easy to learn. For me, I find it very challenging to improve my listening and speaking skills. We don’t have foreign teachers and I feel embarrassed to communicate with my classmates in English. Furthermore, like many students, I am also frustrated by learning vocabulary. There are so many new words that I have to learn every day. And I find it unproductive and boring to just repeat the words over and over again.
After having a discussion with my English teacher, I decided to keep going. I downloaded an English learning app and began listening to English news every day. After listening, I would retell the news and comment on it. Now, I am no longer afraid of English listening and find it natural to speak English aloud. As for vocabulary learning, it’s more rewarding to learn words in sentences than just remember single words. Sometimes, I even make sentences on my own, which makes vocabulary learning more efficient and fun.
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写一个发言稿，介绍自己的英语学习情况。
【详解】1.词汇积累
尴尬的：embarrassed →awkward
而且：Furthermore → what’s more
无聊的：boring →tiresome
有时：sometimes→ at times
2.句式拓展
合并简单句
原句：English is not easy to learn. For me, I find it very challenging to improve my listening and speaking skills.
拓展句：English is so difficult to learn that I find it very challenging to improve my listening and speaking skills for me.
【点睛】【高分句型1】There are so many new words that I have to learn every day.（运用了that引导的定语从句）
【高分句型2】Sometimes, I even make sentences on my own, which makes vocabulary learning more efficient and fun.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句）