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北京市西城区2022-2023学年高三英语上学期期末试卷（Word版附解析）
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这是一份北京市西城区2022-2023学年高三英语上学期期末试卷（Word版附解析），共25页。试卷主要包含了5 分，共 15 分)， A等内容，欢迎下载使用。
北京市西城区 2022—2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷
高三英语
本试卷共 12 页，共 100 分。考试时长 90 分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30 分)
第一节(共 10 小题;每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. So when she was asked to feed carrots to the reddish-brown horse named Charlie on a summer Saturday, she approached ____1____ , unsure of herself at times, turning around to a group of children waiting for their turn to feed him.
Olivia eventually made it to the horse’s mouth and Charlie licked (舔) her hands as she____2____ him his favorite treat. Olivia was amused.
“That’s what I call a(an) ____3____,” said Sabrina, a social worker who has teamed up with the community organization Alkebu-lan Village to help children overcome their problems and keep them on paths to____4____.
“I’m excited,” Olivia said smiling. “I love petting him.”
The program “Stop Horsing Around” at Alkebu-lan Village was launched this summer with over a dozen kids signing up. They were taught how to approach, feed, brush, and mount the horses____5____ eventually they got a chance to ride them.
By____6____ the program’s horses with Sabrina’s help and forming____7____ with them, children become more self-aware and then begin to recognize and face negative feelings and behaviors, which can help them communicate with others and lead to significant positive changes to their____8____ skills, self-worth and behavior issues.
Sabrina first taught the children that Charlie needed to become____9____ with them by smelling their hands. Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.
Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. Their____10____ consistently turned into smiles, laughter and excitement.
1. A. happily B. calmly C. slowly D. directly
2. A. fed B. left C. made D. threw
3. A. award B. exchange C. negotiation D. breakthrough
4. A. fame B. success C. responsibility D. freedom
5. A. before B. after C. as D. though
6. A. taking over B. walking with C. caring for D. responding to
7. A. routines B. bonds C. judgements D. ideas
8. A. technical B. survival C. organizational D. social
9. A. popular B. familiar C. satisfied D. patient
10. A. resistance B. disappointment C. misunderstanding D. hesitation
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文介绍了一个项目，旨在让那些害羞的孩子通过与马建立联系，逐渐变得自信开朗。
【1题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：所以，当她在一个夏天周六被要求喂红褐色的马查理胡萝卜时，她慢慢地走近，有时不自信，转向一群等着喂它的孩子。A. happily高兴地；B. calmly平静地；C. slowly缓慢地；D. directly直接地。根据第一段第一句“Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. (9岁的奥利维亚一开始很害羞。她以前从未骑过马。)”可知她很害羞，所以当她被要求喂马时，她应该是缓慢地靠近。故选C项。
2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：奥利维亚最终把胡萝卜放到了马口，查理舔了舔她的手，她喂了他最喜欢的食物。A. fed喂；B. left离开；C. made做；D. threw扔。通过上文可知她不敢喂马到最终把食物喂到了马的嘴里。当她把食物喂到马的嘴里时，查理舔了舔她的手。故选A项。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这就是我所说的突破，”萨布丽娜说，她是一名社会工作者，与社区组织阿尔克布兰村合作，帮助孩子们克服他们的问题，让他们走上成功的道路。A. award奖项；B. exchange交流；C. negotiation谈判；D. breakthrough突破。根据上文Oliver由开始的害羞不敢喂马，到最后把食物喂到马的嘴里，这是一种突破。故选D项。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“就是我所说的突破，”萨布丽娜说，她是一名社会工作者，与社区组织阿尔克布兰村合作，帮助孩子们克服他们的问题，让他们走上成功的道路。A. fame名声；B. success成功；C. responsibility责任；D. freedom自由。这个项目是帮助孩子突破自我走上成功的道路。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查连词词义辨析。句意：他们学会了如何接近、喂马、刷马和上马，最后才有机会骑上它们。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. as当……时候/因为；D. though虽然。根据句意可知，在他们骑马之前需要学会接近马，喂马和刷马等。故选A项。
【6题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. take over接管；B. walk with与……同行；C. care for照顾/关心；D. respond to回应。通过前文“they were taught how to approach, feed, brush, and mount the horses(他们学会了如何接近、喂马、刷马和上马)”可知，孩子们通过照顾马和马建立联系。故选C项。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. routines常规；B. bonds联系；C. judgements判断；D. ideas主意。根据句意，孩子们通过照顾马与马建立联系。故选B项。
【8题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. technical技术的；B. survival幸存的；C. organizational组织的；D. social社会的；社交的。根据本句“which can help them communicate with others(这能帮助孩子与他人沟通)，表明孩子们的社交技能将会发生积极变化。故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Sabrina首先教孩子们，查理需要通过闻他们的手来熟悉他们。A. popular流行的；B. familiar熟悉的；C. satisfied感到满意的；D. patient有耐心的。根据下一句“Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.(一旦查理舒服了，孩子们就学会了如何抚摸他的脸和头，然后学会了如何使用牵绳，收拾查理的烂摊子，给他喂胡萝卜。)”可知，查理一开始是先从闻手上的气味开始熟悉孩子们。一旦熟悉了，孩子们就可以抚摸他们的脸和头。故选B项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的犹豫相符地变成了微笑、笑声和兴奋。A. resistance抗拒；B. disappointment失望；C. misunderstanding误解；D. hesitation犹豫。由最后一段“Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. (奥利维亚并不是唯一一个一开始就紧张害羞的孩子。但最终奥利维亚也不是唯一一个离开时更加自信的孩子。)可知，孩子们由一开始的犹豫最后转变为了自信和微笑。故选D项。
第二节(共 10 小题;每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Gratitude is more than just saying “thank you”. Gratitude is a deeper appreciation for someone or something. Expressing gratitude makes us feel a positive emotion. Over the past thirty years, there____11____ (be) many studies showing that writing a gratitude letter to another person offers us an opportunity____12____ (escape) from negative emotions. Even if we don’t share our writing with anyone, the act of completing the exercise alone makes us happier and____13____ (satisfied) with life. The more we express gratitude, the more positive we feel.
【答案】11. have been
12. to escape
13. more satisfied
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。研究发现：感恩不仅仅是给人道一声“谢谢”，感恩是对某人或某事的更深层次的欣赏，同时也对我们的健康有好处，尤其是以写感谢信来表达感恩的这个方式，能使我们逃离负面情绪的影响。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：在过去的三十年里，有许多研究表明，给别人写一封感谢信给我们提供了一个逃离负面情绪的机会。根据时间状语Over the past thirty years，句子谓语用现在完成时态，此处为there be结构，主语为many studies，为复数，故助动词用have。故填have been。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去的三十年里，有许多研究表明，给别人写一封感谢信给我们提供了一个逃离负面情绪的机会。此处考查名词opportunity，后接动词不定式作后置定语，故填to escape。
【13题详解】
考查形容词比较等级。句意：即使我们不与任何人分享我们写的内容，完成练习的行为本身就会让我们更快乐、对生活更满意。设空处与形容词happier并列，也用比较等级，作us的宾补，故填more satisfied。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When I was in Singapore six years ago, I gave a taxi driver a card____14____ a specific address on it and asked him to take me there as quickly as possible. When we had almost reached the destination, he circled around the block. His meter read $11, but he took only $10. He explained that he wasn’t so familiar with this area. Before getting out of the taxi, I ____15____ (tell) that the ride with the taxi driver is always an important experience____16____ creates the first impression about this country for a person.
【答案】14. with
15. was told
16. that##which
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了六年前作者去新加坡时，打了一辆出租车去目的地。到达目的地后，车上的计费表显示11美元，但是司机只收了10美元，司机告诉作者，乘坐出租车是重要的经历，因为它会给人们留下对这个国家的第一印象。
【14题详解】
考查介词。句意：六年前我在新加坡的时候，我给了一个出租车司机一张写有具体地址的卡片，让他尽快带我去那里。分析句子结构可知，and前后连接两个句子，此处表示“有”，应用介词with，构成with复合结构：with+名词+介词短语，故填with。
【15题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：在下出租车之前，我被告知，乘坐出租车一直是一个重要的经历，因为它会给一个人留下对这个国家的第一印象。此处在主句中作谓语，主句描述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，根据句意可知，此处表示“司机告诉我，即我被告知”，主语I和tell是被动关系，所以应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是I，故填was told。
【16题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在下出租车之前，我被告知，乘坐出租车一直是一个重要的经历，它会给一个人留下对这个国家的第一印象。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为experience，指物，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词that/which来引导，故填that/which。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When were you born? For most people this is an easy question. Even those who don’t know their exact birthday can usually figure out when they were born to within a few years. Yet the Internet is full of quizzes____17____ (make) to help you determine in which decade you were born. These are usually based on what____18____ (happen) in American pop culture at the time you first became aware of it. It sounds foolish. But many people, though____19____ (complain) about the stupid quizzes, still take them, wondering ____20____ their answers generate their correct birth year.
【答案】17. made
18. was happening
19. complaining
20. if##whether
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了互联网上充满了帮助你确定你出生在哪个年代的测验，这些测试是基于你第一次意识到美国流行文化时所发生的事情，尽管许多人感觉这些测试很愚蠢，但是他们还是会做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否符合他们正确的出生年份。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，互联网上充满了帮助你确定你出生在哪个年代的测验。句中有谓语动词is，且前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词quizzes，动词make和quizzes是被动关系，因为make quizzes意为“做测试”，此处“测试是被做”，所以此处应用过去分词made作后置定语，故填made。
【18题详解】
考查时态。句意：这些通常是基于你第一次意识到美国流行文化时所发生的事情。what引导宾语从句，空处在从句中作谓语，由at the time you first became aware of it可知，句子描述过去当下时间点发生的事，应用过去进行时，故填was happening。
【19题详解】
考查状语从句的省略。句意：但是许多人，虽然一边抱怨愚蠢的测验，但一边却仍然做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否产生正确的出生年份。此处是though引导的状语从句的省略，从句主语和主句主语是同一主语，所以从句省略主语和系动词，从句主语many people和动词complain是主动关系，应用现在分词形式和系动词are构成现在进行时，即完整句子为though many people are complaining about the stupid quizzes，省略句为：though complaining about the stupid quizzes，故填complaining。
【20题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：但是许多人，虽然一边抱怨愚蠢的测验，但一边却仍然做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否产生正确的出生年份。空处引导宾语从句，从句不缺成分，根据句意可知，此处表示“是否”，应用不做成分，只起连接作用的if/whether来引导，故填if/whether。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38 分)
第一节(共 14 小题;每小题 2 分，共 28 分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Southwest Museum
The collections of the Southwest Museum represent Native American cultures from Alaska to South America. The museum contains some of the finest examples of Indian art and artifacts in the Unites States.
EXHIBITIONS
In its permanent exhibitions, the Southwest Museum presents the remarkable cultural diversity of America’s earliest residents. The museum’s four main exhibit halls focus on the native people of the Southwest, California, the Great Plains, and the Northwest Coast. Visitors may survey prehistoric Southwest painted earthenware, and enjoy temporary exhibitions and exhibitions that are moved between museums.
PROGRAMS
Throughout the year the museum offers a wide range of programs including: performances, classes, lectures, festivals, films and demonstrations by noted artists and other educational programs for members and the general public. Guided gallery tours are offered by reservation, for student and adult groups.
MEMBERSHIP
Museum membership provides individuals and families with many chances to participate in the active and exciting Southwest Museum community. The membership benefits include: free admission to the Museum; invitations to exhibition openings and special events; reduced rates on programs and classes; discounts in the Museum Store; calendars of events;members’ newsletter and subscription to the museum’s magazine, Masterkey.
MUSEUM STORE
The museum store offers beautifully made Southwest silver jewelry, Pueblo earthenware, and kachina dolls. It also offers folk art from Mexico and Peru. The store carries a large selection of publications on Native American history, and on several famous Native American and Western artists. Museum members receive a 10% discount on all in-store purchases and a 20% discount on all museum publications.
Museum Hours:
Tuesday——Sunday
11:00 a.m.to 5:00p.m.
Telephone: 213-221-2164
Museum Location:
234 Museum Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90065
21. The collections of the Southwest Museum focus on _______.
A. lifestyles of American residents
B. native cultures of the Americas
C. diversity of American festivals
D. development of American arts
22. What can a visitor do at the Southwest Museum?
A. Interview noted artists.
B. Try painting earthenware.
C. Appreciate traveling exhibitions.
D. Survey modern American folk art.
23. Which benefit can a museum member enjoy?
A. Free classes and programs.
B. A 10% discount on kachina dolls.
C. The priority to reserve guided tours.
D. The right to invite friends to exhibition openings.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了西南博物馆的展品，项目以及会员福利。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“The collections of the Southwest Museum represent Native American cultures from Alaska to South America.(西南博物馆的藏品代表了从阿拉斯加到南美洲的美洲土著文化)”以及第二段中“In its permanent exhibitions, the Southwest Museum presents the remarkable cultural diversity of America’s earliest residents.(在其常设展览中，西南博物馆展示了美国最早居民的显著文化多样性)”可知，西南博物馆的藏品集中在美洲的本土文化。故选B项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题PROGRAMS下的段落中“The museum’s four main exhibit halls focus on the native people of the Southwest, California, the Great Plains, and the Northwest Coast. Visitors may survey prehistoric Southwest painted earthenware, and enjoy temporary exhibitions and exhibitions that are moved between museums.(博物馆的四个主要展厅集中于西南部、加利福尼亚州、大平原和西北海岸的原住民。游客可以参观史前西南地区的彩绘陶器，欣赏临时展览和博物馆之间的展览。)”可知，游客在西南博物馆可以欣赏博物馆之间的巡回展览。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题MUSEUM STORE下的段落中“The museum store offers beautifully made Southwest silver jewelry, Pueblo earthenware, and kachina dolls. It also offers folk art from Mexico and Peru. The store carries a large selection of publications on Native American history, and on several famous Native American and Western artists. Museum members receive a 10% discount on all in-store purchases and a 20% discount on all museum publications.(博物馆商店提供精美的西南银饰，普韦布洛陶器，和克奇纳娃娃。它还提供来自墨西哥和秘鲁的民间艺术。这家商店有大量关于美国原住民历史的出版物，以及一些著名的美国原住民和西部艺术家的出版物。博物馆会员在店内购物可享受9折优惠，购买所有博物馆出版物可享受8折优惠)”可知，博物馆会员可享受卡奇纳娃娃打九折的福利。故选B项。
B
A few days ago, my husband, Russ, and I lost our house of 28 years to a California wild fire.
On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford. The next morning, we had to drive three and a half hours to find a hotel that had an available room. Only later, in the local newspaper, did we see photographs of the destruction. Our house had been consumed by the fire along with most of our neighborhood.
How are we going to rebuild after this? I thought, rounding a corner in the sidewalk on my walk back to the hotel. Is it even possible?
I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels. They were just nickels, but they somehow felt special. I bent down and picked them up. If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.
A few days later, I made a trip to the store to buy essentials. The enormous task of replacing everything we’d lost put a heavy weight on me. I was about to leave when I felt the urge to stop and turn my head to the right. I could hardly believe it—there on nickela shelf, was a nickel! Okay, maybe this is more than luck, I thought and put the nickel in my pocket.
I told myself that I had found the nickels just by chance. Then I found one next to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever. It seemed that a nickel appeared whenever my spirits plummeted.
Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel. In the grass at the park, or near the tire of my car in a parking lot. Once, my change for a quick lunch was given entirely in nickels. “I’m sorry,” the cashier said. “It’s all we have.”
It’s all I needed!
One day, I was sitting at the desk when my phone rang. It was a real-estate agent I’d been working with.
“I have a new listing,” she said.
“When can we see it?”
A few hours later, Russ and I were following the agent down the driveway toward the house.
I didn’t think long. Because there, in the driveway, …
24. After the wild fire, the couple ________.
A. lived in their car for one night
B. took some photos of the destruction
C. could hardly afford their Thanksgiving dinner
D. saved precious items from the burned down house
25. What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A. Remained. B. Changed. C. Strengthened. D. Sank.
26. What did the found nickels mean to the author?
A. Luck for the foreseeable future.
B. Hope during challenging times.
C. Signs of a huge fortune to come.
D. Reminders of what had happened.
27. Which would be the best ending for the passage?
A. I spotted a flash of silver in the sun, two nickels, both heads up.
B. I found an old nickel, which seemed to tell a story from the past.
C. I saw a mysterious locked box, and thought perhaps it was full of nickels.
D. I looked up and imagined something on a cloud, a giant nickel, just for me.
【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者住了28年的房子被大火摧毁，住在外面的酒店。偶然捡到2枚镍币，后来作者发现每当她精神一落千丈时就会出现镍币的故事。
24题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford.(那天晚上，我们不得不离开家，睡在福特的后座上。)”可知，野火过后，他们是在车上过了一夜。故选A。
【25题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章第七段中“Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel.(每当我达到临界点时，我就会发现另一个镍。)和“Then I found one next to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever”（感恩节那天，我在一家餐馆的盘子旁边发现了一个，我比以往任何时候都更想念我们的房子。）”推断可知，每次有低落情绪（通过想家情节推出）时，就会出现镍币。划线单词plummeted大意为心情低落，心凉。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.(如果这些是幸运币，我可以用我能得到的所有运气。)”以及下文作者收到房产中介电话要带她去看房子，可以看出作者捡到硬币对作者来说是困难时期的希望。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章中作者总是在她心情低落时捡到镍币可以推测，接下来作者可能在车道上，户外阳光下看到了2枚镍币，这和第四段“I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels.(我注意到前方有东西——一对镍币，像珍贵的珠宝一样闪闪发光。)”第一次发现镍币的情节前后呼应。故选A。
C
Of the more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, just a small number specialize in sucking human blood. How mosquitoes track us down so effectively isn’t currently known, but it matters, since they carry dangerous diseases which may cause death.
“In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans.
Mosquitoes mostly choose what to bite based on odor (气味). Knowing how a potentially disease-carrying mosquito finds a person, while ignoring other warm-blooded animals, is a key question. But it’s not easy to answer, since any animal smell is made up of hundreds of chemicals mixed together in specific percentage. “The actual chemicals that are found in human odor are basically the same as the chemicals found in animal odor—it’s the percentages and the relative large amount of those substances in human mixtures that’s unique,” said Gauff.
To investigate, researchers decided to record neural activity in the brain of mosquitoes while exposing them to natural human and animal odor samples. They collected odor samples from about 40 different animals. When they compared some of those with the 16 human samples, something jumped out. Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. Common in the natural world, in humans, decanal comes from another, more complex substance. When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us.
Understanding what the mosquitoes are targeting is only part of the story; knowing how they do it is also important. To see exactly how mosquitoes use this sense, scientists used genetically modified (转基因的) mosquitoes so that they could cut open mosquitoes’ heads and watch neurons firing when they’re exposed to human and animal odors. The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said.
How to keep mosquitoes’ decanal signal from being transmitted will be the research team’s next focus. Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease.
28. What’s the final purpose of the research conducted by Gauff’s team?
A. To study why only certain mosquitoes suck human blood.
B. To investigate the neural activity in mosquitoes’ brains.
C. To help prevent deadly diseases caused by mosquitoes.
D. To test the effectiveness of mosquito killers.
29. To which substance(s) would mosquitoes mostly be attracted?
A. Natural oil from human skin.
B. Chemicals in the environment.
C. Decanal generated in human blood.
D. Remains of decomposed sapienic acid.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Most mosquito neurons are not involved in responding to human odor.
B. Genetically modified mosquitoes are not sensitive to human odor.
C. Further research will focus on odor signal and neural connection.
D. Chemicals found in human and animal odors are quite different.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一队研究人员想通过研究蚊子为什么叮咬某一类人，找到阻止它们叮咬人类的策略，预防文字叮咬引起的致命疾病。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段““In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans. (普林斯顿神经科学研究所的生态学和进化生物学教授Carolyn Gauff说：“事实上，阻止这些烦人的蚊子在它们的轨道上活动，每年可以挽救多达50万人因这些疾病而丧生的生命。”这就是为什么Gauff的团队想要了解蚊子如何发现和瞄准人类的原因)”和最后一段中的“Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease. (Gauff希望他们目前的工作可以用于制造灭蚊剂和引诱剂，以预防疾病)”可知，Gauff最终是想帮助预防蚊子引起的致命疾病（救人性命）才进行此项研究的。故选C项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。由第四段中的“Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. (癸醛在人体皮肤中特别丰富)”和“When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us. (当我们皮肤的天然油脂中的一种成分——智人酸分解时，就会剩下癸酸。这种酸只存在于人身上。这很可能导致高水平的癸醛，帮助蚊子嗅到它们的气味)”可知，癸酸是智人酸分解后的残留物，蚊子通过癸醛（智人酸分解后的残留物）找到人类，所以蚊子最喜欢癸醛（智人酸分解后的残留物）。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said. (研究团队已经知道，蚊子有大约60种不同类型的神经元来感知气味，所以当他们观察蚊子的大脑时，他们认为可能会看到很多活动。但蚊子的大脑出奇的安静，这意味着信号可能相当简单，仅限于几种类型的神经元。Gauff说：“一种神经元对人类和动物的气味反应非常强烈。另一种神经元同时对两者都有反应，但对人类气味的反应比动物气味的反应强烈得多。”)”可知，蚊子有大约60种不同类型的神经元来感知气味，但研究发现只有几种类型的神经元才会对人类和动物气味作出反应，可得出大多数蚊子神经元不参与对人类气味的反应。故选A项。
D
The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.
Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80 percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information.
In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.
Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的) security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication (身份验证), the vast majority of consumer services will offer passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely, biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo.
But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.
The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.”
31. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data.
B. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails.
C. How passwords have caused us trouble.
D. Why passwords are difficult to secure.
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Facial recognition login is the key to fighting hackers.
B. Biometric authentication has its own set of problems.
C. TAK Cyber’s login system guarantees the safety of data.
D. Spoofing brings more problems than automated programs.
33. What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future?
A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Pessimistic. D. Objective.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Biometric authentication: password security solution!
B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future
C. The argument to end passwords has begun
D. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了很多公司投入到无密码的研究中，但是其中还有许多问题需要解决。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段中“In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.(在许多情况下，个人通过网络钓鱼邮件和其他社会工程技术被骗提供密码细节。黑客还试图侵入应用程序，窃取整个密码数据库。密码也受到新技术的攻击，比如自动程序可以快速猜测密码，或者在多个在线账户上尝试窃取密码)”可知，第三段主要讲为什么密码很难保护。故选D项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.(但使用生物特征认证仍然存在风险。与密码不同，生物识别是无法更改的。这意味着出于隐私的考虑，这些数据必须被严密保护，以防止黑客试图用受害者的照片或面具来欺骗摄像头或传感器。CyberPek安全研究主管保罗•史密斯（Paul Smith）表示:“生物特征认证和无密码认证都有自己的攻击面。”他的团队透露，他们发现了一个设计问题，即潜在的攻击者可以通过在登录过程中注入伪造的用户面部照片来绕过面部识别登录)”可知，生物识别认证有其自身的问题。故选B项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.””(网络研究和咨询公司TAK Cyber的创始人埃里克•布朗（Eric Brown）认为，尽管敏感应用程序可能很快就不再使用密码，但其他网站就没有动力更新它们的系统。“你永远也摆脱不了他们，”他说。“我们永远不会进入后密码时代。”)”可知，埃里克·布朗对无密码的未来并不看好，持悲观态度。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.(这家初创公司吸引了网络安全史上最大的投资，超过5亿美元，它的目标很简单:一个无密码的未来)”以及第四段“Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions.(由于替换我们用来访问日常生活的容易忘记且极易被黑客入侵的字母和数字字符串的需求变得更加迫切，替换密码的竞赛正在进行中，基于生物识别的安全技术成为最受欢迎的解决方案之一)”可知，本文主要讲很多公司都投入到无密码研究中，再根据倒数第二段中“But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim.(但使用生物特征认证仍然存在风险。与密码不同，生物识别是无法更改的。这意味着出于隐私的考虑，这些数据必须被严密保护，以防止黑客试图用受害者的照片或面具来欺骗摄像头或传感器)”以及最后一段中“The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit.(对于那些希望消灭密码的初创企业来说，最大的障碍是如何改变多年来的习惯)”可知，无密码研究中还存在许多问题，到底能不能达到，我们并不知道，所以D项“Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?(消除密码：治愈还是幻想？)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。
第二节(共 5 小题;每小题 2 分，共 10 分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect
Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.____35____
Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.____36____ Moreover, research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood.
Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood.
In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.____37____ For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.
____38____ Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.
But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.____39____ Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later.
A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically.
B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect?
C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood?
D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping teens build positive relationships.
E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult.
F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant associations with any of the later life outcomes.
G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships.
【答案】35. C 36. A 37. G 38. D 39. F
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了研究者发现青少年在向成年人转变的过程中，积极的情感将会对个人幸福感、事业成功和社会关系等方面产生重大的影响。
【35题详解】
上文“Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.(父母常常对他们孩子成年后的表现寄予厚望，比如希望他们的身体健康，对自己的事业感到满意，有牢固的友谊)”说明父母希望孩子们能在成年后获得好的结果，C项“但是在青少年从青春期走向成年的过程中，哪些因素有助于产生这些结果呢？”中的“these outcomes”指代的就是之前提到过的结果。故选C项。
【36题详解】
上文“Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.(情感是表达积极或消极情绪的倾向，这反过来影响我们如何体验事物并决定是否判断给定的情况是积极的还是消极的)”说明情感是一种情绪倾向，是需要自我决定和自我判断的，A项“对事件的情感反应通常是自动发生的”是对上文观点的进一步解释说明。故选A项。
【37题详解】
上文“In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.(为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员对14至25岁的青少年和年轻人进行了跟踪研究，使他们能够了解从青春期到青年期这一关键发展阶段积极影响的预测能力。)”指出为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，研究人员进行了研究，下文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极影响的青少年更容易和朋友相处，所以空处应该承上启下，指出研究发现，G项“这项研究发现积极的影响可以更好的预测青年时期的生活结果，比如建立更好的友谊”中的“developing better friendships”和下文事例中的“had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends”都是指和朋友建立良好的关系。故选G项。
【38题详解】
上文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极的情感给青少年带来良好的人际关系， 而D项“有趣的是，结果表明积极的影响可能不仅仅是帮助青少年建立积极的人际关系”中的“helping teens build positive relationships”指的上文提到的和朋友之间良好的关系，是对上文话题的承接，讲了积极的影响的好处，下文“Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.(积极情感还可以预测自我价值感和工作能力的提高，这表明，总体而言，积极情感似乎是青年人在几个重要功能领域取得成功的关键预测因素。)”也是积极影响的好处，also表明和选项是并列关系，都在讲好处。故选D项。
【39题详解】
上文“But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.”（但是负面影响的影响呢？研究人员还研究了负面影响是否会预测年轻成年期的问题。）可知在探究负面影响的预测。下文“Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later..(因此，重要的一点是，青少年的积极影响可能与十年后个人幸福、职业和社会关系领域的重要生活结果有着密切的联系。)可知，下文在强调积极影响与生活的关联。F项“与积极影响不同，负面影响不会与以后的生活结果有任何显著关联。”承接上文探究负面影响的测试结果，引起下文对于积极影响对于生活影响的进一步说明。故选F。
第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32 分)
第一节(共 4 小题;第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分,共 12 分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The other day I was having coffee and catching up with Brian, a friend I hadn’t seen in over a year, when he asked me this question: “Do you regret leaving Google?” “Of course, I don’t regret it,” I answered. But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
Truth is, not every decision we make will be the right choice for us. I learned later that quitting my one and only source of income to start an e-commerce business from nothing was a recipe for financial disaster. No, that decision was not the right one at the time. Perhaps I should’ve followed the advice I give today: Build your business while working a full-time job so that you can work from a place of stability. But then again, I wouldn’t have learned such a valuable lesson had I not acted upon what was truly important to me at the time—the freedom of pursuing my own dream, on my own terms.
We regret what’s in the past and can’t be changed. We compare the choices we made yesterday to an ideal path that we think we should have taken—we simply imagine it to be a better path. What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
There’s a much better way to look at regret—a more mindful way—and it can be seen at a place where action, reflection, and gratitude meet.
So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful.
40. What did Brian’s question make the writer realize?
___________________________________________________________
41. List the two words the author uses to describe the viewpoint people should take when facing regret.
___________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed.
___________________________________________________________
43. What has been your biggest regret during your high school life? What have you learned from this? (In about 40 words)
___________________________________________________________
【答案】40. Brian’s question makes the writer realize that we cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
41. Appreciative and grateful
42. When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed.
Reason: When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
43. The biggest regret during my high school life is that I did not study hard and treasure the valuable time and could not be admitted to my ideal university. I realized the problem in my college, so I worked hard on my major and have made some achievements in my major finally. So I accept my regret and learn something from it and consider the regret as a valuable experience.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文通过作者的自身经历表达了我们不应该为所做的决定后悔和遗憾，应从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life. (但当我更深入地思考他的问题时，我意识到：我们不能后悔那些在生活中教会了我们宝贵教训的事情。)”可知，朋友的问题使我意识到我们不能后悔那些在生活中教会了我们宝贵教训的事情。故答案为Brian’s question make the writer realize that we cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life。
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章最后一句“So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful. ( 所以，当你发现自己陷入后悔之中时，停下来问问自己这两个问题：“我从这件事中学到了什么？我是如何因此而成长的呢？”也许你可以把你的观点从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。)”可知作者用来描述人们在面对后悔时应该采取的观点的两个词是appreciative和grateful。故答案为Appreciative and grateful。
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.(更糟糕的是，当陷入后悔之中时，我们会失去对最重要的事情的控制：我们今天如何利用我们的时间。) ”可知“When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed. (当人们陷入悔恨时，更糟糕的是过去的选择无法改变。)”这句话是错误的，当人们陷入悔恨时，更糟糕的不是过去的选择无法改变。而是我们会失去对最重要的事情的控制：我们今天如何利用我们的时间。故答案为When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed. Reason: When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
【43题详解】
开放性试题，言之有理即可。这篇文章表达了我们不应该为所做的决定后悔和遗憾，应从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。我们人生当中都有后悔的事情，关键是我们面对后悔和遗憾的态度。故答案可为The biggest regret during my high school life is that I did not study hard and treasure the valuable time and could not be admitted to my ideal university. I realized the problem in my college, so I worked hard on my major and have made some achievements in my major finally. So I accept my regret and learn something from it and consider the regret as a valuable experience.
第二节(20 分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在为高三毕业典礼征集活动方案。你有意参加，并对活动设计形成了一些想法。请你给英国好友Jim写一封邮件询问他的建议。内容包括：
1.介绍设计想法；
2.说明设计理由。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
My school is collecting designs for the graduation ceremony. I’m writing to share my idea with you and ask for your advice.
First, the ceremony should be on weekend, thus allowing all the parents and teachers to be present, making this event livelier. It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas. We need to set up a “gratitude wall”, where we can express our gratitude to our teachers, friends and parents, without whose help we could hardly succeed. During the last session, students can open the floor to talk about their future, sharing their ambitions with each other.
So what do you think of my plan? Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生就高三毕业典礼征集活动方案给英国好友Jim写一封邮件，介绍自己的设计想法，说明设计理由，并询问他的建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
建议：advice→ suggestion
鼓舞人心的：inspiring →encouraging
表达：express→convey
畅所欲言：open the floor→speak out freely
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.
拓展句：It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, which will be followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.（运用了过去分词作后置定语、状语，现在分词作后置定语）
【高分句型2】We need to set up a “gratitude wall”, where we can express our gratitude to our teachers, friends and parents, without whose help we could hardly succeed.（运用了动词不定式作宾语，where和whose引导的非限制性定语从句，含without的含蓄条件句的虚拟语气）
北京市西城区 2022—2023 学年度第一学期期末试卷
高三英语
本试卷共 12 页，共 100 分。考试时长 90 分钟。
考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30 分)
第一节(共 10 小题;每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. So when she was asked to feed carrots to the reddish-brown horse named Charlie on a summer Saturday, she approached ____1____ , unsure of herself at times, turning around to a group of children waiting for their turn to feed him.
Olivia eventually made it to the horse’s mouth and Charlie licked (舔) her hands as she____2____ him his favorite treat. Olivia was amused.
“That’s what I call a(an) ____3____,” said Sabrina, a social worker who has teamed up with the community organization Alkebu-lan Village to help children overcome their problems and keep them on paths to____4____.
“I’m excited,” Olivia said smiling. “I love petting him.”
The program “Stop Horsing Around” at Alkebu-lan Village was launched this summer with over a dozen kids signing up. They were taught how to approach, feed, brush, and mount the horses____5____ eventually they got a chance to ride them.
By____6____ the program’s horses with Sabrina’s help and forming____7____ with them, children become more self-aware and then begin to recognize and face negative feelings and behaviors, which can help them communicate with others and lead to significant positive changes to their____8____ skills, self-worth and behavior issues.
Sabrina first taught the children that Charlie needed to become____9____ with them by smelling their hands. Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.
Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. Their____10____ consistently turned into smiles, laughter and excitement.
1. A. happily B. calmly C. slowly D. directly
2. A. fed B. left C. made D. threw
3. A. award B. exchange C. negotiation D. breakthrough
4. A. fame B. success C. responsibility D. freedom
5. A. before B. after C. as D. though
6. A. taking over B. walking with C. caring for D. responding to
7. A. routines B. bonds C. judgements D. ideas
8. A. technical B. survival C. organizational D. social
9. A. popular B. familiar C. satisfied D. patient
10. A. resistance B. disappointment C. misunderstanding D. hesitation
【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文介绍了一个项目，旨在让那些害羞的孩子通过与马建立联系，逐渐变得自信开朗。
【1题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：所以，当她在一个夏天周六被要求喂红褐色的马查理胡萝卜时，她慢慢地走近，有时不自信，转向一群等着喂它的孩子。A. happily高兴地；B. calmly平静地；C. slowly缓慢地；D. directly直接地。根据第一段第一句“Olivia, 9, was shy at first. She’d never been on a horse before. (9岁的奥利维亚一开始很害羞。她以前从未骑过马。)”可知她很害羞，所以当她被要求喂马时，她应该是缓慢地靠近。故选C项。
2题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：奥利维亚最终把胡萝卜放到了马口，查理舔了舔她的手，她喂了他最喜欢的食物。A. fed喂；B. left离开；C. made做；D. threw扔。通过上文可知她不敢喂马到最终把食物喂到了马的嘴里。当她把食物喂到马的嘴里时，查理舔了舔她的手。故选A项。
【3题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“这就是我所说的突破，”萨布丽娜说，她是一名社会工作者，与社区组织阿尔克布兰村合作，帮助孩子们克服他们的问题，让他们走上成功的道路。A. award奖项；B. exchange交流；C. negotiation谈判；D. breakthrough突破。根据上文Oliver由开始的害羞不敢喂马，到最后把食物喂到马的嘴里，这是一种突破。故选D项。
【4题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：“就是我所说的突破，”萨布丽娜说，她是一名社会工作者，与社区组织阿尔克布兰村合作，帮助孩子们克服他们的问题，让他们走上成功的道路。A. fame名声；B. success成功；C. responsibility责任；D. freedom自由。这个项目是帮助孩子突破自我走上成功的道路。故选B项。
【5题详解】
考查连词词义辨析。句意：他们学会了如何接近、喂马、刷马和上马，最后才有机会骑上它们。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. as当……时候/因为；D. though虽然。根据句意可知，在他们骑马之前需要学会接近马，喂马和刷马等。故选A项。
【6题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. take over接管；B. walk with与……同行；C. care for照顾/关心；D. respond to回应。通过前文“they were taught how to approach, feed, brush, and mount the horses(他们学会了如何接近、喂马、刷马和上马)”可知，孩子们通过照顾马和马建立联系。故选C项。
【7题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. routines常规；B. bonds联系；C. judgements判断；D. ideas主意。根据句意，孩子们通过照顾马与马建立联系。故选B项。
【8题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过在Sabrina的帮助下照顾项目中的马，并与它们建立联系，孩子们变得更有自我意识，然后开始认识和面对消极的感受和行为，这可以帮助他们与他人沟通，并导致他们的社交技能、自我价值和行为问题发生重大的积极变化。A. technical技术的；B. survival幸存的；C. organizational组织的；D. social社会的；社交的。根据本句“which can help them communicate with others(这能帮助孩子与他人沟通)，表明孩子们的社交技能将会发生积极变化。故选D项。
【9题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Sabrina首先教孩子们，查理需要通过闻他们的手来熟悉他们。A. popular流行的；B. familiar熟悉的；C. satisfied感到满意的；D. patient有耐心的。根据下一句“Once Charlie was comfortable, the kids learned how to pet his face and head, and then how to use the lead rope, clean up Charlie’s messes, and feed him carrots.(一旦查理舒服了，孩子们就学会了如何抚摸他的脸和头，然后学会了如何使用牵绳，收拾查理的烂摊子，给他喂胡萝卜。)”可知，查理一开始是先从闻手上的气味开始熟悉孩子们。一旦熟悉了，孩子们就可以抚摸他们的脸和头。故选B项。
【10题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们的犹豫相符地变成了微笑、笑声和兴奋。A. resistance抗拒；B. disappointment失望；C. misunderstanding误解；D. hesitation犹豫。由最后一段“Olivia wasn’t the only kid who was nervous and shy at the beginning. But ultimately Olivia also wasn’t the only kid to leave more confident. (奥利维亚并不是唯一一个一开始就紧张害羞的孩子。但最终奥利维亚也不是唯一一个离开时更加自信的孩子。)可知，孩子们由一开始的犹豫最后转变为了自信和微笑。故选D项。
第二节(共 10 小题;每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分)
A
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Gratitude is more than just saying “thank you”. Gratitude is a deeper appreciation for someone or something. Expressing gratitude makes us feel a positive emotion. Over the past thirty years, there____11____ (be) many studies showing that writing a gratitude letter to another person offers us an opportunity____12____ (escape) from negative emotions. Even if we don’t share our writing with anyone, the act of completing the exercise alone makes us happier and____13____ (satisfied) with life. The more we express gratitude, the more positive we feel.
【答案】11. have been
12. to escape
13. more satisfied
【解析】
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。研究发现：感恩不仅仅是给人道一声“谢谢”，感恩是对某人或某事的更深层次的欣赏，同时也对我们的健康有好处，尤其是以写感谢信来表达感恩的这个方式，能使我们逃离负面情绪的影响。
【11题详解】
考查时态。句意：在过去的三十年里，有许多研究表明，给别人写一封感谢信给我们提供了一个逃离负面情绪的机会。根据时间状语Over the past thirty years，句子谓语用现在完成时态，此处为there be结构，主语为many studies，为复数，故助动词用have。故填have been。
【12题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在过去的三十年里，有许多研究表明，给别人写一封感谢信给我们提供了一个逃离负面情绪的机会。此处考查名词opportunity，后接动词不定式作后置定语，故填to escape。
【13题详解】
考查形容词比较等级。句意：即使我们不与任何人分享我们写的内容，完成练习的行为本身就会让我们更快乐、对生活更满意。设空处与形容词happier并列，也用比较等级，作us的宾补，故填more satisfied。
B
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When I was in Singapore six years ago, I gave a taxi driver a card____14____ a specific address on it and asked him to take me there as quickly as possible. When we had almost reached the destination, he circled around the block. His meter read $11, but he took only $10. He explained that he wasn’t so familiar with this area. Before getting out of the taxi, I ____15____ (tell) that the ride with the taxi driver is always an important experience____16____ creates the first impression about this country for a person.
【答案】14. with
15. was told
16. that##which
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了六年前作者去新加坡时，打了一辆出租车去目的地。到达目的地后，车上的计费表显示11美元，但是司机只收了10美元，司机告诉作者，乘坐出租车是重要的经历，因为它会给人们留下对这个国家的第一印象。
【14题详解】
考查介词。句意：六年前我在新加坡的时候，我给了一个出租车司机一张写有具体地址的卡片，让他尽快带我去那里。分析句子结构可知，and前后连接两个句子，此处表示“有”，应用介词with，构成with复合结构：with+名词+介词短语，故填with。
【15题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：在下出租车之前，我被告知，乘坐出租车一直是一个重要的经历，因为它会给一个人留下对这个国家的第一印象。此处在主句中作谓语，主句描述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时，根据句意可知，此处表示“司机告诉我，即我被告知”，主语I和tell是被动关系，所以应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是I，故填was told。
【16题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：在下出租车之前，我被告知，乘坐出租车一直是一个重要的经历，它会给一个人留下对这个国家的第一印象。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为experience，指物，且从句缺少主语，应用关系代词that/which来引导，故填that/which。
C
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
When were you born? For most people this is an easy question. Even those who don’t know their exact birthday can usually figure out when they were born to within a few years. Yet the Internet is full of quizzes____17____ (make) to help you determine in which decade you were born. These are usually based on what____18____ (happen) in American pop culture at the time you first became aware of it. It sounds foolish. But many people, though____19____ (complain) about the stupid quizzes, still take them, wondering ____20____ their answers generate their correct birth year.
【答案】17. made
18. was happening
19. complaining
20. if##whether
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了互联网上充满了帮助你确定你出生在哪个年代的测验，这些测试是基于你第一次意识到美国流行文化时所发生的事情，尽管许多人感觉这些测试很愚蠢，但是他们还是会做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否符合他们正确的出生年份。
【17题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，互联网上充满了帮助你确定你出生在哪个年代的测验。句中有谓语动词is，且前后无连词，此处应用非谓语动词作定语，修饰名词quizzes，动词make和quizzes是被动关系，因为make quizzes意为“做测试”，此处“测试是被做”，所以此处应用过去分词made作后置定语，故填made。
【18题详解】
考查时态。句意：这些通常是基于你第一次意识到美国流行文化时所发生的事情。what引导宾语从句，空处在从句中作谓语，由at the time you first became aware of it可知，句子描述过去当下时间点发生的事，应用过去进行时，故填was happening。
【19题详解】
考查状语从句的省略。句意：但是许多人，虽然一边抱怨愚蠢的测验，但一边却仍然做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否产生正确的出生年份。此处是though引导的状语从句的省略，从句主语和主句主语是同一主语，所以从句省略主语和系动词，从句主语many people和动词complain是主动关系，应用现在分词形式和系动词are构成现在进行时，即完整句子为though many people are complaining about the stupid quizzes，省略句为：though complaining about the stupid quizzes，故填complaining。
【20题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意：但是许多人，虽然一边抱怨愚蠢的测验，但一边却仍然做测试，因为他们想知道测试的答案是否产生正确的出生年份。空处引导宾语从句，从句不缺成分，根据句意可知，此处表示“是否”，应用不做成分，只起连接作用的if/whether来引导，故填if/whether。
第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38 分)
第一节(共 14 小题;每小题 2 分，共 28 分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The Southwest Museum
The collections of the Southwest Museum represent Native American cultures from Alaska to South America. The museum contains some of the finest examples of Indian art and artifacts in the Unites States.
EXHIBITIONS
In its permanent exhibitions, the Southwest Museum presents the remarkable cultural diversity of America’s earliest residents. The museum’s four main exhibit halls focus on the native people of the Southwest, California, the Great Plains, and the Northwest Coast. Visitors may survey prehistoric Southwest painted earthenware, and enjoy temporary exhibitions and exhibitions that are moved between museums.
PROGRAMS
Throughout the year the museum offers a wide range of programs including: performances, classes, lectures, festivals, films and demonstrations by noted artists and other educational programs for members and the general public. Guided gallery tours are offered by reservation, for student and adult groups.
MEMBERSHIP
Museum membership provides individuals and families with many chances to participate in the active and exciting Southwest Museum community. The membership benefits include: free admission to the Museum; invitations to exhibition openings and special events; reduced rates on programs and classes; discounts in the Museum Store; calendars of events;members’ newsletter and subscription to the museum’s magazine, Masterkey.
MUSEUM STORE
The museum store offers beautifully made Southwest silver jewelry, Pueblo earthenware, and kachina dolls. It also offers folk art from Mexico and Peru. The store carries a large selection of publications on Native American history, and on several famous Native American and Western artists. Museum members receive a 10% discount on all in-store purchases and a 20% discount on all museum publications.
Museum Hours:
Tuesday——Sunday
11:00 a.m.to 5:00p.m.
Telephone: 213-221-2164
Museum Location:
234 Museum Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90065
21. The collections of the Southwest Museum focus on _______.
A. lifestyles of American residents
B. native cultures of the Americas
C. diversity of American festivals
D. development of American arts
22. What can a visitor do at the Southwest Museum?
A. Interview noted artists.
B. Try painting earthenware.
C. Appreciate traveling exhibitions.
D. Survey modern American folk art.
23. Which benefit can a museum member enjoy?
A. Free classes and programs.
B. A 10% discount on kachina dolls.
C. The priority to reserve guided tours.
D. The right to invite friends to exhibition openings.
【答案】21. B 22. C 23. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了西南博物馆的展品，项目以及会员福利。
【21题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“The collections of the Southwest Museum represent Native American cultures from Alaska to South America.(西南博物馆的藏品代表了从阿拉斯加到南美洲的美洲土著文化)”以及第二段中“In its permanent exhibitions, the Southwest Museum presents the remarkable cultural diversity of America’s earliest residents.(在其常设展览中，西南博物馆展示了美国最早居民的显著文化多样性)”可知，西南博物馆的藏品集中在美洲的本土文化。故选B项。
【22题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题PROGRAMS下的段落中“The museum’s four main exhibit halls focus on the native people of the Southwest, California, the Great Plains, and the Northwest Coast. Visitors may survey prehistoric Southwest painted earthenware, and enjoy temporary exhibitions and exhibitions that are moved between museums.(博物馆的四个主要展厅集中于西南部、加利福尼亚州、大平原和西北海岸的原住民。游客可以参观史前西南地区的彩绘陶器，欣赏临时展览和博物馆之间的展览。)”可知，游客在西南博物馆可以欣赏博物馆之间的巡回展览。故选C项。
【23题详解】
细节理解题。根据小标题MUSEUM STORE下的段落中“The museum store offers beautifully made Southwest silver jewelry, Pueblo earthenware, and kachina dolls. It also offers folk art from Mexico and Peru. The store carries a large selection of publications on Native American history, and on several famous Native American and Western artists. Museum members receive a 10% discount on all in-store purchases and a 20% discount on all museum publications.(博物馆商店提供精美的西南银饰，普韦布洛陶器，和克奇纳娃娃。它还提供来自墨西哥和秘鲁的民间艺术。这家商店有大量关于美国原住民历史的出版物，以及一些著名的美国原住民和西部艺术家的出版物。博物馆会员在店内购物可享受9折优惠，购买所有博物馆出版物可享受8折优惠)”可知，博物馆会员可享受卡奇纳娃娃打九折的福利。故选B项。
B
A few days ago, my husband, Russ, and I lost our house of 28 years to a California wild fire.
On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford. The next morning, we had to drive three and a half hours to find a hotel that had an available room. Only later, in the local newspaper, did we see photographs of the destruction. Our house had been consumed by the fire along with most of our neighborhood.
How are we going to rebuild after this? I thought, rounding a corner in the sidewalk on my walk back to the hotel. Is it even possible?
I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels. They were just nickels, but they somehow felt special. I bent down and picked them up. If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.
A few days later, I made a trip to the store to buy essentials. The enormous task of replacing everything we’d lost put a heavy weight on me. I was about to leave when I felt the urge to stop and turn my head to the right. I could hardly believe it—there on nickela shelf, was a nickel! Okay, maybe this is more than luck, I thought and put the nickel in my pocket.
I told myself that I had found the nickels just by chance. Then I found one next to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever. It seemed that a nickel appeared whenever my spirits plummeted.
Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel. In the grass at the park, or near the tire of my car in a parking lot. Once, my change for a quick lunch was given entirely in nickels. “I’m sorry,” the cashier said. “It’s all we have.”
It’s all I needed!
One day, I was sitting at the desk when my phone rang. It was a real-estate agent I’d been working with.
“I have a new listing,” she said.
“When can we see it?”
A few hours later, Russ and I were following the agent down the driveway toward the house.
I didn’t think long. Because there, in the driveway, …
24. After the wild fire, the couple ________.
A. lived in their car for one night
B. took some photos of the destruction
C. could hardly afford their Thanksgiving dinner
D. saved precious items from the burned down house
25. What does the underlined word “plummeted” in Paragraph 6 probably mean?
A. Remained. B. Changed. C. Strengthened. D. Sank.
26. What did the found nickels mean to the author?
A. Luck for the foreseeable future.
B. Hope during challenging times.
C. Signs of a huge fortune to come.
D. Reminders of what had happened.
27. Which would be the best ending for the passage?
A. I spotted a flash of silver in the sun, two nickels, both heads up.
B. I found an old nickel, which seemed to tell a story from the past.
C. I saw a mysterious locked box, and thought perhaps it was full of nickels.
D. I looked up and imagined something on a cloud, a giant nickel, just for me.
【答案】24. A 25. D 26. B 27. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者住了28年的房子被大火摧毁，住在外面的酒店。偶然捡到2枚镍币，后来作者发现每当她精神一落千丈时就会出现镍币的故事。
24题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“On that night, we had to leave our house and sleep in the back seat of our Ford.(那天晚上，我们不得不离开家，睡在福特的后座上。)”可知，野火过后，他们是在车上过了一夜。故选A。
【25题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章第七段中“Whenever I reached my breaking point, I’d find another nickel.(每当我达到临界点时，我就会发现另一个镍。)和“Then I found one next to my plate at a restaurant—on Thanksgiving, no less, when I was missing our house more than ever”（感恩节那天，我在一家餐馆的盘子旁边发现了一个，我比以往任何时候都更想念我们的房子。）”推断可知，每次有低落情绪（通过想家情节推出）时，就会出现镍币。划线单词plummeted大意为心情低落，心凉。故选D。
【26题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“If these were lucky coins, I could use all the luck I could get.(如果这些是幸运币，我可以用我能得到的所有运气。)”以及下文作者收到房产中介电话要带她去看房子，可以看出作者捡到硬币对作者来说是困难时期的希望。故选B。
【27题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章中作者总是在她心情低落时捡到镍币可以推测，接下来作者可能在车道上，户外阳光下看到了2枚镍币，这和第四段“I noticed something up ahead—a pair of nickels, shining like precious jewels.(我注意到前方有东西——一对镍币，像珍贵的珠宝一样闪闪发光。)”第一次发现镍币的情节前后呼应。故选A。
C
Of the more than 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world, just a small number specialize in sucking human blood. How mosquitoes track us down so effectively isn’t currently known, but it matters, since they carry dangerous diseases which may cause death.
“In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans.
Mosquitoes mostly choose what to bite based on odor (气味). Knowing how a potentially disease-carrying mosquito finds a person, while ignoring other warm-blooded animals, is a key question. But it’s not easy to answer, since any animal smell is made up of hundreds of chemicals mixed together in specific percentage. “The actual chemicals that are found in human odor are basically the same as the chemicals found in animal odor—it’s the percentages and the relative large amount of those substances in human mixtures that’s unique,” said Gauff.
To investigate, researchers decided to record neural activity in the brain of mosquitoes while exposing them to natural human and animal odor samples. They collected odor samples from about 40 different animals. When they compared some of those with the 16 human samples, something jumped out. Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. Common in the natural world, in humans, decanal comes from another, more complex substance. When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us.
Understanding what the mosquitoes are targeting is only part of the story; knowing how they do it is also important. To see exactly how mosquitoes use this sense, scientists used genetically modified (转基因的) mosquitoes so that they could cut open mosquitoes’ heads and watch neurons firing when they’re exposed to human and animal odors. The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said.
How to keep mosquitoes’ decanal signal from being transmitted will be the research team’s next focus. Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease.
28. What’s the final purpose of the research conducted by Gauff’s team?
A. To study why only certain mosquitoes suck human blood.
B. To investigate the neural activity in mosquitoes’ brains.
C. To help prevent deadly diseases caused by mosquitoes.
D. To test the effectiveness of mosquito killers.
29. To which substance(s) would mosquitoes mostly be attracted?
A. Natural oil from human skin.
B. Chemicals in the environment.
C. Decanal generated in human blood.
D. Remains of decomposed sapienic acid.
30. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Most mosquito neurons are not involved in responding to human odor.
B. Genetically modified mosquitoes are not sensitive to human odor.
C. Further research will focus on odor signal and neural connection.
D. Chemicals found in human and animal odors are quite different.
【答案】28. C 29. D 30. A
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了一队研究人员想通过研究蚊子为什么叮咬某一类人，找到阻止它们叮咬人类的策略，预防文字叮咬引起的致命疾病。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。由第二段““In fact, stopping these annoying insects in their tracks could save up to half a million lives lost to those diseases each year,” said Carolyn Gauff, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the Princeton Neuroscience Institute. That’s why Gauff’s team wants to understand how they find and target humans. (普林斯顿神经科学研究所的生态学和进化生物学教授Carolyn Gauff说：“事实上，阻止这些烦人的蚊子在它们的轨道上活动，每年可以挽救多达50万人因这些疾病而丧生的生命。”这就是为什么Gauff的团队想要了解蚊子如何发现和瞄准人类的原因)”和最后一段中的“Gauff hoped their current work could be used to make mosquito killers and attractants to prevent disease. (Gauff希望他们目前的工作可以用于制造灭蚊剂和引诱剂，以预防疾病)”可知，Gauff最终是想帮助预防蚊子引起的致命疾病（救人性命）才进行此项研究的。故选C项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。由第四段中的“Decanal is particularly rich in human skin. (癸醛在人体皮肤中特别丰富)”和“When one component of our skin’s natural oils, sapienic acid, breaks down, decanal is left over. This acid is only found in human beings. It’s what likely leads to the high levels of decanal that help the mosquitoes smell their way to us. (当我们皮肤的天然油脂中的一种成分——智人酸分解时，就会剩下癸酸。这种酸只存在于人身上。这很可能导致高水平的癸醛，帮助蚊子嗅到它们的气味)”可知，癸酸是智人酸分解后的残留物，蚊子通过癸醛（智人酸分解后的残留物）找到人类，所以蚊子最喜欢癸醛（智人酸分解后的残留物）。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。由倒数第二段中的“The research team already knew that mosquitoes have about 60 different types of neurons that sense odors, so when they looked in the insects’ brains, they thought they might see a lot of activity. But it was surprisingly quiet, meaning that the signal was perhaps quite simple, down to just a couple types of neurons. “One type of neuron responded really strongly to both humans and animals. Another type of neuron responded to both—but it responded much more strongly to humans than animals,” Gauff said. (研究团队已经知道，蚊子有大约60种不同类型的神经元来感知气味，所以当他们观察蚊子的大脑时，他们认为可能会看到很多活动。但蚊子的大脑出奇的安静，这意味着信号可能相当简单，仅限于几种类型的神经元。Gauff说：“一种神经元对人类和动物的气味反应非常强烈。另一种神经元同时对两者都有反应，但对人类气味的反应比动物气味的反应强烈得多。”)”可知，蚊子有大约60种不同类型的神经元来感知气味，但研究发现只有几种类型的神经元才会对人类和动物气味作出反应，可得出大多数蚊子神经元不参与对人类气味的反应。故选A项。
D
The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.
Despite the spread of password management software that can generate and remember complicated strings of random characters, some of the most common passwords are still “12345”, “password” and “iloveyou”. As a result, more than 80 percent of hacks involve these kinds of passwords; and passwords remain the most sought-after data by hackers, above other personal or sensitive information.
In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.
Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based (基于生物识别的) security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions. According to Tieo, a union of more than 250 companies, which promotes a standard system of passwordless authentication (身份验证), the vast majority of consumer services will offer passwordless login systems in the next couple of years. “If done correctly and safely, biometrics are really helping us move to a passwordless future in a rapid manner,” said Andrew Jenkinson, CEO of Tieo.
But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.
The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit. Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.”
31. What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A. Why passwords are the most sought-after data.
B. How passwords are stolen by phishing emails.
C. How passwords have caused us trouble.
D. Why passwords are difficult to secure.
32. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Facial recognition login is the key to fighting hackers.
B. Biometric authentication has its own set of problems.
C. TAK Cyber’s login system guarantees the safety of data.
D. Spoofing brings more problems than automated programs.
33. What is Eric Brown’s attitude towards a passwordless future?
A. Indifferent. B. Passionate. C. Pessimistic. D. Objective.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Biometric authentication: password security solution!
B. Start-ups race to welcome a passwordless future
C. The argument to end passwords has begun
D. Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?
【答案】31. D 32. B 33. C 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了很多公司投入到无密码的研究中，但是其中还有许多问题需要解决。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第三段中“In many cases, individuals are tricked into handing over password details by phishing emails and other social engineering techniques. Hackers have sought to break into apps and steal entire password databases as well. Passwords are also under attack from new technology, such as automated programs that can rapidly try to guess them, or can try stolen passwords on multiple online accounts.(在许多情况下，个人通过网络钓鱼邮件和其他社会工程技术被骗提供密码细节。黑客还试图侵入应用程序，窃取整个密码数据库。密码也受到新技术的攻击，比如自动程序可以快速猜测密码，或者在多个在线账户上尝试窃取密码)”可知，第三段主要讲为什么密码很难保护。故选D项。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim. “Biometric authentication and passwordless authentication has its own attack surface,” said Paul Smith, director of security research at CyberPek. His team revealed that it had found a design problem which would allow potential attackers to bypass facial recognition login by injecting a spoofed photo of a user’s face into the process.(但使用生物特征认证仍然存在风险。与密码不同，生物识别是无法更改的。这意味着出于隐私的考虑，这些数据必须被严密保护，以防止黑客试图用受害者的照片或面具来欺骗摄像头或传感器。CyberPek安全研究主管保罗•史密斯（Paul Smith）表示:“生物特征认证和无密码认证都有自己的攻击面。”他的团队透露，他们发现了一个设计问题，即潜在的攻击者可以通过在登录过程中注入伪造的用户面部照片来绕过面部识别登录)”可知，生物识别认证有其自身的问题。故选B项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Eric Brown, founder of TAK Cyber, a cyber research and advisory company, argued that while sensitive applications may rapidly shift from passwords, other websites have less motivation to update their systems. “You’ll never get rid of them,” he said. “We’re never going to get to the post-password era.””(网络研究和咨询公司TAK Cyber的创始人埃里克•布朗（Eric Brown）认为，尽管敏感应用程序可能很快就不再使用密码，但其他网站就没有动力更新它们的系统。“你永远也摆脱不了他们，”他说。“我们永远不会进入后密码时代。”)”可知，埃里克·布朗对无密码的未来并不看好，持悲观态度。故选C项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“The start-up that attracted the largest investment in the history of cybersecurity, of more than half a billion dollars, has a simple goal: a passwordless future.(这家初创公司吸引了网络安全史上最大的投资，超过5亿美元，它的目标很简单:一个无密码的未来)”以及第四段“Since the need to replace the easily forgotten and highly hackable strings of letters and numbers that we use to access everyday life has become even more urgent, the race to replace the password is under way, with biometric-based security emerging as one of the most sought-after solutions.(由于替换我们用来访问日常生活的容易忘记且极易被黑客入侵的字母和数字字符串的需求变得更加迫切，替换密码的竞赛正在进行中，基于生物识别的安全技术成为最受欢迎的解决方案之一)”可知，本文主要讲很多公司都投入到无密码研究中，再根据倒数第二段中“But there are still risks associated with the use of biometric authentication. Unlike passwords, biometrics cannot be changed. This means such data must be closely guarded for privacy purposes and to prevent spoofing—hackers trying to trick cameras or sensors with photos, or masks of their victim.(但使用生物特征认证仍然存在风险。与密码不同，生物识别是无法更改的。这意味着出于隐私的考虑，这些数据必须被严密保护，以防止黑客试图用受害者的照片或面具来欺骗摄像头或传感器)”以及最后一段中“The biggest obstacle standing in the way of the start-ups hoping to kill the password is how to change years of habit.(对于那些希望消灭密码的初创企业来说，最大的障碍是如何改变多年来的习惯)”可知，无密码研究中还存在许多问题，到底能不能达到，我们并不知道，所以D项“Killing the password: a cure or a fantasy?(消除密码：治愈还是幻想？)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。
第二节(共 5 小题;每小题 2 分，共 10 分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Positive Effects of a Positive Affect
Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.____35____
Recent research suggests that a teen’s affect—especially positive affect—is one critical factor. What exactly is affect? Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.____36____ Moreover, research suggests that a person’s affect is relatively stable over time, especially by the time one reaches adulthood.
Affect is typically described in terms of being either positive or negative, and it seems that positive affect, in particular, is related to a number of beneficial outcomes in adulthood.
In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.____37____ For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.
____38____ Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.
But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.____39____ Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later.
A. Affective responses to events typically happen automatically.
B. So how can parents help their children grasp the meaning of positive affect?
C. But what factors help produce these outcomes as teens move from adolescence to adulthood?
D. Interestingly, the results suggested that positive affect may go beyond helping teens build positive relationships.
E. The results uncovered that negative affect might account for many life problems when a teenager became a young adult.
F. Unlike positive affect, having greater negative affect did not have any significant associations with any of the later life outcomes.
G. This study found that positive affect was strongly predictive of life outcomes in young adulthood, such as developing better friendships.
【答案】35. C 36. A 37. G 38. D 39. F
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了研究者发现青少年在向成年人转变的过程中，积极的情感将会对个人幸福感、事业成功和社会关系等方面产生重大的影响。
【35题详解】
上文“Parents often have high hopes for how their children will turn out in adulthood, such as wanting them to be healthy, to feel satisfied with their career, and to have strong friendships.(父母常常对他们孩子成年后的表现寄予厚望，比如希望他们的身体健康，对自己的事业感到满意，有牢固的友谊)”说明父母希望孩子们能在成年后获得好的结果，C项“但是在青少年从青春期走向成年的过程中，哪些因素有助于产生这些结果呢？”中的“these outcomes”指代的就是之前提到过的结果。故选C项。
【36题详解】
上文“Affect is the tendency to express positive or negative emotions, which in turn influences how we experience things and determine whether to judge a given situation as positive or negative.(情感是表达积极或消极情绪的倾向，这反过来影响我们如何体验事物并决定是否判断给定的情况是积极的还是消极的)”说明情感是一种情绪倾向，是需要自我决定和自我判断的，A项“对事件的情感反应通常是自动发生的”是对上文观点的进一步解释说明。故选A项。
【37题详解】
上文“In support of this crucial role that positive affect has in development, a study by researchers at the University of Virginia followed teenagers and young adults from ages 14 to 25, allowing them to understand the predictive power of positive affect across the critical developmental period from adolescence to young adulthood.(为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员对14至25岁的青少年和年轻人进行了跟踪研究，使他们能够了解从青春期到青年期这一关键发展阶段积极影响的预测能力。)”指出为了支持积极影响在发展中的这一关键作用，研究人员进行了研究，下文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极影响的青少年更容易和朋友相处，所以空处应该承上启下，指出研究发现，G项“这项研究发现积极的影响可以更好的预测青年时期的生活结果，比如建立更好的友谊”中的“developing better friendships”和下文事例中的“had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends”都是指和朋友建立良好的关系。故选G项。
【38题详解】
上文“For example, teens with a higher positive affect reported had a stronger, healthier attachment to their friends.(举例来说，报告认为积极影响更高的青少年对他们的朋友有更强和更健康的依恋关系)”说明积极的情感给青少年带来良好的人际关系， 而D项“有趣的是，结果表明积极的影响可能不仅仅是帮助青少年建立积极的人际关系”中的“helping teens build positive relationships”指的上文提到的和朋友之间良好的关系，是对上文话题的承接，讲了积极的影响的好处，下文“Positive affect also predicted increased self-worth and job competence, suggesting that, overall, positive affect seems to be a key predictor of young adult success across several important areas of functioning.(积极情感还可以预测自我价值感和工作能力的提高，这表明，总体而言，积极情感似乎是青年人在几个重要功能领域取得成功的关键预测因素。)”也是积极影响的好处，also表明和选项是并列关系，都在讲好处。故选D项。
【39题详解】
上文“But what about the effects of negative affect? The researchers also examined whether negative affect would predict problems in young adulthood.”（但是负面影响的影响呢？研究人员还研究了负面影响是否会预测年轻成年期的问题。）可知在探究负面影响的预测。下文“Thus, the important takeaway is that adolescent positive affect may have powerful links to important life outcomes in the domains of personal well-being, career, and social relationships up to a decade later..(因此，重要的一点是，青少年的积极影响可能与十年后个人幸福、职业和社会关系领域的重要生活结果有着密切的联系。)可知，下文在强调积极影响与生活的关联。F项“与积极影响不同，负面影响不会与以后的生活结果有任何显著关联。”承接上文探究负面影响的测试结果，引起下文对于积极影响对于生活影响的进一步说明。故选F。
第三部分：书面表达(共两节，32 分)
第一节(共 4 小题;第 40、41 题各 2 分，第 42 题 3 分，第 43 题 5 分,共 12 分)
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
The other day I was having coffee and catching up with Brian, a friend I hadn’t seen in over a year, when he asked me this question: “Do you regret leaving Google?” “Of course, I don’t regret it,” I answered. But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
Truth is, not every decision we make will be the right choice for us. I learned later that quitting my one and only source of income to start an e-commerce business from nothing was a recipe for financial disaster. No, that decision was not the right one at the time. Perhaps I should’ve followed the advice I give today: Build your business while working a full-time job so that you can work from a place of stability. But then again, I wouldn’t have learned such a valuable lesson had I not acted upon what was truly important to me at the time—the freedom of pursuing my own dream, on my own terms.
We regret what’s in the past and can’t be changed. We compare the choices we made yesterday to an ideal path that we think we should have taken—we simply imagine it to be a better path. What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
There’s a much better way to look at regret—a more mindful way—and it can be seen at a place where action, reflection, and gratitude meet.
So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful.
40. What did Brian’s question make the writer realize?
___________________________________________________________
41. List the two words the author uses to describe the viewpoint people should take when facing regret.
___________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed.
___________________________________________________________
43. What has been your biggest regret during your high school life? What have you learned from this? (In about 40 words)
___________________________________________________________
【答案】40. Brian’s question makes the writer realize that we cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life.
41. Appreciative and grateful
42. When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed.
Reason: When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
43. The biggest regret during my high school life is that I did not study hard and treasure the valuable time and could not be admitted to my ideal university. I realized the problem in my college, so I worked hard on my major and have made some achievements in my major finally. So I accept my regret and learn something from it and consider the regret as a valuable experience.
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文通过作者的自身经历表达了我们不应该为所做的决定后悔和遗憾，应从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。
【40题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第一段“But when I reflected more deeply on his question, I arrived at this realization: We cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life. (但当我更深入地思考他的问题时，我意识到：我们不能后悔那些在生活中教会了我们宝贵教训的事情。)”可知，朋友的问题使我意识到我们不能后悔那些在生活中教会了我们宝贵教训的事情。故答案为Brian’s question make the writer realize that we cannot regret something that has taught us valuable lessons in life。
【41题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章最后一句“So whenever you find yourself caught in regret, stop and ask yourself these two questions: “What have I learned from this? And how have I grown because of it?” Perhaps you might just shift your viewpoint from that of being upset and regretful to being appreciative and grateful. ( 所以，当你发现自己陷入后悔之中时，停下来问问自己这两个问题：“我从这件事中学到了什么？我是如何因此而成长的呢？”也许你可以把你的观点从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。)”可知作者用来描述人们在面对后悔时应该采取的观点的两个词是appreciative和grateful。故答案为Appreciative and grateful。
【42题详解】
考查细节理解。根据文章第三段“What is worse is when stuck in regret, we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.(更糟糕的是，当陷入后悔之中时，我们会失去对最重要的事情的控制：我们今天如何利用我们的时间。) ”可知“When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed. (当人们陷入悔恨时，更糟糕的是过去的选择无法改变。)”这句话是错误的，当人们陷入悔恨时，更糟糕的不是过去的选择无法改变。而是我们会失去对最重要的事情的控制：我们今天如何利用我们的时间。故答案为When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that past choices can’t be changed. Reason: When people get stuck in regret, what makes the situation worse is that we lose our control over what matters most: What we do with our time, today.
【43题详解】
开放性试题，言之有理即可。这篇文章表达了我们不应该为所做的决定后悔和遗憾，应从沮丧和遗憾转变为感激和感激。我们人生当中都有后悔的事情，关键是我们面对后悔和遗憾的态度。故答案可为The biggest regret during my high school life is that I did not study hard and treasure the valuable time and could not be admitted to my ideal university. I realized the problem in my college, so I worked hard on my major and have made some achievements in my major finally. So I accept my regret and learn something from it and consider the regret as a valuable experience.
第二节(20 分)
44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在为高三毕业典礼征集活动方案。你有意参加，并对活动设计形成了一些想法。请你给英国好友Jim写一封邮件询问他的建议。内容包括：
1.介绍设计想法；
2.说明设计理由。
注意：1.词数100左右;
2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim,
My school is collecting designs for the graduation ceremony. I’m writing to share my idea with you and ask for your advice.
First, the ceremony should be on weekend, thus allowing all the parents and teachers to be present, making this event livelier. It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas. We need to set up a “gratitude wall”, where we can express our gratitude to our teachers, friends and parents, without whose help we could hardly succeed. During the last session, students can open the floor to talk about their future, sharing their ambitions with each other.
So what do you think of my plan? Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生就高三毕业典礼征集活动方案给英国好友Jim写一封邮件，介绍自己的设计想法，说明设计理由，并询问他的建议。
【详解】1.词汇积累
建议：advice→ suggestion
鼓舞人心的：inspiring →encouraging
表达：express→convey
畅所欲言：open the floor→speak out freely
2.句式拓展
简单句变复合句
原句：It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.
拓展句：It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, which will be followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.
【点睛】【高分句型1】It will kick off with an inspiring speech delivered by the principal, followed by a video featuring those unforgettable moments of our school life and the presentation of diplomas.（运用了过去分词作后置定语、状语，现在分词作后置定语）
【高分句型2】We need to set up a “gratitude wall”, where we can express our gratitude to our teachers, friends and parents, without whose help we could hardly succeed.（运用了动词不定式作宾语，where和whose引导的非限制性定语从句，含without的含蓄条件句的虚拟语气）
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