2023年初中英语句子成分语法分析之定语相关考点
展开2023年初中英语句子成分语法分析之定语相关考点不定式作定语不定式与其他非谓语动词一样,是可以用作定语修饰名词的。但它不能像过去分词和现在分词那样,既可以在名词前边作前置定语,又可以在名词后边作后置定语。它只能作后置定语。有一些名词习惯上常用不定式作为后置定语,如 reason, chance, need, effort, attempt 等。下面举两个例子。They failed in all their attempts to escape the jail. 他们越狱的所有尝试都失败了。He is the only person to beat him so far. 他是迄今为止唯一能打败他的人。值得注意的是,名词后边出现不定式时,它是可能有多种不同的用法的。比如它可以是作目的状语,也可能是作宾语补足语。比如下面两条句子。The president called the protester to follow the laws. 总统号召抗议者遵守法律。(宾语补足语)He made a very detailed analysis to support his idea. 他做了个非常详细的分析来支撑他的想法。(目的状语)阅读时我们主要需从句子的意思上来判断不定式是否是作为后置定语。另外在结构上,作为后置定语的不定式常与前边的名词存在着某种关系。1. 主谓关系被修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。即该名词是不定式动作的施动者, 如:It was the first book to develop the deductive system. 它是第一本书阐述演绎系统的书。 (这里book 是 develop 的逻辑主语,即 the book develop the system)2. 动宾关系这种情况下,被修饰的名词其实是不定式动词的宾语, 如:She has a lot of things to do this week. 她这周有很多事情要做。(这里 things 是 do 的宾语,即 do things)3. 注意,一些被修饰的名词不一定与不定式存在以上关系,如:There is no reason to suspect him at the moment. 目前没有理由可以怀疑他。(这里reason 既不是 suspect 的逻辑主语,也不是suspect 的宾语。)最后提一点,不定式作后置定语时还可以使用被动语态,如: The meeting to be held next week should include all the members. 下周要举行的会议应该包括所有成员。形容词作后置定语形容词作后置定语是指修饰名词的形容词不是出现在名词之前的常见位置,而是置于名词之后。这与汉语的行文习惯显然是不同的,所以对母语为汉语的人容易造成阅读困难。对于这种情况,我们需要多加总结学习来建立新的阅读语感。下面就为大家归纳形容词作后置定语的几个知识点。1. 英语中的合成不定代词如 somebody, anyone, nothing, anything, everyone 等,其定语都需要后置。Actually he had nothing important to say. 实际上他没有什么重要的话要说。2. 除此之外,一些形容词习惯上不用于名词之前,如 alive, asleep, afraid, awake 等,如:She went upstairs to check on the children asleep. 她上楼去看看睡着的孩子们。3. 如果名词前面有最高级或 every, all, first, only 等词修饰时,那么其后也常可有形容词后置定语。I am the only person available tonight. 我是今晚唯一有空的人。4. 当修饰名词的形容词跟有不定式或介词短语等结构时,就不能置于名词之前,需要后置。These are the foods ready to be distributed. 这些是准备分发的食物。They lived in a small town far from the city centre. 他们住在远离市中心的一个小镇上。5. 同理,如果形容词需要用到一个比较级结构,有时也要置于所修饰的名词之后。With the breakthrough in AI, programmers have developed more and more tools as smart as humans. 随着AI的技术突破,程序员开发出越来越多如人类一样聪明的工具。置于名词后作定语的形容词加不定式或介词短语等结构,以及形容词比较级的结构,其实也可以理解为定语从句的省略。比如,上面的例句也可以说成:They lived in a small town which is far from the city centre.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语可以位于名词之前或名词之后。1. 位于名词之前的过去分词定语一般只有单个词。The new product finally passed the required test. 新产品终于通过了要求的测试。Those repeated efforts were still inadequate. 这些重复的努力仍然不足。过去分词之前还可以有副词修饰,如:The prime minister issued a cautiously worded statement this afternoon. 今天下午首相发表了一份措辞谨慎的声明。There are many beautifully decorated houses in this rich area. 这个富人区有许多装饰精美的房子。有些过去分词已演化为形容词,如:excited (兴奋的), worried (担忧的), crowded (拥挤的), retired (退休的), escaped (逃脱的), used (用过的,二手的)。2. 如果是过去分词短语或结构,则放在名词后作后置定语。The idea presented by Peter is much simpler. 彼得提出的想法要简单得多。It is a house built by the Romans. 它是一栋古罗马人建的房屋。The man followed by security guards is our chairman. 保安人员跟着的那个人是我们的主席。单个过去分词也是可以作后置定语的,如:The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers. 获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。过去分词短语后置定语的作用相当于定语从句,如:The meeting held yesterday is of great importance. = The meeting which was held yesterday is of great importance. (昨天举行的会议非常重要。)3. 过去分词多数情况下由及物动词充当,含有被动或动作完成的意义,如下边的及物动词 need。All the tools needed will be fully supplied. 所需的所有工具将全部供应。这种情况下,被修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语,如: a broken cup = the cup is broken。4. 过去分词也可以由不及物动词充当。这种情况下的过去分词没有被动意义,只表示动作的完成状态,如:The risen sun is so bright. 升起的太阳如此耀眼。The chairman was dismissed because of fallen profit. 董事长因利润下降而被解雇。现在分词作定语现在分词作定语很常见,可以位于所修饰的名词前方,也可以位于所修饰名词的后方。1. 现在分词作定语位于名词前方时通常是单独一个词,如:Falling water can be used to generate electricity. 瀑布可以用来发电。A ray of sunlight fell on the sleeping girl. 一缕阳光照在睡着的女孩身上。现在分词前边还可以有副词修饰,如:Out students need to adapt to the rapidly changing world. 学生需要适应迅速变化的世界。很多现在分词现已演化为形容词,如下面例句中的convincing 和 touching 都已经是形容词。They gave a convincing demonstration of the car's safety features. 他们对汽车的安全特性作了一次令人信服的展示。That is a really touching moment. 那是一个真正感人的瞬间。这类形容词还有很多,如:growing (日益增长的),boring (令人厌倦的),interesting (有趣的),following (下述的,下列的),charming (令人着迷的),stimulating (有刺激性的),pressing (紧迫的),surrounding (周围的)2. 作后置定语的现在分词通常为动词结构(即不只单独一个现在分词单词)。Who is the boy speaking to your sister? 和你姐姐讲话的那个男孩是谁?The girl sitting by my side is my daughter. 坐在我旁边的那个女孩是我的女儿。现在分词后置的情况, 其作用相当于定语从句,例如:A man living in the village rarely sees subways. = A man who lives in the village rarely sees subways. 住在村子里的人很少看到地铁。副词作定语副词大多数情况下作状语修饰动词。副词作定语相对少见。英语中副词修饰名词时应位于所修饰的名词之后,如 people there (那里的人) 中的 there。英语中副词修饰名词的情况在汉语中通常必须译为定语修饰名词,所以比较考验中国读者的阅读语感。比如: the report yesterday 译为“昨天的报告”。常作定语的副词有:1) 表示时间的副词,如:now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, beforeThe weather today is wonderful! 今天的天气好极了!I told her of my experience the night before. 前天晚上我把我的经验告诉了她。The meeting tomorrow is very important. 明天的会议很重要。2) 表示方位的副词,如:here, there, home, ahead, behind, around, below, above, abroadPeople there are quite friendly to us. 那里的人对我们挺友好。The paragraph above give a clear definition of strategic management. 上一段给出了战略管理的清楚定义。The road ahead was blocked. 前面的路被堵住了。I met Teddy on my way home. 我在回家的路上遇到了特迪。3) 副词alone(仅仅; 单; 只)也可以作后置定语修饰名词。The shoes alone cost 100. 光是鞋就花了100英镑.In fact, money alone is almost worthless. 事实上,金钱本身是没有价值的。[注] alone 如果不是修饰名词,而是作副词修饰动词时,其意思是“单独地; 独自地”,如:I prefer to work on it alone. 我愿意独力做这件事。名词作定语1) 名词作定语很常见。用于表示材料、用途、方式、来源、时间、地点、内容、类别、动作对象等。如:He bought a gold watch for her. 他为她买了一块金手表。An official at the railway station said the train would arrive late. 火车站的一位官员说这列火车将晚点到达。Her presence greatly brightened up the evening party. 她的出席使晚会大为活跃。The football match was interrupted by a storm. 足球赛因暴雨而暂停。As a bus driver, he is responsible for the passengers’ safety. 作为一名公共汽车司机,他应对乘客的安全负责。有的已成为固定搭配或合成词,如:fire fighter 消防员zip code 邮政编码time table 时刻表credit card 信用卡post office 邮政局2) 合成名词也可以作定语,如:part-time job 兼职工作full-time job 全职工作long-distance call 长途电话second-hand book 二手书two-way traffic 双行道day-to-day activities 日常活动deep-sea fish 深海鱼3) 名词作定语时通常必顺使用单数形式。但有少数名词是以复数形式作定语,如:sports car 跑车sports meeting 运动会careers guide 就业指导commodities fair商品交易会savings bank储蓄银行Arts degree 文科学位parks department 园林局4) 一些名词有相应的形容词,但它们作定语时在意思上常有一些不同,如:gold ring金戒指 golden fish 金鱼history exam 历史考试 historical events历史事实geography lessons 地理课 geographical position 地理位置peace talk 和谈peaceful demonstration和平示威music lessons 音乐课 musical instrument乐器