2023年初中英语语法之独立主格详细解析讲义

2023年初中英语语法之独立主格详细解析讲义独立主格结构：　　是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。　　这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。　　独立主格的形式:　　一、一般独立主格形式　　与主句逻辑关系松散　　形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;　　①名词/主格代词+现在分词　　名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。　　如：　　The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.　　姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。　　Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.　　如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。　　②名词/主格代词+过去分词　　名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。　　如：　　The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.　　随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。　　Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.　　由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。　　③名词/主格代词+不定式　　名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。　　如：　　He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.　　借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。　　They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.　　他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。　　④名词/主格代词+形容词　　如：　　An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.　　那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。　　So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.　　这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。　　⑤名词/主格代词+副词　　如：　　He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。　　The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。　　⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语　　如：　　The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。　　Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。　　⑦名词/主格代词+名词　　His first shot failure，he fired again．　　他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。　　Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.　　两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。　　二、- with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密　　形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介词短语　　with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。　　上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。　　The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.　　小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）　　Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.　　她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式）　　The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.　　有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。（with+名词/代词+动词不定式）　　The boy was walking, with his father ahead.　　父亲在前，小孩在后走着。（with+名词/代词+副词）　　He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.　　他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。（with+名词/代词+介词短语）　　With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.　　由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。（with+名词/代词+形容词）　　在with (without) 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。　　三、- each引导的强调型独立主格:　　形式为:句子 +复数名词结尾 , each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式　　这种独立主格结构为了强调句尾的复数名词　　如:　　Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive　　四、其他形式 :　　There being +名词（代词）　　如：　　There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。　　There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。　　It being +名词（代词）　　如：　　It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。　　It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。　　独立主格运用注意：　　1.独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：　　After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.　　下课后，学生很快离开了课室。　　2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。　　(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：　　Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.　　因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。　　(2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：　　There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.　　因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。　　3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：　　Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.　　史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。　　比较with的复合结构。如：　　Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.　　4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式.　　The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.　　主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)　　独立主格结构的用法：　　独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。　　1.用作时间状语　　The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.　　工作完成后，我们就回家了。　　2.用作条件状语　　Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.　　如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。　　3.用作原因状语　　An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.　　因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。　　4.用作伴随状语　　He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).　　他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。　　5.表示补充说明　　We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.　　我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。　　注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；　　表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。