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- 专题03 语法填空20篇（名校最新期中真题）-2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期中复习查缺补漏冲刺满分（牛津译林版2020） 试卷 0 次下载
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专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇（名校最新期中真题）-2022-2023学年高二英语下学期期中复习查缺补漏冲刺满分（牛津译林版2020）
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译林版（2020）高二英语下学期期中复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
(名校最新期中真题)
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022秋·江苏徐州·高二徐州市第七中学校考期中）There are so many people who are struggling with insomnia (失眠). Now a major publisher has come up with a novel idea — audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.
In a project to be launched this week, Penguin Random House has cooperated with the Sleep Council and the Children’s Sleep Charity in creating collections of “Sleep Tales” for adults and children. These audiobooks are part soundscape, part descriptive narrative, with softly spoken voices to calm anxieties and take listeners to sleep. Each story lasts about 15 minutes,enabling listeners to set their sleep timer.
The stories draw on the Sleep Council’s research into sounds that help people wind down, such as waves lapping on a shore , soft rainfall and birdsong.
Richard Lennon, publisher at Penguin Audio, told The Guardian the project was inspired partly by the realization that increasing numbers of people were listening to audiobooks as they were going to sleep or as part of their bedtime routine. He said both adults and children respond to something comforting and familiar as they are nodding off. These are tales without a beginning, a middle or an end. He added, “It’s something that’s being described to you, rather than a story that’s being told to you.” There are no authors’names. He said, “We’re launching them as simply Penguin, Puffin and Ladybird Sleep Tales, rather than mentioning the writers by name because the focus isn’t just on the words. The combination of the words, the voice and the sound design all contribute to the relaxing atmosphere.”
“Audience research had been very positive.” Lennon said. One listener reported, “The story made my mind stop racing.”
The phrase “sleep like a baby” does not apply to a lot of children, with four in ten having sleep problems. But Lennon said the children’s sleep tales were not intended to replace a bedtime story, only to become part of a bedtime routine.
Lisa Artis of the Sleep Council said not everyone liked the same sounds. “Some people love thunder and lightning or bird tweeting. That’s why we came up with different stories with different effects. For some people, listening to rain just makes them want to go to the toilet.”
She added that listening to “non-stimulating” stories was about switching off before bedtime. “It is the sort of thing you need to be doing before bed to feel more relaxed, rather than scrolling through Facebook and checking work emails. We need to forget about everything that’s going on because we will not get a good night’s sleep otherwise.”
1．What does the underlined word “novel” mean in paragraph 1?
A．Original. B．Practical. C．Fictional. D．Functional.
2．What can we learn about the collections of “Sleep Tales”?
A．They are created for adults.
B．Each story lasts about thirty minutes.
C．They are both soundscape and descriptive narrative.
D．Each story has a beginning, a middle and an end.
3．What can we learn from Richard Lennon’s words?
A．Not many people prefer listening to audio books before sleep.
B．A boring story is more likely to make people sleepy.
C．The environment is very important for reading stories.
D．The audio books prove effective in helping people sleep in the research.
4．The passage is mainly about___________.
A．releasing audio books to send listeners to sleep
B．the new trend of people’s reading habit
C．audio books are becoming more and more popular
D．ways to help people sleep easily
（2022秋·江苏徐州·高二徐州市第七中学校考期中）Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. So it’s important for you to be familiar with the scientific principles and inventions that are related to your creation. For example, if you’re writing about human living on a planet with zero gravity, then you need to know the effects of zero gravity on the human body.
Then you have to figure out the exact rules of your imaginary worlds. And you have to follow them. If humans are able to breathe underwater in Chapter 1, your character can’t drown in a swimming pool in Chapter 3. The issue here is maintaining your readers’ trust. That means the reader is willing to pretend along with you. If you start out with an ordinary detective novel and then throw in someone breathing under water in the 6th chapter, you will pull the readers out of their imagination. The same thing happens if you change the rules halfway.
Part of your preparation work for the novel is to map out its worlds in great detail. You should decide the following issues: the history of the world, the geography, what possibilities it offers, how everything works in this new reality, and how all of these factors affect the way your characters think, feel, and react to things. You don’t have to tell your readers all the rules in the first chapter. But you have to let readers know enough to understand what’s going on. This also allows you to work out logical problems and contradictions before you start writing.
When you are writing, remember to make it feet real. You are inviting readers to visit a new world. They will want to be able to see, hear, feel, smell, and even taste what it’ s like. Whether your novel is about a world without disease or an undiscovered planet, help your readers feel like they’re actually there.
5．What’ s the relationship between actual science and science fiction?
A．Science fiction promotes the development of actual science.
B．Science fiction often reflects the development of actual science.
C．Actual science provides basic principles for science fiction.
D．Actual science limits the imagination described in science fiction.
6．What does the third paragraph focus on?
A．Part of the preparation work for science fiction writing. B．The different types of novels.
C．The detail in the first chapter of science fiction. D．The reality of science fiction.
7．Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A．It is necessary to do some scientific experiments before writing science fiction.
B．Readers of science fiction actually pretend the writers’ rules are true.
C．The target readers of the passage are young scientists.
D．It is great to leave some contradictions in your science fiction.
8．What’s the best title of the passage?
A．How to do scientific research B．How to write science fiction
C．What to expect from science fiction D．How to raise interest in science
（2022秋·江苏南通·高二统考期中）According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.
The idea that the chemical pollutants called“obesogens”can affect how the body controls weight is not yet part of mainstream medicine. But the dozens of scientists behind the review argue that the evidence is now so strong that it should be. The most disturbing aspect of the evidence is that some chemical impacts that increase weight can be passed down through generations by changing how genes work.
Obesogens can upset the body’s metabolism(新陈代谢), making gaining weight easier and losing weight harder. The body’s balance of energy intake and consumption through activity relies on the interplay of various hormones(激素) from fat tissue, the gut, liver, and brain. The pollutants can directly affect the number and size of fat cells and alter the signals that make people feel full. They can also cause weight gain by making the uptake of calories from the gut more efficient.
“It turns out chemicals in the environment have these side effects, because they make the cells do things that they wouldn’t otherwise have done, and one of those things is laying down fat,” said Prof Robert Lustig at the University of California, San Francisco. This research is critical because the current clinical management of obese patients is clearly insufficient, according to the scientists.
“The focus of the clinical people is on calories--if you eat more calories, you’re going to be fatter,”says Dr Jerrold Heindel, lead author of one of the three review papers.“So they wait until you get obese, and then they’ll look at giving you diets, drugs, or surgery. If that really worked, we should see a decline in the rates of obesity,” he said. “But we don’t--obesity continues to rise, especially in children. The real question is, why do people eat more? The research focuses on that and provides data indicating that these chemicals are what can do that.”
Furthermore, the scientists say, the approach offers the potential to prevent obesity by avoiding exposure to pollutants, especially in pregnant(怀孕的) women and babies:“Prevention saves lives while costing far less than any treatment.”
9．What can we learn about obesogens from the text?
A．They’ve received full attention.
B．They can affect the way genes work.
C．They’ve caused many deadly diseases.
D．They’re mainly found in food pollutants.
10．How does the author develop the passage?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By analyzing existing data.
D．By presenting research findings.
11．What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 6 refer to?
A．Why people eat more. B．How children get obese.
C．How obesity is treated. D．Why people go on a diet.
12．What is the significance of the research?
A．It will make the treatment for obesity cost less.
B．It will encourage more scientists to study obesity.
C．It will raise public awareness about chemical pollution.
D．It will promote the clinical management of obese patients.
（2022秋·江苏南通·高二统考期中）The vivid blue color of a new brand of Dutch soda (苏打水) doesn’t come from food coloring: The startup making the product, called Ful, makes the drink with spirulina, a biomass of blue-green algae (藻类).
The founders, who met as students at the Singapore campus of the business school INSEAD, spent months exploring ways to help reduce the carbon footprint of the food system before settling on blue-green microalgae. “What I think particularly caught our imagination was how efficient it is at transforming CO₂ into nutrients,” says Julia Streuli, one of Ful’s three cofounders.
Per kilogram of protein produced, beef has a carbon footprint of around 500 kilograms. But algae quickly take up CO₂ as they grow; the startup shows that in its own production process its spirulina gives a carbon footprint of negative 1.5 kilograms. Algae also don’t need farming land to grow and don’t require fertilizer (肥料) or huge amounts of fresh water.
Beyond protein, it’s a source of nutrients like iron and vitamin C, which can be found in the soda. Still, it isn’t yet widely used. “At first, its flavor and smell could be unappetizing. It didn’t look great either,”Streuli says. “If you tried to pasteurize (巴氏杀菌法消毒) it, which a lot of foods need for longer shelf life, the green color turned to a very unappetizing brown.”
Just before graduation, the founders moved to the Netherlands to begin working with food scientists to deal with the challenges, and developed a patented new way to process the algae to obtain the best-tasting parts. Their new ingredient (成分)“has a little bit of a saltiness, but it doesn’t have the fishy off-taste of spirulina,” she says.
The first limited runs of the new soda were made in a Dutch beer factory. The team is also working on details like packaging; the first production runs were sold in glass bottles, but the company is switching to cans. And a future product will have even more minimal packaging.
For now, the soda is only available in Europe and the U.K., but the brand hopes to expand to the U.S. later.
13．What is special about algae according to Streuli?
A．They can be grown here and there.
B．They can recycle CO₂ into nutrients.
C．They contain as much protein as beef.
D．They can change their colors accordingly.
14．What was a challenging problem with the product for the founders?
A．It tasted and smelt sick.
B．It was unlikely to be profitable.
C．It went bad quickly on the shelf.
D．It had an unchangeable appearance.
15．What will Ful do next concerning its soda?
A．Sell it in glass bottles. B．Produce it in the U.K.
C．Make it in one factory. D．Improve its packaging.
16．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Ful’s Blue Soda Gets Its Color From the Sea
B．Ful’s Blue Soda Is Challenging Food Scientists
C．Ful’s Blue Soda Has Changed the Food System
D．Ful’s Blue Soda Has a Wide Appeal on the Market
（2022秋·江苏苏州·高二统考期中）Bread fruit is a traditional staple (主食) crop from the Pacific islands with the potential to improve worldwide food security. While people have survived on it for thousands of years, there was a lack of basic scientific knowledge of the health impacts of a bread fruit-based diet in both humans and animals. Now the fruit is getting the nutritional thumbs-up from a team of British Columbia researchers.
Bread fruit can be harvested, dried and made into a flour. For the project, researchers had four bread fruits from the same tree in Hawaii, shipped to the march Lab at UBC Okanagan. Ying Liu led the study examining the digestion and health impact of a bread fruit-based diet.
“We wanted to contribute to the development of bread fruit as a sustainable, environmentally-friendly and high-production crop,” Liu says. The researchers designed a series of studies that could provide data on the impacts of a bread fruit-based diet fed to mice and also an enzyme (酶) digestion model.
The researchers determined that bread fruit protein was found to be easier to digest than wheat protein in the enzyme digestion model. And mice fed the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher growth rate and body weight than standard diet-fed mice. Liu also noted mice on the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher daily water consumption compared to mice on the wheat diet.
Fundamental understanding of the health impact of bread fruit digestion and diets is necessary and essential to the establishment of bread fruit as a staple in the future. “Overall, these studies support the use of bread fruit as part of a healthy, nutritionally balanced diet,” says Liu. The use of bread fruit could make inroads in food sustain ability for many populations globally. Liu suggests if a person ate the same amount of cooked bread fruit they can meet up to nearly 57 per cent of their daily fibre requirement, more than 34 per cent of their protein requirement and at the same time consume vitamin C, iron, calcium and other elements.
17．What does the underlined word “thumbs-up” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Requirement. B．Benefit. C．Reflection. D．Acceptance.
18．What is the purpose of Liu’s study on bread fruit?
A．To help those Pacific islanders. B．To prove the value of the food.
C．To promote the food worldwide. D．To develop a new type of diet.
19．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．The research method. B．The research focuses.
C．The research process. D．The research findings.
20．What can be inferred about bread fruit from the last paragraph?
A．It will take the place of wheat. B．It is superior to other foods.
C．It can help ease food shortage. D．It needs further improvement.
（2022秋·江苏苏州·高二统考期中）Some people often wonder whether they are fighting a battle with their genes to maintain a healthy weight, In fact, researchers have presided plenty of evidence that people are born with tendencies to be fighter or heavier. For example, studies of identical twins have revealed great similarity in their overall weight. Part of this similarity may be explained by the finding that some people are born to burn a lot of calories just through ordinary day-to-day activities while others are not. Those who are not are more at risk for weight gain.
Researchers have discovered some of the actual genetic mechanisms (机制) that may make some individuals more likely to be obese (肥胖的). For example, a gene has been found that appears to control signals to the brain that enough fat has been stored in the body in the course of a meal — so the individual should stop eating. The gene influences the production of leptin (瘦蛋白), which keeps appetite under control. If leptin doesn’t work well, it is likely that individuals will continue to eat. Thus the gene that controls leptin appears to have a critical influence on the potential for obesity.
The confirmation that leptin plays a role in weight control has encouraged researchers to identify and understand other weight-related gene. Recent attention has focused on a gene called GAD2. GAD2 helps control the amount of the euro-transmitter (神经递质) GABA．In general, when more GABA is available, appetite is increased. For that reason, people who have a form of GAD2 that allows more GABA to be available may be at risk for overeating. You can see that GAD2 is not directly an obesity gene. Rather it has an indirect influence on obesity through its direct influence on GABA．
Genetic research holds out the promise of innovative solutions to obesity. Researchers hope that an understanding of the link between genus and weight control will enable them to provide new drug treatments. Nonetheless, even the most optimistic researchers provide a warning: “Innovative drugs will be effective only when they are used along with lifestyle changes.”
21．What does the author want to explain by giving the example of twins?
A．It is hard to maintain a healthy weight. B．Being fat or thin is genetic ally related
C．The twins are usually of similar weight. D．An individual ‘ body can burn calorie.
22．What can make an individual more likely to put on weight?
A．Poor appetite. B．All varieties of GAD2
C．Effective leptin. D．Extra amount of GABA．
23．What do researchers suggest people do?
A．Adopt advanced means. B．Learn more about genetic effects.
C．Keep good living habits. D．Change the weight-related gene.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．How does genetics contribute to obesity? B．What impact does eating have on weight?
C．How many genus determine who is obese? D．Why do many people become overweight?
（2022秋·江苏扬州·高二扬州中学校考期中）The “little voice in your head” can be your worst critic and greatest supporter. It’s been known to help with directions, give advice, and even remind you to put potatoes on the grocery list.
But does everyone have an inner monologue? For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case — not everyone processes life in words and sentences.
“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound,” said Helene Loevenbruck, a senior neurolinguistics researcher at CNRS.
With true inner speech, you almost “hear” your inner voice, she told Live Science. You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.
This long-held assumption was first challenged in the late 1990s by Russell Hurlburt, a psychologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper. Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.
Perhaps the participant wrote down, “I need to buy some bread.” He would then ask if that’s what they actually thought. “Or did you think ‘bread’? Or were you hungry?” Loevenbruck explained. After several meetings, participants got better at articulating (流利连贯地表达) their true thoughts, she said. Eventually, this method revealed that some people had inner speech every time the device beeped. But others had less inner speech than usual, and some didn’t have inner speech at all. They experienced images, sensations and emotions, but not a voice or words.
The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症) sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either, Loevenbruck noted.
25．What was previously assumed about the inner monologue?
A．It rarely existed in humans. B．It could help solve all kinds of problems.
C．It was something everyone was born with. D．It was used mainly to criticize or support oneself.
26．What does Loevenbruck say about an inner monologue?
A．It lacks tone and intonation. B．It is delivered in public.
C．It can convey emotions. D．It can be heard by others.
27．What did Hurlburt do in his study?
A．He used a beeper to note down participants’ inner speech.
B．He required participants to describe their grocery lists.
C．He placed something in participants’ heads to record their inner speech.
D．He checked participants’ notes and asked about their true thoughts.
28．Why do some people never experience an inner monologue?
A．They suffer serious brain damage. B．They cannot distinguish what they see.
C．They fail to mentally picture what they see. D．They misunderstand their true thoughts.
（2022秋·江苏泰州·高二统考期中）Commercial airlines alone contribute around 3 percent of total global carbon emissions. But the industry is actively looking for green solutions in the form of sustainable (可持续发展的) airline fuel, and in one case, that fuel may have had a previous life as your household food waste. In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.
Biomass (生物质), such as animal and food waste, can be transformed into biofuels, which are renewable liquid fuels made from organic matter. Derek Vardon, a senior research engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), says that their fuel worked as a mixture of 90 percent conventional petrol airline fuel and 10 percent alternative airline fuel required by the industry currently. They also show they could push it to a 70/30 mixture with more time and testing available.
Major companies are eager to participate in sustainable airline fuel because some sustainable solutions, such as battery-operated commercial planes, just aren’t possible yet with current battery technology. A battery-powered plane would be too heavy to fly long distances, so fuel that works in the same way as the fuel we have is a simpler way to trade out emission-heavy fossil fuels.
Vardon says that because the wet waste used in the process would normally go to a landfill (垃圾填埋场) and break down to release greenhouse gases, the process of making and using sustainable airline fuel could actually have a negative carbon footprint when scaled up.
Commercial airlines are also on board to find an affordable and sustainable solution to the carbon-intensive process of air travel. Airlines are looking to hit aggressive sustainability goals by 2050, including decreasing net carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent.
29．Which of the following is used for sustainable airline power?
A．Biomass. B．Liquid fuel
C．Battery power. D．Fossil fuel.
30．Why are commercial planes still fuel-powered?
A．Biofuel proves less costly and easier to produce.
B．It’s convenient to create the proper fuel mixture.
C．Biofuel is environmentally friendly and sustainable.
D．Fuel-powered planes are likely to travel lighter and farther.
31．What does the underlined phrase “on board” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Taking off. B．Participating in.
C．Holding a meeting. D．Appearing on stage.
32．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Alternative Energy to Fossil Fuel.
B．How to Get Fossil Fuel Sustainable.
C．Changing Food Waste into Airplane Fuel.
D．How to Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
（2022秋·江苏南京·高二统考期中）Glass bottles have long conveyed (传递) a high-quality image for the wine they carry, but their carbon footprint is sizable. Fossil fuels are used to produce and recycle them. And when it comes to transport, they are also heavy and waste space.
“But Packamama, an Australian packaging start up, has launched a range of flat wine-bottles, the first for the country, promoting them as an environment ally-friendly alternative to traditional glass. The bottles are made from 100 % recycled PET plastic. The slim, flat profile (外形) is 83 % lighter, and allows twice as many bottles to fit into a standard case. “Australia is home to the two most significant successful wine packaging innovations of the last century. Bag-in-box and screw cap (螺旋瓶盖), both from the mid-1960 s,” says Santiago Navarro, Packamama’s co-founder.
Three months after the first bottles hit the shelves, the data suggests flat-bottled wines are becoming popular with drinkers. Packamarna’s first production order was for 65,000 units, a figure that has risen to 90,000. The demand was so strong that they were sold out after the first production. Questions remain, however, about the flat-profile bottle’s suit ability for high-quality wines. The wine maker Nicole Esdaile, of Cent are Vineyard in Victoria’s Yarra Valley, applauds the move but says it is not a workable option for her business, given its focus on classic, collectible wines typically exported to China. “Critically, they are not suitable for storing wine, with the recommended shelf life being no more than two years. The bottles are perfect for quick ‘drink-now’ style.”
The wine maker Tom Wallace wants to see how flat-bottled wines perform over the years ahead. “The priority for us is the quality of the wine going in, so the packaging has to reflect that and allow those wines to mature (酿成) in the best way possible. We will wait and see how the trials and research go before we jump on board.”
33．What advantage do the flat wine-bottles have over glass bottles?
A．They can be recycled. B．They offer zero carbon footprint.
C．They save space in transport. D．They indicate good wine quality.
34．Why does Santiago Navarro mention the two innovations of the last century?
A．To express his pride in his country. B．To explain his interest in innovations.
C．To show his confidence in his products. D．To display his knowledge in packaging.
35．What is the weakness of the flat wine-bottles?
A．They have a short shelf life. B．They are hard to produce in mass.
C．They fail to meet Chinese standards. D．They are prohibited from being exported.
36．What does the underlined phrase “jump on board” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Ship bottled wines. B．Use the new packaging.
C．Quicken the process of maturing. D．Produce flat wine-bottles.
（2022秋·江苏常州·高二统考期中）Over the past few decades, East Asia has seen a surprising rise in the rate of short-sightedness. And a growing pile of evidence suggests that the main underlying reason for this is education—specifically, the fact that children spend large parts of the day in comparatively dimly (昏暗地) lit classrooms.
For most people, short-sightedness is not a pleasant thing. Glasses and contact lenses are an expensive, lifelong struggle. In parts of rural China, where some families cannot afford either, children struggle in the very schools that are causing the problem. Governments in Asia are increasingly worried about the public-health implications of entire generations growing up short-sighted. Those in other parts of the world should start worrying, too.
The evidence suggests that regular exposure to bright daylight is vital in properly controlling the growth of children’s eyes. Too little light leads to short-sighted eyes. Researchers think that this explains why rates are so high in Asia, where a strong cultural emphasis on the value of education leads to long school days. That leaves little time for sunshine. Western children, whose parents are increasingly worried about a competitive job market, are beginning to go the same way.
Special eyedrops (眼药水), as well as clever glasses and contact lenses, may be able to slow the progression of short-sightedness once it has started. But prevention is better than mitigation (缓解) and the science suggests a cheap, straightforward measure. A series of encouraging trials shows that giving schoolchildren — and especially those in primary education — more time outside can cut the number of students who go on to develop short-sightedness. However, it seems that the greatest resistance to this attempt comes from parents. They may worry that other parents might not follow suit, leaving their children at a disadvantage in the classroom.
Governments are well placed to solve such collective-action problems, while reassuring anxious parents that a bit less classroom time is unlikely to be disastrous. After all, countries such as Finland and Sweden do well in global education rankings with a less intense approach to education.
Giving more outdoor time to young children would still leave room for them to cram for exams in their teenage years. And longer breaks on the playground may also make a dent in other rich-world problems such as childhood obesity. Far-sighted governments should send the kids outdoors.
37．What does the author blame education for?
A．A high rate of eyesight problems.
B．Unfair competition in the rich world.
C．Great pressure on students and parents.
D．Students’ unawareness of their eyesight problems.
38．What can we learn about Western children?
A．They can easily find a job in the future.
B．They spend much time outdoors every day.
C．They are also likely to be pushed by parents.
D．They are more optimistic than Asian children.
39．What does the author think plays a key role in solving the eyesight problem?
A．The frequency of exams.
B．The call of the government.
C．The joint efforts between parents.
D．The parents’ attitudes towards stress.
40．What does the underlined part “make a dent in” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Give rise to. B．Make a plan for. C．Take into account. D．Reduce the number of.
考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家大型出版商想出了一个新颖的想法——在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.(在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡)”及常识可知，这是一个新颖的想法。由此可知，划线词novel与original(新颖的)意思相同。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These audiobooks are part soundscape, part descriptive narrative, with softly spoken voices to calm anxieties and take listeners to sleep.(这些有声读物部分是声音场景，部分是描述性叙事，声音柔和，可以安抚焦虑，让听众入睡)”可知，《睡眠故事集》既有声音场景，又有叙事性。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“We’re launching them as simply Penguin, Puffin and Ladybird Sleep Tales, rather than mentioning the writers by name because the focus isn’t just on the words. The combination of the words, the voice and the sound design all contribute to the relaxing atmosphere.(我们推出的只是《企鹅》、《普芬》和《瓢虫睡眠故事》，而不是直呼作者的名字，因为重点不只是文字。文字、声音和声音设计的结合都有助于营造轻松的氛围)”可知，我们能从Richard Lennon的话中了解到，有声读物在研究中证明对帮助人们睡眠很有效。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Now a major publisher has come up with a novel idea — audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.(现在，一家大型出版商想出了一个新颖的想法——在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡)”及下文介绍可知，文章主要是关于发行有声读物让听众入睡的。故选A。
5．C 6．A 7．B 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。真实的科学为科幻小说提供了基本的原理，文章给科幻小说作家提出了关于科幻小说写作要注意的事项。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. (科幻小说作家创造虚构的世界。在你想象的世界里，事物的运作方式将基于真实的科学)”可知，真实的科学为科幻小说提供了基本的原理。故选C。
6．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Part of your preparation work for the novel is to map out its worlds in great detail. You should decide the following issues: the history of the world, the geography, what possibilities it offers, how everything works in this new reality, and how all of these factors affect the way your characters think, feel, and react to things. You don’t have to tell your readers all the rules in the first chapter. But you have to let readers know enough to understand what’s going on. This also allows you to work out logical problems and contradictions before you start writing.(你为小说做准备工作的一部分是非常详细地描绘出小说的世界。你应该决定以下问题：世界的历史，地理，它提供了什么可能性，在这个新的现实中一切是如何运作的，以及所有这些因素如何影响你的角色的思维方式，感觉和对事物的反应。你不必在第一章就告诉读者所有的规则。但是你必须让读者知道足够多的信息来理解发生了什么。这也能让你在动笔前解决逻辑问题和矛盾)”可知，第三段的主旨是科幻小说写作的部分准备工作。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The issue here is maintaining your readers' trust. That means the readers are willing to pretend along with you. (这里的问题是保持读者的信任。这意味着读者愿意假装赞同你)”可知，科幻小说的读者实际上假装作者的规则是真实的。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. So it's important for you to be familiar with the scientific principles and inventions that are related to your creation. (科幻小说作家创造虚构的世界。在你想象的世界里，事物的运作方式将基于真实的科学。所以，熟悉与你的发明相关的科学原理和发明是很重要的)”和最后一段中“When you are writing, remember to make it feel real. You are inviting readers to visit a new world. (当你写作的时候，记住要让它感觉真实。你是在邀请读者参观一个新世界)”可知，B选项“如何写科幻小说”最符合文章标题。故选B项。
9．B 10．D 11．A 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是最新研究表明环境中的化学污染物质对肥胖有着很大的影响。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The most disturbing aspect of the evidence is that some chemical impacts that increase weight can be passed down through generations by changing how genes work.(这个证据的最令人不安方面是一些增加体重的化学影响可以通过改变基因的工作方式代代相传。)”可知这种致肥物质可以改变基因的工作方式。故选B项。
10．推理判断题。文章第一段“According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.(根据一项重要的科学评论，环境中的化学污染物正在加剧全球肥胖的流行。)”概述研究结果即环境中的化学污染物对于肥胖的影响，文章第二段继续介绍这种研究成果，文章三、四、五、六段详细论述环境中的污染物质为什么会影响肥胖以及怎样影响肥胖。从全文来看，文章通篇都是在展示研究结果，所以文章是通过展示研究成果来展开的。故选D项。
11．词句猜测题。根据文章第五段““But we don’t—obesity continues to rise, especially in children. The real question is, why do people eat more? The research focuses on that and provides data indicating that these chemicals are what can do that.”(但我们没有——肥胖人数继续上升，尤其是儿童。真正的问题是，为什么人们吃得更多？这项研究聚焦于这一点，并提供了表明这些化学物质是可以做到这一点的数据。”)”可知研究对于人们为什么吃得更多展开研究，而研究也表明化学物质是可以让人们吃得更多的，所以此处划线词that指代的应该是上文提到的人们为什么吃得更多这个问题。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.(根据一项重要的科学评论，环境中的化学污染正在加剧全球肥胖的流行。)”以及第四段“This research is critical because the current clinical management of obese patients is clearly insufficient, according to the scientists.(科学家们表示，这项研究至关重要，因为目前对肥胖患者的临床管理明显不足。)”可知目前对于肥胖患者的临床管理经验不足，而这项研究又让我们了解到了环境中污染物对于肥胖的影响，所以可以推断这项研究的意义在于可以促进对于肥胖患者的临床医学管理。故选D项。
13．B 14．A 15．D 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用海洋藻类生产的一款环保苏打水以及该产品目前面临的困境和未来的发展方向。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Julia Streuli所说的话“What I think particularly caught our imagination was how efficient it is at transforming CO₂ into nutrients.(我认为，特别吸引我们想象力的是，它将CO₂转化为营养物质的效率)”可知，algae的特别之处在于它能将CO₂有效转换成为营养物质。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“At first its flavor and smell could be unappetizing. It didn’t look great either.(一开始，它的味道和气味可能会让人没胃口，看起来也不太好)”可知，这种饮料的味道和气味不是很好。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“the first production runs were sold in glass bottles, but the company is switching to cans And a future product will have even more minimal package.(第一批产品是玻璃瓶，但该公司正在转向罐装，未来的产品将有更小的包装)”可知，第一批产品的外包装从玻璃瓶到罐装，以及未来转向更小的包装。由此推知，Ful未来关注的是产品的外包装。故选D项。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The vivid blue color of a new brandof Dutch soda doesn’t come from food coloring: The startup making the product called Ful, makes the drink with spirulina a biomass of blue-green algae.(荷兰一款新品牌苏打水的鲜艳蓝色并非来自食用色素：生产这款产品的初创公司富尔(Ful)用蓝藻(一种蓝绿色藻类的生物质)制成了这种饮料)”可知，本文介绍了了使用海洋藻类生产的一款环保苏打水，而Ful’s blue soda最特别之处就是它的颜色及来源与其他苏打水不同。A项“Ful的蓝色苏打水的颜色来自大海”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选A项。
17．D 18．B 19．D 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。虽然人们靠面包果生存了数千年，但之前一直没有科学研究来证明其营养价值。本文介绍了一项关于面包果的研究，研究结果支持将面包果作为健康、营养均衡饮食的一部分。这一发现可以帮助缓解食物紧张的问题。
17．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“While people have survived on it for thousands of years, there was a lack of basic scientific knowledge of the health impacts of a bread fruit-based diet in both humans and animals.(尽管人们已经靠面包水果生存了数千年，但关于以面包水果为基础的饮食对人类和动物的健康影响，缺乏基本的科学知识)”可知，前句说在过去，人们关于面包果对健康的影响缺乏科学知识。而划线词所在句“Now the fruit is getting the nutritional thumbs-up from a team of British Columbia researchers.”则说的是现在的情况，与过去进行对比。由此推知，现在这种水果的营养价值得到了研究人员的认可，划线词thumbs-up意为“赞同，接受”。A. Requirement要求；B. Benefit好处；C. Reflection反射；D. Acceptance接受。故选D。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Ying Liu led the study examining the digestion and health impact of a bread fruit-based diet.(Ying Liu领导了这项研究，研究以面包果为基础的饮食对消化和健康的影响)”以及第三段第一句““We wanted to contribute to the development of bread fruit as a sustainable, environmentally-friendly and high-production crop,” Liu says.(“我们想为面包果的发展做出贡献，使之成为一种可持续的、环保的高产作物，” Liu说)”可推知，Liu研究面包果的目的是为了证明这种食物的价值。故选B。
19．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The researchers determined that bread fruit protein was found to be easier to digest than wheat protein in the enzyme digestion model. And mice fed the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher growth rate and body weight than standard diet-fed mice. Liu also noted mice on the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher daily water consumption compared to mice on the wheat diet.(研究人员确定，在酶消化模型中，面包果蛋白质被发现比小麦蛋白质更容易消化。被喂养面包果的老鼠比标准饮食喂养的老鼠有明显更高的生长速度和体重。Liu还指出，面包果饮食组的老鼠比小麦饮食组的老鼠每天消耗的水量明显更高)”可知，这一段主要介绍了研究的发现，即面包果蛋白质比小麦蛋白质更容易消化，而且被喂养面包果比普通喂养的老鼠发育更快，日消耗水量更多。故选D。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“Fundamental understanding of the health impact of bread fruit digestion and diets is necessary and essential to the establishment of bread fruit as a staple in the future.(从根本上了解面包果消化和饮食的健康影响，对于建立面包果作为未来的主食是必需和必要的)”以及“The use of bread fruit could make inroads in food sustain ability for many populations globally.(对于全球许多人口来说，面包果的使用可能会在食物维持能力方面取得进展)”可知，面包果在未来可能会被作为主食，对全球的食物维持能力有帮助。由此可知，C选项“它可以帮助缓解食物紧张”符合题意。故选C。
21．B 22．D 23．C 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Some people often wonder whether they are fighting a battle with their genes to maintain a healthy weight, In fact, researchers have presided plenty of evidence that people are born with tendencies to be fighter or heavier.(有些人经常想知道他们是否在与自己的基因进行战斗以保持健康的体重。事实上，研究人员已经掌握了大量的证据表明人们生来就有战斗或肥胖的倾向。)”可知，作者想通过双胞胎的例子来解释胖或瘦与基因有关，故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In general, when more GABA is available, appetite is increased. For that reason, people who have a form of GAD2 that allows more GABA to be available may be at risk for overeating.(一般来说，当有更多的GABA时，食欲就会增加。因此，患有一种GAD2的人可能有暴饮暴食的风险，这种GAD2可以产生更多的GABA。)”可知，让一个人更容易发胖的是额外的GABA。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Nonetheless, even the most optimistic researchers provide a warning: “Innovative drugs will be effective only when they are used along with lifestyle changes.”(然而，即使是最乐观的研究人员也提出了警告：“创新药物只有在与改变生活方式同时使用时才会有效。”)”可知，研究人员建议人们保持良好的生活习惯。故选C。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Researchers have discovered some of the actual genetic mechanisms (机制) that may make some individuals more likely to be obese (肥胖的).(研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制。)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制，也就是“基因是如何导致肥胖的？”，故选A。
25．C 26．C 27．D 28．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。针对内心独白这一现象的认知进行了历史溯源，并通过实验证明这一现象并非所有人都会拥有这一事实。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case—not everyone processes life in words and sentences.(很长一段时间以来，人们认为内心的声音只是人类的一部分。但事实并非如此，不是每个人都用文字和句子来处理生活)”可知，人们以前认为内心独白是人类天生具有的一部分，每个人都拥有。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound.(说到内心独白，我们的意思是我们可以对自己说私人的话，而且是没有声音的)”以及第四段中“You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.(你知道它的语气和语调。例如，声音可以“听起来”生气或担心)”可知，内心独白并不会发出声音，是对自己说的私人的话。但它有语气语调，你能意识到它们的存在，感受到其中带有的或愤怒或焦急的情绪。故选C。
27．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper(传呼机). Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.( Hurlburt通过让参与者佩戴寻呼机来研究他们内心的话语。每当设备发出哔哔声时，他们必须写下在声音发出之前他们在脑海中所想或经历的事情)”可知，Hurlbert用传呼机控制被试者，让其写下自己内心的想法，对其进行详细的询问，并加以判断分析。故选D。
28．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症) sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” (缺乏内心独白与一种叫做心盲症的疾病有关，有时也被称为“心灵之眼失明”)”以及“People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either.(经历心盲的人无法在脑海中描绘自己的卧室或母亲的脸。很多时候，那些没有经历过视觉化的人也没有经历过清晰的内心语言)”可知，有人不能体验内心独白是与心盲症有关系，即他们无法在脑海中描绘出他们所看到的。故选C。
29．A 30．D 31．B 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究：将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料，该燃料有望给未来客机带来动力。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.( 在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究中，研究人员详细介绍了一种将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料的方法。)”和第二段第一句“Biomass(生物质), such as animal and food waste, can be transformed into biofuels, which are renewable liquid fuels made from organic matter. (生物质，如动物和食物垃圾，可以转化为生物燃料，这是一种由有机物制成的可再生液体燃料。)”可知，生物质可以被转化为航空燃料。故选A项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“A battery-powered plane would be too heavy to fly long distances, so fuel that works in the same way as the fuel we have is a simpler way to trade out emission-heavy fossil fuels.( 电池驱动的飞机太重，无法飞很远的距离，因此，与我们现有的燃料工作原理相同的燃料，是一种更简单的方式，可以取代高排放的化石燃料。)”可知目前飞机仍然是燃料驱动的原因是，与电池驱动相比，燃料驱动的飞机更加轻便、飞得更远。故选D项。
31．词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句“ Airlines are looking to hit aggressive sustainability goals by 2050, including decreasing net carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent.(航空公司希望在2050年前达到积极的可持续发展目标，包括将二氧化碳净排放量减少50%。)”可知划线单词意为“（商业航空公司也）参与（寻找一种负担得、可起的持续的解决方案）”，on board意为“参与”。故选B项。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.(在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究中，研究人员详细介绍了一种将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料的方法。)”结合全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究人员正在努力将食物垃圾转化为可持续的航空燃料。所以C项“Changing Food Waste into Airplane Fuel.(把食物垃圾变成飞机燃料)”作标题能概括全文主旨。故选C项。
33．C 34．C 35．A 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是但澳大利亚一家包装初创企业Packamama推出了一系列扁平的酒瓶，这是该国首个扁平的酒瓶，宣传它们是传统玻璃的环保替代品。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The slim, flat profile (外形) is 83 % lighter, and allows twice as many bottles to fit into a standard case.(轻薄，平坦的外形轻83%，并允许两倍的瓶子装入一个标准的箱子里。)”可知，扁平的酒瓶比玻璃瓶的优点在于它们节省运输空间。故选C。
34．推理判断题。根据第二段的“But Packamama, an Australian packaging start up, has launched a range of flat wine-bottles, the first for the country, promoting them as an environment ally-friendly alternative to traditional glass.(但澳大利亚一家包装初创企业Packamama推出了一系列平板酒瓶，这是该国首个扁平的酒瓶，宣传它们是传统玻璃的环保替代品。)”和“Australia is home to the two most significant successful wine packaging innovations of the last century. Bag-in-box and screw cap (螺旋瓶盖), both from the mid-1960s(澳大利亚是上世纪两个最成功的葡萄酒包装创新的发源地。袋装盒和螺旋盖，都来自1960年代中期)”可知，Santiago Navarro提到上世纪的两项创新是为了显示他对产品的信心。故选C。
35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“they are not suitable for storing wine, with the recommended shelf life being no more than two years.(它们不适合储存葡萄酒，推荐的保质期不超过两年。)”可知，扁平的酒瓶的缺点是它们的保质期很短。故选A。
36．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“The priority for us is the quality of the wine going in, so the packaging has to reflect that and allow those wines to mature (酿成) in the best way possible.We will wait and see how the trials and research go before(对我们来说，最重要的是葡萄酒的质量，所以包装必须反映这一点，让葡萄酒以最好的方式成熟。在……之前，我们将拭目以待，看看试验和研究的进展如何)”可知，划线短语所在的句子表示“我们将在用这个新包装之前看看试验和研究的进展如何”，划线短语意为“使用新包装”，故选B。
37．A 38．C 39．B 40．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了教育是近视率上升的主要原因，并建议孩子多到户外参加活动。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段“And a growing pile of evidence suggests that the main underlying reason for this is education—specifically, the fact that children spend large parts of the day in comparatively dimly (昏暗地) lit classrooms. (越来越多的证据表明，这背后的主要原因是教育——具体来说，就是孩子们每天大部分时间都呆在光线相对昏暗的教室里。)”可知，作者把视力问题的发生率很高的问题归咎于教育。故选A。
38．推理判断题。根据第三段“Western children, whose parents are increasingly worried about a competitive job market, are beginning to go the same way. (西方的孩子们，他们的父母越来越担心竞争激烈的就业市场，也开始走上同样的道路。)”可推断，西方孩子也很可能被父母逼迫。故选C。
39．细节理解题。根据第五段“Governments are well placed to solve such collective-action problems, while reassuring anxious parents that a bit less classroom time is unlikely to be disastrous. (政府很有能力解决这样的集体行动问题，同时向焦虑的家长们保证，减少一点课堂时间不太可能造成灾难性后果。)”可知，作者政府的号召在解决视力问题中起着关键作用。故选B。
40．词句猜测题。根据最后一段划线词前半句“And longer breaks on the playground(在操场上休息的时间更长)”和后句“Far-sighted governments should send the kids outdoors. (有远见的政府应该让孩子们到户外去。)”可知，在操场上休息的时间更长，也可以稍微改变其他发达国家的问题，如儿童肥胖。所以make a dent in为“稍微改变；少量减少”之意。故选D。
译林版（2020）高二英语下学期期中复习 查缺补漏冲刺满分
(名校最新期中真题)
专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇
（2022秋·江苏徐州·高二徐州市第七中学校考期中）There are so many people who are struggling with insomnia (失眠). Now a major publisher has come up with a novel idea — audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.
In a project to be launched this week, Penguin Random House has cooperated with the Sleep Council and the Children’s Sleep Charity in creating collections of “Sleep Tales” for adults and children. These audiobooks are part soundscape, part descriptive narrative, with softly spoken voices to calm anxieties and take listeners to sleep. Each story lasts about 15 minutes,enabling listeners to set their sleep timer.
The stories draw on the Sleep Council’s research into sounds that help people wind down, such as waves lapping on a shore , soft rainfall and birdsong.
Richard Lennon, publisher at Penguin Audio, told The Guardian the project was inspired partly by the realization that increasing numbers of people were listening to audiobooks as they were going to sleep or as part of their bedtime routine. He said both adults and children respond to something comforting and familiar as they are nodding off. These are tales without a beginning, a middle or an end. He added, “It’s something that’s being described to you, rather than a story that’s being told to you.” There are no authors’names. He said, “We’re launching them as simply Penguin, Puffin and Ladybird Sleep Tales, rather than mentioning the writers by name because the focus isn’t just on the words. The combination of the words, the voice and the sound design all contribute to the relaxing atmosphere.”
“Audience research had been very positive.” Lennon said. One listener reported, “The story made my mind stop racing.”
The phrase “sleep like a baby” does not apply to a lot of children, with four in ten having sleep problems. But Lennon said the children’s sleep tales were not intended to replace a bedtime story, only to become part of a bedtime routine.
Lisa Artis of the Sleep Council said not everyone liked the same sounds. “Some people love thunder and lightning or bird tweeting. That’s why we came up with different stories with different effects. For some people, listening to rain just makes them want to go to the toilet.”
She added that listening to “non-stimulating” stories was about switching off before bedtime. “It is the sort of thing you need to be doing before bed to feel more relaxed, rather than scrolling through Facebook and checking work emails. We need to forget about everything that’s going on because we will not get a good night’s sleep otherwise.”
1．What does the underlined word “novel” mean in paragraph 1?
A．Original. B．Practical. C．Fictional. D．Functional.
2．What can we learn about the collections of “Sleep Tales”?
A．They are created for adults.
B．Each story lasts about thirty minutes.
C．They are both soundscape and descriptive narrative.
D．Each story has a beginning, a middle and an end.
3．What can we learn from Richard Lennon’s words?
A．Not many people prefer listening to audio books before sleep.
B．A boring story is more likely to make people sleepy.
C．The environment is very important for reading stories.
D．The audio books prove effective in helping people sleep in the research.
4．The passage is mainly about___________.
A．releasing audio books to send listeners to sleep
B．the new trend of people’s reading habit
C．audio books are becoming more and more popular
D．ways to help people sleep easily
（2022秋·江苏徐州·高二徐州市第七中学校考期中）Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. So it’s important for you to be familiar with the scientific principles and inventions that are related to your creation. For example, if you’re writing about human living on a planet with zero gravity, then you need to know the effects of zero gravity on the human body.
Then you have to figure out the exact rules of your imaginary worlds. And you have to follow them. If humans are able to breathe underwater in Chapter 1, your character can’t drown in a swimming pool in Chapter 3. The issue here is maintaining your readers’ trust. That means the reader is willing to pretend along with you. If you start out with an ordinary detective novel and then throw in someone breathing under water in the 6th chapter, you will pull the readers out of their imagination. The same thing happens if you change the rules halfway.
Part of your preparation work for the novel is to map out its worlds in great detail. You should decide the following issues: the history of the world, the geography, what possibilities it offers, how everything works in this new reality, and how all of these factors affect the way your characters think, feel, and react to things. You don’t have to tell your readers all the rules in the first chapter. But you have to let readers know enough to understand what’s going on. This also allows you to work out logical problems and contradictions before you start writing.
When you are writing, remember to make it feet real. You are inviting readers to visit a new world. They will want to be able to see, hear, feel, smell, and even taste what it’ s like. Whether your novel is about a world without disease or an undiscovered planet, help your readers feel like they’re actually there.
5．What’ s the relationship between actual science and science fiction?
A．Science fiction promotes the development of actual science.
B．Science fiction often reflects the development of actual science.
C．Actual science provides basic principles for science fiction.
D．Actual science limits the imagination described in science fiction.
6．What does the third paragraph focus on?
A．Part of the preparation work for science fiction writing. B．The different types of novels.
C．The detail in the first chapter of science fiction. D．The reality of science fiction.
7．Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A．It is necessary to do some scientific experiments before writing science fiction.
B．Readers of science fiction actually pretend the writers’ rules are true.
C．The target readers of the passage are young scientists.
D．It is great to leave some contradictions in your science fiction.
8．What’s the best title of the passage?
A．How to do scientific research B．How to write science fiction
C．What to expect from science fiction D．How to raise interest in science
（2022秋·江苏南通·高二统考期中）According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.
The idea that the chemical pollutants called“obesogens”can affect how the body controls weight is not yet part of mainstream medicine. But the dozens of scientists behind the review argue that the evidence is now so strong that it should be. The most disturbing aspect of the evidence is that some chemical impacts that increase weight can be passed down through generations by changing how genes work.
Obesogens can upset the body’s metabolism(新陈代谢), making gaining weight easier and losing weight harder. The body’s balance of energy intake and consumption through activity relies on the interplay of various hormones(激素) from fat tissue, the gut, liver, and brain. The pollutants can directly affect the number and size of fat cells and alter the signals that make people feel full. They can also cause weight gain by making the uptake of calories from the gut more efficient.
“It turns out chemicals in the environment have these side effects, because they make the cells do things that they wouldn’t otherwise have done, and one of those things is laying down fat,” said Prof Robert Lustig at the University of California, San Francisco. This research is critical because the current clinical management of obese patients is clearly insufficient, according to the scientists.
“The focus of the clinical people is on calories--if you eat more calories, you’re going to be fatter,”says Dr Jerrold Heindel, lead author of one of the three review papers.“So they wait until you get obese, and then they’ll look at giving you diets, drugs, or surgery. If that really worked, we should see a decline in the rates of obesity,” he said. “But we don’t--obesity continues to rise, especially in children. The real question is, why do people eat more? The research focuses on that and provides data indicating that these chemicals are what can do that.”
Furthermore, the scientists say, the approach offers the potential to prevent obesity by avoiding exposure to pollutants, especially in pregnant(怀孕的) women and babies:“Prevention saves lives while costing far less than any treatment.”
9．What can we learn about obesogens from the text?
A．They’ve received full attention.
B．They can affect the way genes work.
C．They’ve caused many deadly diseases.
D．They’re mainly found in food pollutants.
10．How does the author develop the passage?
A．By giving examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By analyzing existing data.
D．By presenting research findings.
11．What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 6 refer to?
A．Why people eat more. B．How children get obese.
C．How obesity is treated. D．Why people go on a diet.
12．What is the significance of the research?
A．It will make the treatment for obesity cost less.
B．It will encourage more scientists to study obesity.
C．It will raise public awareness about chemical pollution.
D．It will promote the clinical management of obese patients.
（2022秋·江苏南通·高二统考期中）The vivid blue color of a new brand of Dutch soda (苏打水) doesn’t come from food coloring: The startup making the product, called Ful, makes the drink with spirulina, a biomass of blue-green algae (藻类).
The founders, who met as students at the Singapore campus of the business school INSEAD, spent months exploring ways to help reduce the carbon footprint of the food system before settling on blue-green microalgae. “What I think particularly caught our imagination was how efficient it is at transforming CO₂ into nutrients,” says Julia Streuli, one of Ful’s three cofounders.
Per kilogram of protein produced, beef has a carbon footprint of around 500 kilograms. But algae quickly take up CO₂ as they grow; the startup shows that in its own production process its spirulina gives a carbon footprint of negative 1.5 kilograms. Algae also don’t need farming land to grow and don’t require fertilizer (肥料) or huge amounts of fresh water.
Beyond protein, it’s a source of nutrients like iron and vitamin C, which can be found in the soda. Still, it isn’t yet widely used. “At first, its flavor and smell could be unappetizing. It didn’t look great either,”Streuli says. “If you tried to pasteurize (巴氏杀菌法消毒) it, which a lot of foods need for longer shelf life, the green color turned to a very unappetizing brown.”
Just before graduation, the founders moved to the Netherlands to begin working with food scientists to deal with the challenges, and developed a patented new way to process the algae to obtain the best-tasting parts. Their new ingredient (成分)“has a little bit of a saltiness, but it doesn’t have the fishy off-taste of spirulina,” she says.
The first limited runs of the new soda were made in a Dutch beer factory. The team is also working on details like packaging; the first production runs were sold in glass bottles, but the company is switching to cans. And a future product will have even more minimal packaging.
For now, the soda is only available in Europe and the U.K., but the brand hopes to expand to the U.S. later.
13．What is special about algae according to Streuli?
A．They can be grown here and there.
B．They can recycle CO₂ into nutrients.
C．They contain as much protein as beef.
D．They can change their colors accordingly.
14．What was a challenging problem with the product for the founders?
A．It tasted and smelt sick.
B．It was unlikely to be profitable.
C．It went bad quickly on the shelf.
D．It had an unchangeable appearance.
15．What will Ful do next concerning its soda?
A．Sell it in glass bottles. B．Produce it in the U.K.
C．Make it in one factory. D．Improve its packaging.
16．What would be the best title for the text?
A．Ful’s Blue Soda Gets Its Color From the Sea
B．Ful’s Blue Soda Is Challenging Food Scientists
C．Ful’s Blue Soda Has Changed the Food System
D．Ful’s Blue Soda Has a Wide Appeal on the Market
（2022秋·江苏苏州·高二统考期中）Bread fruit is a traditional staple (主食) crop from the Pacific islands with the potential to improve worldwide food security. While people have survived on it for thousands of years, there was a lack of basic scientific knowledge of the health impacts of a bread fruit-based diet in both humans and animals. Now the fruit is getting the nutritional thumbs-up from a team of British Columbia researchers.
Bread fruit can be harvested, dried and made into a flour. For the project, researchers had four bread fruits from the same tree in Hawaii, shipped to the march Lab at UBC Okanagan. Ying Liu led the study examining the digestion and health impact of a bread fruit-based diet.
“We wanted to contribute to the development of bread fruit as a sustainable, environmentally-friendly and high-production crop,” Liu says. The researchers designed a series of studies that could provide data on the impacts of a bread fruit-based diet fed to mice and also an enzyme (酶) digestion model.
The researchers determined that bread fruit protein was found to be easier to digest than wheat protein in the enzyme digestion model. And mice fed the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher growth rate and body weight than standard diet-fed mice. Liu also noted mice on the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher daily water consumption compared to mice on the wheat diet.
Fundamental understanding of the health impact of bread fruit digestion and diets is necessary and essential to the establishment of bread fruit as a staple in the future. “Overall, these studies support the use of bread fruit as part of a healthy, nutritionally balanced diet,” says Liu. The use of bread fruit could make inroads in food sustain ability for many populations globally. Liu suggests if a person ate the same amount of cooked bread fruit they can meet up to nearly 57 per cent of their daily fibre requirement, more than 34 per cent of their protein requirement and at the same time consume vitamin C, iron, calcium and other elements.
17．What does the underlined word “thumbs-up” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Requirement. B．Benefit. C．Reflection. D．Acceptance.
18．What is the purpose of Liu’s study on bread fruit?
A．To help those Pacific islanders. B．To prove the value of the food.
C．To promote the food worldwide. D．To develop a new type of diet.
19．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．The research method. B．The research focuses.
C．The research process. D．The research findings.
20．What can be inferred about bread fruit from the last paragraph?
A．It will take the place of wheat. B．It is superior to other foods.
C．It can help ease food shortage. D．It needs further improvement.
（2022秋·江苏苏州·高二统考期中）Some people often wonder whether they are fighting a battle with their genes to maintain a healthy weight, In fact, researchers have presided plenty of evidence that people are born with tendencies to be fighter or heavier. For example, studies of identical twins have revealed great similarity in their overall weight. Part of this similarity may be explained by the finding that some people are born to burn a lot of calories just through ordinary day-to-day activities while others are not. Those who are not are more at risk for weight gain.
Researchers have discovered some of the actual genetic mechanisms (机制) that may make some individuals more likely to be obese (肥胖的). For example, a gene has been found that appears to control signals to the brain that enough fat has been stored in the body in the course of a meal — so the individual should stop eating. The gene influences the production of leptin (瘦蛋白), which keeps appetite under control. If leptin doesn’t work well, it is likely that individuals will continue to eat. Thus the gene that controls leptin appears to have a critical influence on the potential for obesity.
The confirmation that leptin plays a role in weight control has encouraged researchers to identify and understand other weight-related gene. Recent attention has focused on a gene called GAD2. GAD2 helps control the amount of the euro-transmitter (神经递质) GABA．In general, when more GABA is available, appetite is increased. For that reason, people who have a form of GAD2 that allows more GABA to be available may be at risk for overeating. You can see that GAD2 is not directly an obesity gene. Rather it has an indirect influence on obesity through its direct influence on GABA．
Genetic research holds out the promise of innovative solutions to obesity. Researchers hope that an understanding of the link between genus and weight control will enable them to provide new drug treatments. Nonetheless, even the most optimistic researchers provide a warning: “Innovative drugs will be effective only when they are used along with lifestyle changes.”
21．What does the author want to explain by giving the example of twins?
A．It is hard to maintain a healthy weight. B．Being fat or thin is genetic ally related
C．The twins are usually of similar weight. D．An individual ‘ body can burn calorie.
22．What can make an individual more likely to put on weight?
A．Poor appetite. B．All varieties of GAD2
C．Effective leptin. D．Extra amount of GABA．
23．What do researchers suggest people do?
A．Adopt advanced means. B．Learn more about genetic effects.
C．Keep good living habits. D．Change the weight-related gene.
24．What is the text mainly about?
A．How does genetics contribute to obesity? B．What impact does eating have on weight?
C．How many genus determine who is obese? D．Why do many people become overweight?
（2022秋·江苏扬州·高二扬州中学校考期中）The “little voice in your head” can be your worst critic and greatest supporter. It’s been known to help with directions, give advice, and even remind you to put potatoes on the grocery list.
But does everyone have an inner monologue? For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case — not everyone processes life in words and sentences.
“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound,” said Helene Loevenbruck, a senior neurolinguistics researcher at CNRS.
With true inner speech, you almost “hear” your inner voice, she told Live Science. You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.
This long-held assumption was first challenged in the late 1990s by Russell Hurlburt, a psychologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper. Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.
Perhaps the participant wrote down, “I need to buy some bread.” He would then ask if that’s what they actually thought. “Or did you think ‘bread’? Or were you hungry?” Loevenbruck explained. After several meetings, participants got better at articulating (流利连贯地表达) their true thoughts, she said. Eventually, this method revealed that some people had inner speech every time the device beeped. But others had less inner speech than usual, and some didn’t have inner speech at all. They experienced images, sensations and emotions, but not a voice or words.
The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症) sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either, Loevenbruck noted.
25．What was previously assumed about the inner monologue?
A．It rarely existed in humans. B．It could help solve all kinds of problems.
C．It was something everyone was born with. D．It was used mainly to criticize or support oneself.
26．What does Loevenbruck say about an inner monologue?
A．It lacks tone and intonation. B．It is delivered in public.
C．It can convey emotions. D．It can be heard by others.
27．What did Hurlburt do in his study?
A．He used a beeper to note down participants’ inner speech.
B．He required participants to describe their grocery lists.
C．He placed something in participants’ heads to record their inner speech.
D．He checked participants’ notes and asked about their true thoughts.
28．Why do some people never experience an inner monologue?
A．They suffer serious brain damage. B．They cannot distinguish what they see.
C．They fail to mentally picture what they see. D．They misunderstand their true thoughts.
（2022秋·江苏泰州·高二统考期中）Commercial airlines alone contribute around 3 percent of total global carbon emissions. But the industry is actively looking for green solutions in the form of sustainable (可持续发展的) airline fuel, and in one case, that fuel may have had a previous life as your household food waste. In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.
Biomass (生物质), such as animal and food waste, can be transformed into biofuels, which are renewable liquid fuels made from organic matter. Derek Vardon, a senior research engineer at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), says that their fuel worked as a mixture of 90 percent conventional petrol airline fuel and 10 percent alternative airline fuel required by the industry currently. They also show they could push it to a 70/30 mixture with more time and testing available.
Major companies are eager to participate in sustainable airline fuel because some sustainable solutions, such as battery-operated commercial planes, just aren’t possible yet with current battery technology. A battery-powered plane would be too heavy to fly long distances, so fuel that works in the same way as the fuel we have is a simpler way to trade out emission-heavy fossil fuels.
Vardon says that because the wet waste used in the process would normally go to a landfill (垃圾填埋场) and break down to release greenhouse gases, the process of making and using sustainable airline fuel could actually have a negative carbon footprint when scaled up.
Commercial airlines are also on board to find an affordable and sustainable solution to the carbon-intensive process of air travel. Airlines are looking to hit aggressive sustainability goals by 2050, including decreasing net carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent.
29．Which of the following is used for sustainable airline power?
A．Biomass. B．Liquid fuel
C．Battery power. D．Fossil fuel.
30．Why are commercial planes still fuel-powered?
A．Biofuel proves less costly and easier to produce.
B．It’s convenient to create the proper fuel mixture.
C．Biofuel is environmentally friendly and sustainable.
D．Fuel-powered planes are likely to travel lighter and farther.
31．What does the underlined phrase “on board” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Taking off. B．Participating in.
C．Holding a meeting. D．Appearing on stage.
32．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Alternative Energy to Fossil Fuel.
B．How to Get Fossil Fuel Sustainable.
C．Changing Food Waste into Airplane Fuel.
D．How to Decrease Carbon Dioxide Emissions.
（2022秋·江苏南京·高二统考期中）Glass bottles have long conveyed (传递) a high-quality image for the wine they carry, but their carbon footprint is sizable. Fossil fuels are used to produce and recycle them. And when it comes to transport, they are also heavy and waste space.
“But Packamama, an Australian packaging start up, has launched a range of flat wine-bottles, the first for the country, promoting them as an environment ally-friendly alternative to traditional glass. The bottles are made from 100 % recycled PET plastic. The slim, flat profile (外形) is 83 % lighter, and allows twice as many bottles to fit into a standard case. “Australia is home to the two most significant successful wine packaging innovations of the last century. Bag-in-box and screw cap (螺旋瓶盖), both from the mid-1960 s,” says Santiago Navarro, Packamama’s co-founder.
Three months after the first bottles hit the shelves, the data suggests flat-bottled wines are becoming popular with drinkers. Packamarna’s first production order was for 65,000 units, a figure that has risen to 90,000. The demand was so strong that they were sold out after the first production. Questions remain, however, about the flat-profile bottle’s suit ability for high-quality wines. The wine maker Nicole Esdaile, of Cent are Vineyard in Victoria’s Yarra Valley, applauds the move but says it is not a workable option for her business, given its focus on classic, collectible wines typically exported to China. “Critically, they are not suitable for storing wine, with the recommended shelf life being no more than two years. The bottles are perfect for quick ‘drink-now’ style.”
The wine maker Tom Wallace wants to see how flat-bottled wines perform over the years ahead. “The priority for us is the quality of the wine going in, so the packaging has to reflect that and allow those wines to mature (酿成) in the best way possible. We will wait and see how the trials and research go before we jump on board.”
33．What advantage do the flat wine-bottles have over glass bottles?
A．They can be recycled. B．They offer zero carbon footprint.
C．They save space in transport. D．They indicate good wine quality.
34．Why does Santiago Navarro mention the two innovations of the last century?
A．To express his pride in his country. B．To explain his interest in innovations.
C．To show his confidence in his products. D．To display his knowledge in packaging.
35．What is the weakness of the flat wine-bottles?
A．They have a short shelf life. B．They are hard to produce in mass.
C．They fail to meet Chinese standards. D．They are prohibited from being exported.
36．What does the underlined phrase “jump on board” mean in the last paragraph?
A．Ship bottled wines. B．Use the new packaging.
C．Quicken the process of maturing. D．Produce flat wine-bottles.
（2022秋·江苏常州·高二统考期中）Over the past few decades, East Asia has seen a surprising rise in the rate of short-sightedness. And a growing pile of evidence suggests that the main underlying reason for this is education—specifically, the fact that children spend large parts of the day in comparatively dimly (昏暗地) lit classrooms.
For most people, short-sightedness is not a pleasant thing. Glasses and contact lenses are an expensive, lifelong struggle. In parts of rural China, where some families cannot afford either, children struggle in the very schools that are causing the problem. Governments in Asia are increasingly worried about the public-health implications of entire generations growing up short-sighted. Those in other parts of the world should start worrying, too.
The evidence suggests that regular exposure to bright daylight is vital in properly controlling the growth of children’s eyes. Too little light leads to short-sighted eyes. Researchers think that this explains why rates are so high in Asia, where a strong cultural emphasis on the value of education leads to long school days. That leaves little time for sunshine. Western children, whose parents are increasingly worried about a competitive job market, are beginning to go the same way.
Special eyedrops (眼药水), as well as clever glasses and contact lenses, may be able to slow the progression of short-sightedness once it has started. But prevention is better than mitigation (缓解) and the science suggests a cheap, straightforward measure. A series of encouraging trials shows that giving schoolchildren — and especially those in primary education — more time outside can cut the number of students who go on to develop short-sightedness. However, it seems that the greatest resistance to this attempt comes from parents. They may worry that other parents might not follow suit, leaving their children at a disadvantage in the classroom.
Governments are well placed to solve such collective-action problems, while reassuring anxious parents that a bit less classroom time is unlikely to be disastrous. After all, countries such as Finland and Sweden do well in global education rankings with a less intense approach to education.
Giving more outdoor time to young children would still leave room for them to cram for exams in their teenage years. And longer breaks on the playground may also make a dent in other rich-world problems such as childhood obesity. Far-sighted governments should send the kids outdoors.
37．What does the author blame education for?
A．A high rate of eyesight problems.
B．Unfair competition in the rich world.
C．Great pressure on students and parents.
D．Students’ unawareness of their eyesight problems.
38．What can we learn about Western children?
A．They can easily find a job in the future.
B．They spend much time outdoors every day.
C．They are also likely to be pushed by parents.
D．They are more optimistic than Asian children.
39．What does the author think plays a key role in solving the eyesight problem?
A．The frequency of exams.
B．The call of the government.
C．The joint efforts between parents.
D．The parents’ attitudes towards stress.
40．What does the underlined part “make a dent in” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Give rise to. B．Make a plan for. C．Take into account. D．Reduce the number of.
考答案：
1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一家大型出版商想出了一个新颖的想法——在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.(在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡)”及常识可知，这是一个新颖的想法。由此可知，划线词novel与original(新颖的)意思相同。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“These audiobooks are part soundscape, part descriptive narrative, with softly spoken voices to calm anxieties and take listeners to sleep.(这些有声读物部分是声音场景，部分是描述性叙事，声音柔和，可以安抚焦虑，让听众入睡)”可知，《睡眠故事集》既有声音场景，又有叙事性。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“We’re launching them as simply Penguin, Puffin and Ladybird Sleep Tales, rather than mentioning the writers by name because the focus isn’t just on the words. The combination of the words, the voice and the sound design all contribute to the relaxing atmosphere.(我们推出的只是《企鹅》、《普芬》和《瓢虫睡眠故事》，而不是直呼作者的名字，因为重点不只是文字。文字、声音和声音设计的结合都有助于营造轻松的氛围)”可知，我们能从Richard Lennon的话中了解到，有声读物在研究中证明对帮助人们睡眠很有效。故选D。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Now a major publisher has come up with a novel idea — audiobooks with such soothing sounds as soft rainfall and lapping water to relax the listener and send them off to sleep.(现在，一家大型出版商想出了一个新颖的想法——在有声读物中加入轻柔的雨声和水声等舒缓的声音，让听者放松，让他们入睡)”及下文介绍可知，文章主要是关于发行有声读物让听众入睡的。故选A。
5．C 6．A 7．B 8．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。真实的科学为科幻小说提供了基本的原理，文章给科幻小说作家提出了关于科幻小说写作要注意的事项。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. (科幻小说作家创造虚构的世界。在你想象的世界里，事物的运作方式将基于真实的科学)”可知，真实的科学为科幻小说提供了基本的原理。故选C。
6．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Part of your preparation work for the novel is to map out its worlds in great detail. You should decide the following issues: the history of the world, the geography, what possibilities it offers, how everything works in this new reality, and how all of these factors affect the way your characters think, feel, and react to things. You don’t have to tell your readers all the rules in the first chapter. But you have to let readers know enough to understand what’s going on. This also allows you to work out logical problems and contradictions before you start writing.(你为小说做准备工作的一部分是非常详细地描绘出小说的世界。你应该决定以下问题：世界的历史，地理，它提供了什么可能性，在这个新的现实中一切是如何运作的，以及所有这些因素如何影响你的角色的思维方式，感觉和对事物的反应。你不必在第一章就告诉读者所有的规则。但是你必须让读者知道足够多的信息来理解发生了什么。这也能让你在动笔前解决逻辑问题和矛盾)”可知，第三段的主旨是科幻小说写作的部分准备工作。故选A。
7．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The issue here is maintaining your readers' trust. That means the readers are willing to pretend along with you. (这里的问题是保持读者的信任。这意味着读者愿意假装赞同你)”可知，科幻小说的读者实际上假装作者的规则是真实的。故选B。
8．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Science fiction writers create imaginary worlds. The way things work in your imaginary worlds will be based on actual science. So it's important for you to be familiar with the scientific principles and inventions that are related to your creation. (科幻小说作家创造虚构的世界。在你想象的世界里，事物的运作方式将基于真实的科学。所以，熟悉与你的发明相关的科学原理和发明是很重要的)”和最后一段中“When you are writing, remember to make it feel real. You are inviting readers to visit a new world. (当你写作的时候，记住要让它感觉真实。你是在邀请读者参观一个新世界)”可知，B选项“如何写科幻小说”最符合文章标题。故选B项。
9．B 10．D 11．A 12．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是最新研究表明环境中的化学污染物质对肥胖有着很大的影响。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The most disturbing aspect of the evidence is that some chemical impacts that increase weight can be passed down through generations by changing how genes work.(这个证据的最令人不安方面是一些增加体重的化学影响可以通过改变基因的工作方式代代相传。)”可知这种致肥物质可以改变基因的工作方式。故选B项。
10．推理判断题。文章第一段“According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.(根据一项重要的科学评论，环境中的化学污染物正在加剧全球肥胖的流行。)”概述研究结果即环境中的化学污染物对于肥胖的影响，文章第二段继续介绍这种研究成果，文章三、四、五、六段详细论述环境中的污染物质为什么会影响肥胖以及怎样影响肥胖。从全文来看，文章通篇都是在展示研究结果，所以文章是通过展示研究成果来展开的。故选D项。
11．词句猜测题。根据文章第五段““But we don’t—obesity continues to rise, especially in children. The real question is, why do people eat more? The research focuses on that and provides data indicating that these chemicals are what can do that.”(但我们没有——肥胖人数继续上升，尤其是儿童。真正的问题是，为什么人们吃得更多？这项研究聚焦于这一点，并提供了表明这些化学物质是可以做到这一点的数据。”)”可知研究对于人们为什么吃得更多展开研究，而研究也表明化学物质是可以让人们吃得更多的，所以此处划线词that指代的应该是上文提到的人们为什么吃得更多这个问题。故选A项。
12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“According to a major scientific review, Chemical pollution in the environment is supersizing the global obesity epidemic.(根据一项重要的科学评论，环境中的化学污染正在加剧全球肥胖的流行。)”以及第四段“This research is critical because the current clinical management of obese patients is clearly insufficient, according to the scientists.(科学家们表示，这项研究至关重要，因为目前对肥胖患者的临床管理明显不足。)”可知目前对于肥胖患者的临床管理经验不足，而这项研究又让我们了解到了环境中污染物对于肥胖的影响，所以可以推断这项研究的意义在于可以促进对于肥胖患者的临床医学管理。故选D项。
13．B 14．A 15．D 16．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了使用海洋藻类生产的一款环保苏打水以及该产品目前面临的困境和未来的发展方向。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Julia Streuli所说的话“What I think particularly caught our imagination was how efficient it is at transforming CO₂ into nutrients.(我认为，特别吸引我们想象力的是，它将CO₂转化为营养物质的效率)”可知，algae的特别之处在于它能将CO₂有效转换成为营养物质。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中“At first its flavor and smell could be unappetizing. It didn’t look great either.(一开始，它的味道和气味可能会让人没胃口，看起来也不太好)”可知，这种饮料的味道和气味不是很好。故选A项。
15．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“the first production runs were sold in glass bottles, but the company is switching to cans And a future product will have even more minimal package.(第一批产品是玻璃瓶，但该公司正在转向罐装，未来的产品将有更小的包装)”可知，第一批产品的外包装从玻璃瓶到罐装，以及未来转向更小的包装。由此推知，Ful未来关注的是产品的外包装。故选D项。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The vivid blue color of a new brandof Dutch soda doesn’t come from food coloring: The startup making the product called Ful, makes the drink with spirulina a biomass of blue-green algae.(荷兰一款新品牌苏打水的鲜艳蓝色并非来自食用色素：生产这款产品的初创公司富尔(Ful)用蓝藻(一种蓝绿色藻类的生物质)制成了这种饮料)”可知，本文介绍了了使用海洋藻类生产的一款环保苏打水，而Ful’s blue soda最特别之处就是它的颜色及来源与其他苏打水不同。A项“Ful的蓝色苏打水的颜色来自大海”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选A项。
17．D 18．B 19．D 20．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。虽然人们靠面包果生存了数千年，但之前一直没有科学研究来证明其营养价值。本文介绍了一项关于面包果的研究，研究结果支持将面包果作为健康、营养均衡饮食的一部分。这一发现可以帮助缓解食物紧张的问题。
17．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“While people have survived on it for thousands of years, there was a lack of basic scientific knowledge of the health impacts of a bread fruit-based diet in both humans and animals.(尽管人们已经靠面包水果生存了数千年，但关于以面包水果为基础的饮食对人类和动物的健康影响，缺乏基本的科学知识)”可知，前句说在过去，人们关于面包果对健康的影响缺乏科学知识。而划线词所在句“Now the fruit is getting the nutritional thumbs-up from a team of British Columbia researchers.”则说的是现在的情况，与过去进行对比。由此推知，现在这种水果的营养价值得到了研究人员的认可，划线词thumbs-up意为“赞同，接受”。A. Requirement要求；B. Benefit好处；C. Reflection反射；D. Acceptance接受。故选D。
18．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Ying Liu led the study examining the digestion and health impact of a bread fruit-based diet.(Ying Liu领导了这项研究，研究以面包果为基础的饮食对消化和健康的影响)”以及第三段第一句““We wanted to contribute to the development of bread fruit as a sustainable, environmentally-friendly and high-production crop,” Liu says.(“我们想为面包果的发展做出贡献，使之成为一种可持续的、环保的高产作物，” Liu说)”可推知，Liu研究面包果的目的是为了证明这种食物的价值。故选B。
19．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The researchers determined that bread fruit protein was found to be easier to digest than wheat protein in the enzyme digestion model. And mice fed the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher growth rate and body weight than standard diet-fed mice. Liu also noted mice on the bread fruit diet had a significantly higher daily water consumption compared to mice on the wheat diet.(研究人员确定，在酶消化模型中，面包果蛋白质被发现比小麦蛋白质更容易消化。被喂养面包果的老鼠比标准饮食喂养的老鼠有明显更高的生长速度和体重。Liu还指出，面包果饮食组的老鼠比小麦饮食组的老鼠每天消耗的水量明显更高)”可知，这一段主要介绍了研究的发现，即面包果蛋白质比小麦蛋白质更容易消化，而且被喂养面包果比普通喂养的老鼠发育更快，日消耗水量更多。故选D。
20．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话“Fundamental understanding of the health impact of bread fruit digestion and diets is necessary and essential to the establishment of bread fruit as a staple in the future.(从根本上了解面包果消化和饮食的健康影响，对于建立面包果作为未来的主食是必需和必要的)”以及“The use of bread fruit could make inroads in food sustain ability for many populations globally.(对于全球许多人口来说，面包果的使用可能会在食物维持能力方面取得进展)”可知，面包果在未来可能会被作为主食，对全球的食物维持能力有帮助。由此可知，C选项“它可以帮助缓解食物紧张”符合题意。故选C。
21．B 22．D 23．C 24．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Some people often wonder whether they are fighting a battle with their genes to maintain a healthy weight, In fact, researchers have presided plenty of evidence that people are born with tendencies to be fighter or heavier.(有些人经常想知道他们是否在与自己的基因进行战斗以保持健康的体重。事实上，研究人员已经掌握了大量的证据表明人们生来就有战斗或肥胖的倾向。)”可知，作者想通过双胞胎的例子来解释胖或瘦与基因有关，故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第三段的“In general, when more GABA is available, appetite is increased. For that reason, people who have a form of GAD2 that allows more GABA to be available may be at risk for overeating.(一般来说，当有更多的GABA时，食欲就会增加。因此，患有一种GAD2的人可能有暴饮暴食的风险，这种GAD2可以产生更多的GABA。)”可知，让一个人更容易发胖的是额外的GABA。故选D。
23．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Nonetheless, even the most optimistic researchers provide a warning: “Innovative drugs will be effective only when they are used along with lifestyle changes.”(然而，即使是最乐观的研究人员也提出了警告：“创新药物只有在与改变生活方式同时使用时才会有效。”)”可知，研究人员建议人们保持良好的生活习惯。故选C。
24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Researchers have discovered some of the actual genetic mechanisms (机制) that may make some individuals more likely to be obese (肥胖的).(研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制。)”可知，本文主要讲的是研究人员发现了一些可能使某些人更容易肥胖的实际遗传机制，也就是“基因是如何导致肥胖的？”，故选A。
25．C 26．C 27．D 28．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。针对内心独白这一现象的认知进行了历史溯源，并通过实验证明这一现象并非所有人都会拥有这一事实。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For a long time, it was assumed that an inner voice was simply part of being human. But it turns out, that’s not the case—not everyone processes life in words and sentences.(很长一段时间以来，人们认为内心的声音只是人类的一部分。但事实并非如此，不是每个人都用文字和句子来处理生活)”可知，人们以前认为内心独白是人类天生具有的一部分，每个人都拥有。故选C。
26．细节理解题。根据第三段中“By inner monologue, we mean that we can have private speech that’s addressed to ourselves and that is carried out without any sound.(说到内心独白，我们的意思是我们可以对自己说私人的话，而且是没有声音的)”以及第四段中“You’re aware of its tone and intonation (语调). For example, the voice can “sound” angry or worried.(你知道它的语气和语调。例如，声音可以“听起来”生气或担心)”可知，内心独白并不会发出声音，是对自己说的私人的话。但它有语气语调，你能意识到它们的存在，感受到其中带有的或愤怒或焦急的情绪。故选C。
27．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Hurlburt studied participants’ inner speech by asking them to wear a beeper(传呼机). Whenever the device beeped, they had to write down what they were thinking or experiencing in their mind just before the sound.( Hurlburt通过让参与者佩戴寻呼机来研究他们内心的话语。每当设备发出哔哔声时，他们必须写下在声音发出之前他们在脑海中所想或经历的事情)”可知，Hurlbert用传呼机控制被试者，让其写下自己内心的想法，对其进行详细的询问，并加以判断分析。故选D。
28．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The lack of an inner monologue has been linked to a condition called aphantasia (心盲症) sometimes called “blindness of the mind’s eye.” (缺乏内心独白与一种叫做心盲症的疾病有关，有时也被称为“心灵之眼失明”)”以及“People who experience aphantasia can’t mentally picture their bedroom or their mother’s face. Many times, those who don’t experience visualizations don’t experience clear inner speech, either.(经历心盲的人无法在脑海中描绘自己的卧室或母亲的脸。很多时候，那些没有经历过视觉化的人也没有经历过清晰的内心语言)”可知，有人不能体验内心独白是与心盲症有关系，即他们无法在脑海中描绘出他们所看到的。故选C。
29．A 30．D 31．B 32．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究：将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料，该燃料有望给未来客机带来动力。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.( 在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究中，研究人员详细介绍了一种将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料的方法。)”和第二段第一句“Biomass(生物质), such as animal and food waste, can be transformed into biofuels, which are renewable liquid fuels made from organic matter. (生物质，如动物和食物垃圾，可以转化为生物燃料，这是一种由有机物制成的可再生液体燃料。)”可知，生物质可以被转化为航空燃料。故选A项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“A battery-powered plane would be too heavy to fly long distances, so fuel that works in the same way as the fuel we have is a simpler way to trade out emission-heavy fossil fuels.( 电池驱动的飞机太重，无法飞很远的距离，因此，与我们现有的燃料工作原理相同的燃料，是一种更简单的方式，可以取代高排放的化石燃料。)”可知目前飞机仍然是燃料驱动的原因是，与电池驱动相比，燃料驱动的飞机更加轻便、飞得更远。故选D项。
31．词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句“ Airlines are looking to hit aggressive sustainability goals by 2050, including decreasing net carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent.(航空公司希望在2050年前达到积极的可持续发展目标，包括将二氧化碳净排放量减少50%。)”可知划线单词意为“（商业航空公司也）参与（寻找一种负担得、可起的持续的解决方案）”，on board意为“参与”。故选B项。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“In a study released this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers detail a method of transforming food waste into sustainable airline fuel.(在本周发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究中，研究人员详细介绍了一种将食物垃圾转化为可持续航空燃料的方法。)”结合全文可知，文章主要讲述了研究人员正在努力将食物垃圾转化为可持续的航空燃料。所以C项“Changing Food Waste into Airplane Fuel.(把食物垃圾变成飞机燃料)”作标题能概括全文主旨。故选C项。
33．C 34．C 35．A 36．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是但澳大利亚一家包装初创企业Packamama推出了一系列扁平的酒瓶，这是该国首个扁平的酒瓶，宣传它们是传统玻璃的环保替代品。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The slim, flat profile (外形) is 83 % lighter, and allows twice as many bottles to fit into a standard case.(轻薄，平坦的外形轻83%，并允许两倍的瓶子装入一个标准的箱子里。)”可知，扁平的酒瓶比玻璃瓶的优点在于它们节省运输空间。故选C。
34．推理判断题。根据第二段的“But Packamama, an Australian packaging start up, has launched a range of flat wine-bottles, the first for the country, promoting them as an environment ally-friendly alternative to traditional glass.(但澳大利亚一家包装初创企业Packamama推出了一系列平板酒瓶，这是该国首个扁平的酒瓶，宣传它们是传统玻璃的环保替代品。)”和“Australia is home to the two most significant successful wine packaging innovations of the last century. Bag-in-box and screw cap (螺旋瓶盖), both from the mid-1960s(澳大利亚是上世纪两个最成功的葡萄酒包装创新的发源地。袋装盒和螺旋盖，都来自1960年代中期)”可知，Santiago Navarro提到上世纪的两项创新是为了显示他对产品的信心。故选C。
35．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“they are not suitable for storing wine, with the recommended shelf life being no more than two years.(它们不适合储存葡萄酒，推荐的保质期不超过两年。)”可知，扁平的酒瓶的缺点是它们的保质期很短。故选A。
36．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“The priority for us is the quality of the wine going in, so the packaging has to reflect that and allow those wines to mature (酿成) in the best way possible.We will wait and see how the trials and research go before(对我们来说，最重要的是葡萄酒的质量，所以包装必须反映这一点，让葡萄酒以最好的方式成熟。在……之前，我们将拭目以待，看看试验和研究的进展如何)”可知，划线短语所在的句子表示“我们将在用这个新包装之前看看试验和研究的进展如何”，划线短语意为“使用新包装”，故选B。
37．A 38．C 39．B 40．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了教育是近视率上升的主要原因，并建议孩子多到户外参加活动。
37．细节理解题。根据第一段“And a growing pile of evidence suggests that the main underlying reason for this is education—specifically, the fact that children spend large parts of the day in comparatively dimly (昏暗地) lit classrooms. (越来越多的证据表明，这背后的主要原因是教育——具体来说，就是孩子们每天大部分时间都呆在光线相对昏暗的教室里。)”可知，作者把视力问题的发生率很高的问题归咎于教育。故选A。
38．推理判断题。根据第三段“Western children, whose parents are increasingly worried about a competitive job market, are beginning to go the same way. (西方的孩子们，他们的父母越来越担心竞争激烈的就业市场，也开始走上同样的道路。)”可推断，西方孩子也很可能被父母逼迫。故选C。
39．细节理解题。根据第五段“Governments are well placed to solve such collective-action problems, while reassuring anxious parents that a bit less classroom time is unlikely to be disastrous. (政府很有能力解决这样的集体行动问题，同时向焦虑的家长们保证，减少一点课堂时间不太可能造成灾难性后果。)”可知，作者政府的号召在解决视力问题中起着关键作用。故选B。
40．词句猜测题。根据最后一段划线词前半句“And longer breaks on the playground(在操场上休息的时间更长)”和后句“Far-sighted governments should send the kids outdoors. (有远见的政府应该让孩子们到户外去。)”可知，在操场上休息的时间更长，也可以稍微改变其他发达国家的问题，如儿童肥胖。所以make a dent in为“稍微改变；少量减少”之意。故选D。
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