初中英语中考语法定语从句知识讲解

中考英语定语从句知识讲解在复合句中做定语的从句称为定语从句，它可以用来修饰名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面。引导定语从句的词通常被称为关系词。关系词一般位于先行词与定语从句之间，且作为定语从句的一个成分。关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1.who, whom, that用来指人这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2. whose 用来指人或物They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。注意：whose + n. = of which/ whom + the + n. = the + n. + of which/ whom3.which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作宾语)The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。I will never forget the day when I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born.　北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?定语从句关系词两步法：一看从句是否缺少主宾表等名词性成分：缺主宾表用代词，不缺用副词；而看先行词：先行词是关于时间、地点、原因还是人或物，以此确定具体用哪个关系词。三、限制性和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。四、介词+关系词1.介词后面的关系词不能省略。2.that前不能有介词。3.介词来源有两种：一从句谓语；二先行词。如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。（in the house）Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?(on the day)it's a harmonious class with which anyone can fit in quickly. 这是一个每个人都能融入的和谐的班集体。（fit in with）五、关系代词that 的用法1.不用that的情况a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用。例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2.只能用that不能用which的情况①定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.②定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.③定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被the only，the very或the same修饰时，It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.④定语从句修饰的词同时又被不定代词，如：all，any，no，every，little，many或much等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;Here is all the money (that) I have.⑤定语从句修饰词为everything，something，anything，nothing，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that引导。但something前有the时，定语从句可由which引出。Here is something (that) I will tell you. I want everything (that) I want.⑥定语从句修饰的词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that引导：I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.⑦定语从句修饰的词为one, ones时，定语从句用that引导：Is it the one (that) you want?⑧当主句的主语是疑问词 who或 which来提问时，为了避免重复，用that引导定语从句：Who is the girl that won the first place?